技术权力影响下重工业集群创新路径研究——以上海临港装备制造集群为例
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摘要
技术权力现象在重工业集群中十分常见。从集群内部权力分层视角出发,以上海临港装备制造集群为研究对象,采用结构方程模型分析方法,研究基于技术权力影响的重工业集群创新结网、创新合作方式与创新区位选择问题,其分析结果表明:技术权力是影响重工业集群创新路径的重要因素,核心企业是权力主导者并对整个集群的创新具有"绝对控制力";权力导致集群内部水平式创新结网困难,集群成员的创新合作沿产业链展开,过程创新重于产品创新、供应商依赖重于市场依赖;优化创新区位对改善集群权力分层和创新结网作用甚微,重工业的"集群式"建设方式需得到反思;创新结网作为重要的中介因素是突破技术权力体系的有效途径,但其突破点仍在于制造环节的高效整合。因此,以嵌入生产链的方式嵌入价值链和创新链,重视过程升级,形成制造创新优势;转变传统集群建设思路,降低对集群创新外部性的依赖,重视制造创新区位优化,避免对区域市场和政策的高度依附;重视创新结网的重要中介作用,形成供应商之间多生产环节的技术合作,将有助于优化中国重工业集群创新路径和推动其创新升级。
Technology authority is a common phenomenon in heavy industry cluster. Taking a case of Shanghai Lin ' gang equipment manufacturing cluster from the perspective of technology hierarchy and using structural equation model,this thesis analyzes the networking,cooperation and location of innovation under technology authority. Theoretical and empirical research reveals: technology authority is an important factor affecting heavy industry cluster innovation path,and the core firm has the absolute controlling force; the authority cause difficulties in innovation networking,and cluster members cooperate along industry chain,focus more on process innovation than product innovation,and depend on suppliers more than the market; to improve innovation location has no effect on alleviating technology hierarchy,so we should rethink the cluster mode innovation; innovation networking as an important intermediary factor is an effective way to break the technology authority,and the key lies in the efficient integration in manufacturing sector. In order to optimize China's heavy industry cluster innovation and accelerate its innovation upgrading,we should embed in a value chain and an innovation chain by embedding in a production chain through process upgrading to create innovation trends; we need to change the old way of cluster building,reducing the dependence on cluster innovation externalities and focusing on the optimization of manufacturing innovation position to avoid too much dependence on local markets and policies; we should also form a multi-vendor and multi-segment linkage by innovation networking.
Technology authority is a common phenomenon in heavy industry cluster. Taking a case of Shanghai Lin ' gang equipment manufacturing cluster from the perspective of technology hierarchy and using structural equation model,this thesis analyzes the networking,cooperation and location of innovation under technology authority. Theoretical and empirical research reveals: technology authority is an important factor affecting heavy industry cluster innovation path,and the core firm has the absolute controlling force; the authority cause difficulties in innovation networking,and cluster members cooperate along industry chain,focus more on process innovation than product innovation,and depend on suppliers more than the market; to improve innovation location has no effect on alleviating technology hierarchy,so we should rethink the cluster mode innovation; innovation networking as an important intermediary factor is an effective way to break the technology authority,and the key lies in the efficient integration in manufacturing sector. In order to optimize China's heavy industry cluster innovation and accelerate its innovation upgrading,we should embed in a value chain and an innovation chain by embedding in a production chain through process upgrading to create innovation trends; we need to change the old way of cluster building,reducing the dependence on cluster innovation externalities and focusing on the optimization of manufacturing innovation position to avoid too much dependence on local markets and policies; we should also form a multi-vendor and multi-segment linkage by innovation networking.
引文
弗朗西斯·麦肯纳利,2008,《破坏性创新》,上海:东方出版社。
景秀艳,2008,《生产网络、网络权力与企业空间行为》,北京:中国经济出版社。
康凯、魏旭光、张敬、张志颖,2016,《全球价值链技术权力对企业竞争优势影响——突破式创新中介性调节效应》,《科学学与科学技术管理》第3期。
李丹丹、汪涛、魏也华、袁丰,2015,《中国城市尺度科学知识网络与技术知识网络结构的时空复杂性》,《地理研究》第3期。
李凯、李世杰,2004,《装备制造业集群网络结构研究与实证》,《管理世界》第12期。
李凯、李世杰,2005,《装备制造业集群耦合结构:一个产业集群研究的新视角》,《中国工业经济》第2期。
林兰,2013,《半层级式产业集群创新升级影响研究——基于技术权力的视角》,《人文地理》第6期。
林兰、曾刚,2010,《企业网络中技术权力现象研究评述》,《人文地理》第3期。
梅丽霞、王缉慈,2009,《权力集中化、生产片断化与全球价值链下本土产业的升级》,《人文地理》第4期。
潘少奇、李亚婷、高尚、苗长虹,2015,《产业转移技术溢出效应研究进展与展望》,《地理科学进展》第5期。
苏启林,2007,《破坏性技术,组织创新与产业成长预测》,《中国工业经济》第11期。
苏启林、胡军,2009,《破坏性创新,技术跨越与中国产业成长》,北京:经济科学出版社。
王秋玉、曾刚、吕国庆,2016,《中国装备制造业产学研合作创新网络初探》,《地理学报》第2期。
汪涛、Stefan, H.、 Ingo, L.、李丹丹,2011,《知识网络空间结构演化及对NIS建设的启示——以我国生物技术知识为例》,《地理研究》第10期。
邢李志、关峻,2012,《区域产业集群发展关联网络的建模与实证分析——以汽车行业和石化行业为例》,《工业技术经济》第4期。
曾刚、李英戈、樊杰,2006,《京沪区域创新系统比较研究》,《城市规划》第3期。
曾刚、林兰,2008,《技术扩散与高技术企业区位研究》,北京:科学出版社。
曾刚、张云逸、赵建吉、张云伟,2013,《技术权力与企业创新网络空间演化的理论与应用》,北京:经济科学出版社。
张晓平、陆大道,2004,《中国西部地区高新技术产业发展战略及空间组织形式》,《地理科学》第2期。
张杨勋、李江涛,2013,《试析R&D创新、产业园区位对经济增长的溢出效应——以广东产业园为例》,《科技管理研究》第7期。
郑方,2010,《从纵向一体化到纵向分离——基于对立统一关系的分析》,《中国工业经济》第11期。
Ai, C.H., 2012, “The Knowldege Learning Network and the Geographical Embeddedness: A Case Study of Shanghai Zhangjiang High Technology Park in China”, Paper to be Presented at the DRUID.
Bathelt, H. and Taylor, M., 2002, “Clusters, Power and Place: Inequality and Local Growth in Time-space”, Geografiska Annaler, Vol.84, No.2.
Bessant, J., Alexande, A., Tsekouras, G., et al., 2012, “Developing Innovation Capability through Learning Networks”, Journal of Economic Geography, Vol.12, No.5.
Bridge,G., 1997, “Mapping the Terrain of Time-space Compression: Power Networks in Every-day Life”, Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, Vol.15, No.5.
Cirera, X., Marin,A. and Markwald, R., 2015, “Explaining Export Diversification through Firm Innovation Decisions: The Case of Brazil”, Research Policy, Vol.44, No.10.
Coe, N.M., Dicken, P. and Hess, M., 2008, “Global Production Networks: Realizing the Potential”, Journal of Economic Geography, Vol.8, No.3.
Dammann, O., 2011, Kollaboration zwischen Spezialisten in Innovationsprojekten in der Chemiebranche, Mechanismen der Wissensintegration, Wiesbaden, Gabler.
Daniel, S.N., 2011, “Extending the Concept of Value Chain Governance: An Institutional Perspective Comparative Case Studies from Dairy Value Chains in Indonesia”, Eingereicht an der Landwirtschaftlich-G?rtnerischen Fakult?t der Humboldt-Universit?t zu Berlin.
Davies, H. and Ellis, P., 2000, “Porter's Competitive Advantage of Nations: Time for the Final Judgement”, Journal of Management Studies, Vol.37, No.8.
Gabe, T.M. and Abel, J.R., 2013, “Shared Knowledge and the Coagglomeration of Occupations”, FRB of New York Staff Report, Vol.612, No.4.
Giuliani, E., 2007, “Networks and Heterogeneous Performance of Cluster Firms”, In Frenken, K., Applied Evolutionary Economics and Economic Geography, Edward Elgar.
Hewitt-Dundas, N., 2013, “The Role of Proximity in University-business Cooperation for Innovation”, Journal of Technology Transfer, Vol.38, No.2.
Howells, J. and Bessant,J., 2012, “Introduction: Innovation and Economic Geography: A Review and Analysis”, Journal of Economic Geography, Vol.12, No.5.
Jofre-Monseny, J., Marní-López, R. and Viladecans-Marsal, E., 2011, “The Mechanisms of Agglomeration: Evidence from the Effect of Inter-industry Relations on the Location of New Firms”, Journal of Urban Economics, Vol.70, No.2.
McMillen, D. and Klier, T., 2013, “Agglomeration in the European Automobile Supplier Industry”, Social Science Electronic Publishing, Vol.15, No.11.
Lorenzen, M. and Mudambi, R., 2012, “Clusters, Connectivity and Catch-up: Bollywood and Bangalore in the Global Economy”, Journal of Economic Geography, Vol.17.
Markusen, A., 1996, “Sticky Places in Slippery Space: A Typology of Industrial Districts”, Economic Geography, Vol.12.
Nakajima, K., Saito, Y. and Uesugi, I., 2013, “Role of Inter-firm Transactions on Industrial Agglomeration: Evidence from Japanese Firm-level Data”, RIETI Discussion Paper Series.
Poter, M., 1990, The Competitive Advantage of Nation, New York: The Free Press.
Porter, M. and Stern, S., 2001, “Location Matters”, Sloan Management Review, Vol.42, No.45.
Rigby, D.L. and Brown, W.M., 2015, “Who Benefits from Agglomeration?” Regional Studies, Vol.49, No.1.
Rutherford, T. and Holmes, J., 2008, “The Flea on the Tail of the Dog: Power in Global Production Networks and the Restructuring of Canadian Automotive Clusters”, Journal of Economic Geography, Vol.8, No.4.
Suire, R. and Vicente, J., 2009, “Why do Some Places Succeed When Others Decline? A Social Interaction Model of Cluster Viability”, Journal of Economic Geography, Vol.9, No.3.
Taylor, M., 2000, “Enterprise, Power and Embeddedness: An Empirical Exploration”, In Vatne, E. and Taylor, M., The Networked Firm in a Global World: Small Firms in New Environments, Aldershot and Burlington, VT: Ashgate.
ZEW, 2016, Innovation Sverhalten der Deutschen Wirtschaft Indikato Renbericht zur Innovation Serhebung 2015, http://ftp.zew.de/pub/zew-docs/mip/15/mip_2015.pdf.
(1)上海临港重装备产业区面积65平方公里,重点发展以“高、新、先”为特色的高端制造业和战略性新兴产业。截至2017年12月,区内布局发电及输变电设备、大型船用设备、汽车整车及零部件、海洋工程、物流装备与工程机械装备、航空零部件配套、装备再制造等7个大类共计600多家企业,著名企业有上海电气、上海汽车、卡待彼勒、瓦锡兰柴油机、振中机械、中船三井、中航工业、VOLOV汽车、德国伦茨、洋山中集、田中机械、上海科尼港口机械、西门子、苏尔寿、安捷电缆等。
景秀艳,2008,《生产网络、网络权力与企业空间行为》,北京:中国经济出版社。
康凯、魏旭光、张敬、张志颖,2016,《全球价值链技术权力对企业竞争优势影响——突破式创新中介性调节效应》,《科学学与科学技术管理》第3期。
李丹丹、汪涛、魏也华、袁丰,2015,《中国城市尺度科学知识网络与技术知识网络结构的时空复杂性》,《地理研究》第3期。
李凯、李世杰,2004,《装备制造业集群网络结构研究与实证》,《管理世界》第12期。
李凯、李世杰,2005,《装备制造业集群耦合结构:一个产业集群研究的新视角》,《中国工业经济》第2期。
林兰,2013,《半层级式产业集群创新升级影响研究——基于技术权力的视角》,《人文地理》第6期。
林兰、曾刚,2010,《企业网络中技术权力现象研究评述》,《人文地理》第3期。
梅丽霞、王缉慈,2009,《权力集中化、生产片断化与全球价值链下本土产业的升级》,《人文地理》第4期。
潘少奇、李亚婷、高尚、苗长虹,2015,《产业转移技术溢出效应研究进展与展望》,《地理科学进展》第5期。
苏启林,2007,《破坏性技术,组织创新与产业成长预测》,《中国工业经济》第11期。
苏启林、胡军,2009,《破坏性创新,技术跨越与中国产业成长》,北京:经济科学出版社。
王秋玉、曾刚、吕国庆,2016,《中国装备制造业产学研合作创新网络初探》,《地理学报》第2期。
汪涛、Stefan, H.、 Ingo, L.、李丹丹,2011,《知识网络空间结构演化及对NIS建设的启示——以我国生物技术知识为例》,《地理研究》第10期。
邢李志、关峻,2012,《区域产业集群发展关联网络的建模与实证分析——以汽车行业和石化行业为例》,《工业技术经济》第4期。
曾刚、李英戈、樊杰,2006,《京沪区域创新系统比较研究》,《城市规划》第3期。
曾刚、林兰,2008,《技术扩散与高技术企业区位研究》,北京:科学出版社。
曾刚、张云逸、赵建吉、张云伟,2013,《技术权力与企业创新网络空间演化的理论与应用》,北京:经济科学出版社。
张晓平、陆大道,2004,《中国西部地区高新技术产业发展战略及空间组织形式》,《地理科学》第2期。
张杨勋、李江涛,2013,《试析R&D创新、产业园区位对经济增长的溢出效应——以广东产业园为例》,《科技管理研究》第7期。
郑方,2010,《从纵向一体化到纵向分离——基于对立统一关系的分析》,《中国工业经济》第11期。
Ai, C.H., 2012, “The Knowldege Learning Network and the Geographical Embeddedness: A Case Study of Shanghai Zhangjiang High Technology Park in China”, Paper to be Presented at the DRUID.
Bathelt, H. and Taylor, M., 2002, “Clusters, Power and Place: Inequality and Local Growth in Time-space”, Geografiska Annaler, Vol.84, No.2.
Bessant, J., Alexande, A., Tsekouras, G., et al., 2012, “Developing Innovation Capability through Learning Networks”, Journal of Economic Geography, Vol.12, No.5.
Bridge,G., 1997, “Mapping the Terrain of Time-space Compression: Power Networks in Every-day Life”, Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, Vol.15, No.5.
Cirera, X., Marin,A. and Markwald, R., 2015, “Explaining Export Diversification through Firm Innovation Decisions: The Case of Brazil”, Research Policy, Vol.44, No.10.
Coe, N.M., Dicken, P. and Hess, M., 2008, “Global Production Networks: Realizing the Potential”, Journal of Economic Geography, Vol.8, No.3.
Dammann, O., 2011, Kollaboration zwischen Spezialisten in Innovationsprojekten in der Chemiebranche, Mechanismen der Wissensintegration, Wiesbaden, Gabler.
Daniel, S.N., 2011, “Extending the Concept of Value Chain Governance: An Institutional Perspective Comparative Case Studies from Dairy Value Chains in Indonesia”, Eingereicht an der Landwirtschaftlich-G?rtnerischen Fakult?t der Humboldt-Universit?t zu Berlin.
Davies, H. and Ellis, P., 2000, “Porter's Competitive Advantage of Nations: Time for the Final Judgement”, Journal of Management Studies, Vol.37, No.8.
Gabe, T.M. and Abel, J.R., 2013, “Shared Knowledge and the Coagglomeration of Occupations”, FRB of New York Staff Report, Vol.612, No.4.
Giuliani, E., 2007, “Networks and Heterogeneous Performance of Cluster Firms”, In Frenken, K., Applied Evolutionary Economics and Economic Geography, Edward Elgar.
Hewitt-Dundas, N., 2013, “The Role of Proximity in University-business Cooperation for Innovation”, Journal of Technology Transfer, Vol.38, No.2.
Howells, J. and Bessant,J., 2012, “Introduction: Innovation and Economic Geography: A Review and Analysis”, Journal of Economic Geography, Vol.12, No.5.
Jofre-Monseny, J., Marní-López, R. and Viladecans-Marsal, E., 2011, “The Mechanisms of Agglomeration: Evidence from the Effect of Inter-industry Relations on the Location of New Firms”, Journal of Urban Economics, Vol.70, No.2.
McMillen, D. and Klier, T., 2013, “Agglomeration in the European Automobile Supplier Industry”, Social Science Electronic Publishing, Vol.15, No.11.
Lorenzen, M. and Mudambi, R., 2012, “Clusters, Connectivity and Catch-up: Bollywood and Bangalore in the Global Economy”, Journal of Economic Geography, Vol.17.
Markusen, A., 1996, “Sticky Places in Slippery Space: A Typology of Industrial Districts”, Economic Geography, Vol.12.
Nakajima, K., Saito, Y. and Uesugi, I., 2013, “Role of Inter-firm Transactions on Industrial Agglomeration: Evidence from Japanese Firm-level Data”, RIETI Discussion Paper Series.
Poter, M., 1990, The Competitive Advantage of Nation, New York: The Free Press.
Porter, M. and Stern, S., 2001, “Location Matters”, Sloan Management Review, Vol.42, No.45.
Rigby, D.L. and Brown, W.M., 2015, “Who Benefits from Agglomeration?” Regional Studies, Vol.49, No.1.
Rutherford, T. and Holmes, J., 2008, “The Flea on the Tail of the Dog: Power in Global Production Networks and the Restructuring of Canadian Automotive Clusters”, Journal of Economic Geography, Vol.8, No.4.
Suire, R. and Vicente, J., 2009, “Why do Some Places Succeed When Others Decline? A Social Interaction Model of Cluster Viability”, Journal of Economic Geography, Vol.9, No.3.
Taylor, M., 2000, “Enterprise, Power and Embeddedness: An Empirical Exploration”, In Vatne, E. and Taylor, M., The Networked Firm in a Global World: Small Firms in New Environments, Aldershot and Burlington, VT: Ashgate.
ZEW, 2016, Innovation Sverhalten der Deutschen Wirtschaft Indikato Renbericht zur Innovation Serhebung 2015, http://ftp.zew.de/pub/zew-docs/mip/15/mip_2015.pdf.
(1)上海临港重装备产业区面积65平方公里,重点发展以“高、新、先”为特色的高端制造业和战略性新兴产业。截至2017年12月,区内布局发电及输变电设备、大型船用设备、汽车整车及零部件、海洋工程、物流装备与工程机械装备、航空零部件配套、装备再制造等7个大类共计600多家企业,著名企业有上海电气、上海汽车、卡待彼勒、瓦锡兰柴油机、振中机械、中船三井、中航工业、VOLOV汽车、德国伦茨、洋山中集、田中机械、上海科尼港口机械、西门子、苏尔寿、安捷电缆等。
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