我国设施栽培养分管理中待解的科学和技术问题
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摘要
我国设施栽培迅速发展为保障城乡居民蔬菜和瓜果供应、增加农民收入发挥了极为重要的作用,但是,由于不合理施肥,土壤酸化、次生盐渍化、养分失衡、氮、磷、钾、硫元素过量积累等土壤快速退化现象极为普遍,正在严重威胁设施栽培的可持续发展。相关科学研究严重滞后于生产发展水平,设施栽培养分管理中还存在诸多科学问题亟待解决。本文探讨了设施栽培中确定养分合理施用量、判断土壤养分供应是否平衡、评价养分环境效应和去除土壤中过量积累的养分等方面尚待解决的科学问题。认为我国亟需组织力量,系统地研究在设施栽培特殊的小气候、土壤水分运移、作物生长和养分吸收特点以及高复种指数下,土壤养分转化规律,水、土、气和作物之间的相互作用机理及其对土壤养分有效性的影响,尽速改变科学研究滞后于生产实际的现状。
Rapid development of greenhouse cultivations has made substantial contributions to meeting the increasing demands of the urban and suburban resident population for vegetable and fruits and to improving farmers' economic status in China in the past four decades. However, due to inappropriate applications of nutrients, phenomena of soil degradation, like acidification, secondary salinization, nutrient unbalance, and unusual accumulations of N, P, K, and S appear commonly in the soils under greenhouse only a short time after setting up of the greenhouse, seriously affecting sustainable development of the greenhouse farming in China. As scientific researches in this aspect lag far behind the rapid developments of the greenhouse cultivation, nutrient management of greenhouse cultivation encounters a series of scientific and technological problems that call for urgent solution. In the paper, issues, like how to determine appropriate nutrient application rates for greenhouse cultivations, how to judge whether the soil nutrient supply, including macro-, medium-, and micro-elements, is in balance, how to evaluate environmental impacts of the nutrient management in greenhouse cultivation, and how to remove unusual surpluses of nutrients in the greenhouse soils, particularly sulfur, which is usually applied with phosphorus and potassium fertilizers, are discussed. It is held that it is essential and urgent to organize forces to launch system researches on the micrometeorology, soil water movement, growth and nutrient uptake of crops, and soil nutrient transformation in greenhouses with high multiple cropping index, particularly mechanisms of the interactions between water, soil, air and crops and their effects on soil nutrient availability, so as to alter the status of scientific researches lagging behind the production practices as quick as possible.
Rapid development of greenhouse cultivations has made substantial contributions to meeting the increasing demands of the urban and suburban resident population for vegetable and fruits and to improving farmers' economic status in China in the past four decades. However, due to inappropriate applications of nutrients, phenomena of soil degradation, like acidification, secondary salinization, nutrient unbalance, and unusual accumulations of N, P, K, and S appear commonly in the soils under greenhouse only a short time after setting up of the greenhouse, seriously affecting sustainable development of the greenhouse farming in China. As scientific researches in this aspect lag far behind the rapid developments of the greenhouse cultivation, nutrient management of greenhouse cultivation encounters a series of scientific and technological problems that call for urgent solution. In the paper, issues, like how to determine appropriate nutrient application rates for greenhouse cultivations, how to judge whether the soil nutrient supply, including macro-, medium-, and micro-elements, is in balance, how to evaluate environmental impacts of the nutrient management in greenhouse cultivation, and how to remove unusual surpluses of nutrients in the greenhouse soils, particularly sulfur, which is usually applied with phosphorus and potassium fertilizers, are discussed. It is held that it is essential and urgent to organize forces to launch system researches on the micrometeorology, soil water movement, growth and nutrient uptake of crops, and soil nutrient transformation in greenhouses with high multiple cropping index, particularly mechanisms of the interactions between water, soil, air and crops and their effects on soil nutrient availability, so as to alter the status of scientific researches lagging behind the production practices as quick as possible.
引文
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[6]蔡红明,王士超,刘岩,等.陕西日光温室养分平衡及土壤养分累积特征研究.西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2016,44(9):83-91Cai H M,Wang S C,Liu Y,et al.Nutrient balance and accumulation in soil of solar greenhouse in Shaanxi(In Chinese).Journal of Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University(Natural Science Edition),2016,44(9):83-91
[7]Meng T Z,Zhu T B,Zhang J B,et al.Effect of liming on sulfate transformation and sulfur gas emissions in degraded vegetable soil treated by reductive soil disinfestation.Journal of Environmental Sciences,2015,36:112-120
[8]刘崇群.中国南方土壤硫的状况和对硫肥的需求.磷肥与复肥,1995,10(3):14-18Liu C Q.Sulfur status in soils of South China and demands of sulfur fertilizers(In Chinese).Phosphate Compound Fertilizer,1995,10(3):14-18
[9]巨晓棠.理论施氮量的改进及验证-兼论确定作物氮肥推荐量的方法.土壤学报,2015,52(2):249-260Ju X T.Improvement and validation of theoretical Nrate(TNR)-Discussing the methods for fertilizer recommendation(In Chinese).Acta Pedologica Sinica,2015,52(2):249-260
[10]李仁杰,朱世东,袁凌云,等.温室内地温变化规律及与气温的相关性.中国农学通报,2 0 1 0,2 6(24):209-212Li R J,Zhu S D,Yuan L Y,et al.Study on the soil temperature variety regulation and the relativity with atmosphere temperature in the greenhouse(In Chinese).Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2010,26(24):209-212
[11]Suzuki M,Umeda H,Matsuo S,et al.Effects of relative humidity and nutrient supply on growth and nutrient uptake in greenhouse tomato production.Scientia Horticulturae,2015,187:44-49
[12]GislerodH R,Selmer-Olsen A R,Mortensen L M.The effect of air humidity on nutrient uptake of some greenhouse plants.Plant and Soil,1987,102(2):193-196
[13]张大龙,常毅博,李建明,等.大棚甜瓜蒸腾规律及其影响因子.生态学报,2014,34(4):953-962Zhang D L,Chang Y B,Li J M,et al.The critical factors of transpiration on muskmelon in plastic greenhouse(In Chinese).Acta Ecologica Sinica,2014,34(4):953-962
[14]Jolliet O.Modelling of water uptake,transpiration and humidity in greenhouses,and of their effects on crops.Acta Horticulturae,1993,328:69-78
[15]闫秋艳,段增强,李汛,等.根区温度对黄瓜生长和土壤养分利用的影响.土壤学报,2013,50(4):752-760Yan Q Y,Duan Z Q,Li X,et al.Effects of root zone temperature on growth of cucumber and nutrient utilization in soils(In Chinese).Acta Pedologica Sinica,2013,50(4):752-760
[16]白由路.植物营养与肥料研究的回顾与展望.中国农业科学,2015,48(17):3477-3492Bai Y L.Review on research in plant nutrition and fertilizers(In Chinese).Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2015,48(17):3477-3492
[17]马宁宁.设施番茄根围土壤的微生物特性研究.沈阳:沈阳农业大学,2013Ma N N.Study on Soil Microbial Properties in Protected Tomato Root Circumferences(In Chinese).Shenyang:Shenyang Agricultural University,2013
[18]Kim J M,Roh A S,Choi S C,et al.Soil pH and electrical conductivity are key edaphic factors shaping bacterial communities of greenhouse soils in Korea.Journal of Microbiology,2016,54:838-845
[19]蔡祖聪,钦绳武.作物N、P、K含量对于平衡施肥的诊断意义.植物营养与肥料学报,2006,12(4):473-478Cai Z C,Qin S W.Diagnosis of balanced fertilization by N,P,K contents in grain and straw of wheat and maize(In Chinese).Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2006,12(4):473-478
[20]华娟.福建省早稻主要功能品质的分析.福州:福建农林大学,2014Hua J.Analyses of main function qualities of early rice in Fujian Province(In Chinese).Fuzhou:Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University,2014
[21]Anderson T R,Boersma M,Raubenheimer D.Stoichiometry:Linking elements to biochemical.Ecology,2004,85:1193-1202
[22]张树清.我国氮磷钾养分与合理施肥技术的研究.磷肥与复肥,2004,19(2):65-69Zhang S Q.Research on NPK nutrients and rational fertilization technique in China(In Chinese).Phosphate Compound Fertilizer,2004,19(2):65-69
[23]Yusef K K.Soil phosphorus status in Chinese greenhouse vegetable production system.Copenhagen:Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences,Faculty of Science,University of Copenhagen,2017
[24]孙世中,郭云周,官会林,等.不同管理模式下香石竹设施栽培土壤盐渍化特征及其诱导病害.土壤,2010,42(6):972-977Sun S Z,Guo Y Z,Guan H L,et al.Soil salinization characteristics of carnation cultivation under different management models and induced diseases(I n Chinese).Soils,2010,42(6):972-977
[25]陈竹君,王益权,周建斌,等.日光温室栽培土壤供钾状况及K-Ca吸附交换特性研究.植物营养与肥料学报,2009,15(5):1078-1084Chen Z J,Wang Y Q,Zhou J B,et al.Quantity and intensity of potassium and its exchange relationship with calcium in sunl ight greenhouse s oi l s(I n Chinese).Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2009,15(5):1078-1084
[26]刘岩,周建斌,刘占军,等.日光温室土壤养分含量及比例与种植年限的关系.土壤通报,2017,48(2):420-426Liu Y,Zhou J B,Liu Z J,et al.Relationships between content and ratio of soil nutrient and cultivating years in solar greenhouse(In Chinese).Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2017,48(2):420-426
[27]Sumner M E,Farina M P W.Phosphorus interactions with other nutrients and lime in field cropping system.Advances in Soil Science,1986,5:201-203
[28]周建斌,翟丙年,陈竹君,等.设施栽培菜地土壤养分的空间累积及其潜在的环境效应.农业环境科学学报,2004,23(2):332-335Zhou J B,Zhai B N,Chen Z J,et al.Nutrient accumulations in soil profiles under canopy vegetable cultivation and their potential environmental impacts(In Chinese).J o u r n a l o f Agro-Environment Science,2004,23(2):332-335
[29]刘宏斌,李志宏,张云贵,等.北京平原农区地下水硝态氮污染状况及其影响因素研究.土壤学报,2006,43(3):405-413Liu H B,Li Z H,Zhang Y G,et al.Nitrate contamination of groundwater and its affecting factor in rural areas of Beijing Plain(In Chinese).Acta Pedologica Sinica,2006,43(3):405-413
[30]宋效宗,赵长星,李季,等.两种种植体系下地下水硝态氮含量变化.生态学报,2008,28(11):5513-5520Song X Z,Zhao C X,Li J,et al.Dynamic variation of nitrate-nitrogen content in groundwater under two different agricultural cropping systems(In Chinese).Acta Ecologica Sinica,2008,28(11):5513-5520
[31]林峰.有机肥和化肥施用对大棚菜地N2O和NO排放影响的观测研究.南京:南京农业大学,2016Lin F.Effects of chemical and organic fertilizer on N2O and NO emissions from greenhouse vegetable fields(In Chinese).Nanjing:Nanjing Agricultural University,2016
[32]李玉涛.温室番茄配施氮肥和双氰胺对氮淋失及氧化亚氮排放和氨挥发的影响.河北保定:河北农业大学,2015Li Y T.Effects of nitrogen fertilizer with DCD application on leaching of nitrogen and nitrous oxide emissions and ammonia volatilization in tomato greenhouse(In Chinese).Baoding,Hebei:Hebei Agricultural University,2015
[33]刘兆辉,江丽华,张文君,等.氮、磷、钾在设施蔬菜土壤剖面中的分布及移动研究.农业环境科学学报,2006,25(增):537-542Liu Z H,Jiang L H,Zhang W J,et al.N,P,Kdistributions and movement in soils for greenhouse and outdoor field(In Chinese).Journal of AgroEnvironment Science.2006,25(Suppl):537-542
[34]蔡祖聪,张金波,黄新琦,等.强还原土壤灭菌防控作物土传病的应用研究.土壤学报,2015,52(3):469-476Cai Z C,Zhang J B,Huang X Q,et al.Application of reductive soil disinfestation to suppress soil-borne pathogens(In Chinese).Acta Pedologica Sinica,2015,52(3):469-476
[2]王广印,郭卫丽,陈碧华,等.河南省设施蔬菜连作障碍现状调查与分析.中国农学通报,2016,32(25):27-33Wang G Y,Guo W L,Chen B H,et al.Continuous cropping obstacles of facilities vegetables in Henan:Investigation and analysis(In Chinese).Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2016,32(25):27-33
[3]Cao Z H,Huang J F,Zhang C S,et al.Soil quality evolution after land use change from paddy soil to vegetable land.Environmental Geochemistry and Health,2004,26(2):97-103
[4]Shi W M,Yao J,Yan F.Vegetable cultivation under greenhouse conditions leads to rapid accumulation of nutrients,acidification and salinity of soils and groundwater contamination in South-Eastern China.Nut r ient Cycl ing in Agroecosys tems,2009(1):73-84
[5]余海英,李廷轩,张锡洲.温室栽培系统的养分平衡及土壤养分变化特征.中国农业科学2010,43(3):514-522Yu H Y,Li T X,Zhang X Z.Nutrient budget and soil nutrient status in greenhouse system(In Chinese).Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2010,43(3):514-522
[6]蔡红明,王士超,刘岩,等.陕西日光温室养分平衡及土壤养分累积特征研究.西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2016,44(9):83-91Cai H M,Wang S C,Liu Y,et al.Nutrient balance and accumulation in soil of solar greenhouse in Shaanxi(In Chinese).Journal of Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University(Natural Science Edition),2016,44(9):83-91
[7]Meng T Z,Zhu T B,Zhang J B,et al.Effect of liming on sulfate transformation and sulfur gas emissions in degraded vegetable soil treated by reductive soil disinfestation.Journal of Environmental Sciences,2015,36:112-120
[8]刘崇群.中国南方土壤硫的状况和对硫肥的需求.磷肥与复肥,1995,10(3):14-18Liu C Q.Sulfur status in soils of South China and demands of sulfur fertilizers(In Chinese).Phosphate Compound Fertilizer,1995,10(3):14-18
[9]巨晓棠.理论施氮量的改进及验证-兼论确定作物氮肥推荐量的方法.土壤学报,2015,52(2):249-260Ju X T.Improvement and validation of theoretical Nrate(TNR)-Discussing the methods for fertilizer recommendation(In Chinese).Acta Pedologica Sinica,2015,52(2):249-260
[10]李仁杰,朱世东,袁凌云,等.温室内地温变化规律及与气温的相关性.中国农学通报,2 0 1 0,2 6(24):209-212Li R J,Zhu S D,Yuan L Y,et al.Study on the soil temperature variety regulation and the relativity with atmosphere temperature in the greenhouse(In Chinese).Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2010,26(24):209-212
[11]Suzuki M,Umeda H,Matsuo S,et al.Effects of relative humidity and nutrient supply on growth and nutrient uptake in greenhouse tomato production.Scientia Horticulturae,2015,187:44-49
[12]GislerodH R,Selmer-Olsen A R,Mortensen L M.The effect of air humidity on nutrient uptake of some greenhouse plants.Plant and Soil,1987,102(2):193-196
[13]张大龙,常毅博,李建明,等.大棚甜瓜蒸腾规律及其影响因子.生态学报,2014,34(4):953-962Zhang D L,Chang Y B,Li J M,et al.The critical factors of transpiration on muskmelon in plastic greenhouse(In Chinese).Acta Ecologica Sinica,2014,34(4):953-962
[14]Jolliet O.Modelling of water uptake,transpiration and humidity in greenhouses,and of their effects on crops.Acta Horticulturae,1993,328:69-78
[15]闫秋艳,段增强,李汛,等.根区温度对黄瓜生长和土壤养分利用的影响.土壤学报,2013,50(4):752-760Yan Q Y,Duan Z Q,Li X,et al.Effects of root zone temperature on growth of cucumber and nutrient utilization in soils(In Chinese).Acta Pedologica Sinica,2013,50(4):752-760
[16]白由路.植物营养与肥料研究的回顾与展望.中国农业科学,2015,48(17):3477-3492Bai Y L.Review on research in plant nutrition and fertilizers(In Chinese).Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2015,48(17):3477-3492
[17]马宁宁.设施番茄根围土壤的微生物特性研究.沈阳:沈阳农业大学,2013Ma N N.Study on Soil Microbial Properties in Protected Tomato Root Circumferences(In Chinese).Shenyang:Shenyang Agricultural University,2013
[18]Kim J M,Roh A S,Choi S C,et al.Soil pH and electrical conductivity are key edaphic factors shaping bacterial communities of greenhouse soils in Korea.Journal of Microbiology,2016,54:838-845
[19]蔡祖聪,钦绳武.作物N、P、K含量对于平衡施肥的诊断意义.植物营养与肥料学报,2006,12(4):473-478Cai Z C,Qin S W.Diagnosis of balanced fertilization by N,P,K contents in grain and straw of wheat and maize(In Chinese).Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2006,12(4):473-478
[20]华娟.福建省早稻主要功能品质的分析.福州:福建农林大学,2014Hua J.Analyses of main function qualities of early rice in Fujian Province(In Chinese).Fuzhou:Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University,2014
[21]Anderson T R,Boersma M,Raubenheimer D.Stoichiometry:Linking elements to biochemical.Ecology,2004,85:1193-1202
[22]张树清.我国氮磷钾养分与合理施肥技术的研究.磷肥与复肥,2004,19(2):65-69Zhang S Q.Research on NPK nutrients and rational fertilization technique in China(In Chinese).Phosphate Compound Fertilizer,2004,19(2):65-69
[23]Yusef K K.Soil phosphorus status in Chinese greenhouse vegetable production system.Copenhagen:Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences,Faculty of Science,University of Copenhagen,2017
[24]孙世中,郭云周,官会林,等.不同管理模式下香石竹设施栽培土壤盐渍化特征及其诱导病害.土壤,2010,42(6):972-977Sun S Z,Guo Y Z,Guan H L,et al.Soil salinization characteristics of carnation cultivation under different management models and induced diseases(I n Chinese).Soils,2010,42(6):972-977
[25]陈竹君,王益权,周建斌,等.日光温室栽培土壤供钾状况及K-Ca吸附交换特性研究.植物营养与肥料学报,2009,15(5):1078-1084Chen Z J,Wang Y Q,Zhou J B,et al.Quantity and intensity of potassium and its exchange relationship with calcium in sunl ight greenhouse s oi l s(I n Chinese).Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2009,15(5):1078-1084
[26]刘岩,周建斌,刘占军,等.日光温室土壤养分含量及比例与种植年限的关系.土壤通报,2017,48(2):420-426Liu Y,Zhou J B,Liu Z J,et al.Relationships between content and ratio of soil nutrient and cultivating years in solar greenhouse(In Chinese).Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2017,48(2):420-426
[27]Sumner M E,Farina M P W.Phosphorus interactions with other nutrients and lime in field cropping system.Advances in Soil Science,1986,5:201-203
[28]周建斌,翟丙年,陈竹君,等.设施栽培菜地土壤养分的空间累积及其潜在的环境效应.农业环境科学学报,2004,23(2):332-335Zhou J B,Zhai B N,Chen Z J,et al.Nutrient accumulations in soil profiles under canopy vegetable cultivation and their potential environmental impacts(In Chinese).J o u r n a l o f Agro-Environment Science,2004,23(2):332-335
[29]刘宏斌,李志宏,张云贵,等.北京平原农区地下水硝态氮污染状况及其影响因素研究.土壤学报,2006,43(3):405-413Liu H B,Li Z H,Zhang Y G,et al.Nitrate contamination of groundwater and its affecting factor in rural areas of Beijing Plain(In Chinese).Acta Pedologica Sinica,2006,43(3):405-413
[30]宋效宗,赵长星,李季,等.两种种植体系下地下水硝态氮含量变化.生态学报,2008,28(11):5513-5520Song X Z,Zhao C X,Li J,et al.Dynamic variation of nitrate-nitrogen content in groundwater under two different agricultural cropping systems(In Chinese).Acta Ecologica Sinica,2008,28(11):5513-5520
[31]林峰.有机肥和化肥施用对大棚菜地N2O和NO排放影响的观测研究.南京:南京农业大学,2016Lin F.Effects of chemical and organic fertilizer on N2O and NO emissions from greenhouse vegetable fields(In Chinese).Nanjing:Nanjing Agricultural University,2016
[32]李玉涛.温室番茄配施氮肥和双氰胺对氮淋失及氧化亚氮排放和氨挥发的影响.河北保定:河北农业大学,2015Li Y T.Effects of nitrogen fertilizer with DCD application on leaching of nitrogen and nitrous oxide emissions and ammonia volatilization in tomato greenhouse(In Chinese).Baoding,Hebei:Hebei Agricultural University,2015
[33]刘兆辉,江丽华,张文君,等.氮、磷、钾在设施蔬菜土壤剖面中的分布及移动研究.农业环境科学学报,2006,25(增):537-542Liu Z H,Jiang L H,Zhang W J,et al.N,P,Kdistributions and movement in soils for greenhouse and outdoor field(In Chinese).Journal of AgroEnvironment Science.2006,25(Suppl):537-542
[34]蔡祖聪,张金波,黄新琦,等.强还原土壤灭菌防控作物土传病的应用研究.土壤学报,2015,52(3):469-476Cai Z C,Zhang J B,Huang X Q,et al.Application of reductive soil disinfestation to suppress soil-borne pathogens(In Chinese).Acta Pedologica Sinica,2015,52(3):469-476
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