室温低氨氮基质单级自养脱氮颗粒污泥启动效能与污泥特性
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摘要
室温低氨氮基质条件下单级自养脱氮工艺的启动和稳定运行是该工艺应用于市政污水处理的前提和基础.本研究在气升式反应器中接种久置的PN/A(partial nitritation and ANAMMOX)颗粒污泥,控制温度在(23±2)℃,pH在7. 7～8. 0,以氨氮浓度为70 mg·L~(-1)的人工无机配水为基质,考察单级部分亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化实现室温启动效能.通过逐级缩短HRT(1. 1 h→0. 9 h→0. 7 h→0. 5 h)提升氮负荷[1. 53 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1)→1. 87 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1)→2. 40 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1)→3. 36kg·(m~3·d)~(-1)],逐步恢复AOB、AMX菌活性以及微生物协同效能.经过95 d运行调控,反应器成功启动,NH_4~+-N和TN去除率达85%和69%.根据各阶段污泥性能,严格控制溶解氧,有效抑制NOB.污泥适应环境后,颗粒粒径随负荷提升逐渐增大,最终平均粒径达1. 30 mm.成熟的自养颗粒污泥轮廓光滑清晰,扫描电镜显示,颗粒污泥内部形成空腔,表面有孔隙,污泥形态以球菌为主,并有少量杆菌及短杆菌. EPS主要成分为蛋白质(81. 48%),泥水分离效果较好.
The start-up and stable operation of single-stage autotrophic nitrogen removal process under low ammonia nitrogen substrate at room temperature appears as the premise and basis for the application in municipal wastewater treatment. In this study,the PN/A( partial nitritation and ANAMMOX) granular sludge for long-term storage was inoculated into an air-lift bioreactor to investigate the nitrogen removal performance during the start-up of single-stage partial nitritation and ANAMMOX process under the following conditions: temperature at( 23 ± 2) ℃,pH at 7. 7-8. 0. Synthetic wastewater with ammonia nitrogen concentration of 70 mg·L~(-1) was used as influent. By stepwise shortening hydraulic retention time( HRT)( 1. 1 h→ 0. 9 h→ 0. 7 h→ 0. 5 h) and increasing ammonia nitrogen loading rate [1. 53 kg·( m~3·d)~(-1)→1. 87 kg·( m~3·d)~(-1)→2. 40 kg·( m~3·d)~(-1)→3. 36 kg·( m~3·d)~(-1)],the bioactivity as the synergy between the ammonia oxidizing bacteria( AOB) and anaerobic oxidizing bacteria( AMX) were gradually restored. After 95 d operation and regulation,the process was successfully established and the removal rate of NH_4~+-N and TN were 85% and 69%,respectively. According to the performance of sludge at each stage,the nitrite oxidizing bacteria( NOB) were selectively inhibited by controlling dissolved oxygen strictly. The average particle size gradually increased and finally was reached to 1. 30 mm after the sludge was adapted to the environment. The profile of the mature autotrophic granular sludge was smooth and clear,SEM showed that the center of granular sludge formed a cavity with porous structure on the surface,the sludge morphology consisted mainly of cocci,with a small amount of bacilli and short bacilli. The major component of EPS in granular sludge was protein( 81. 48%) indicating that it had a good settling performance.
The start-up and stable operation of single-stage autotrophic nitrogen removal process under low ammonia nitrogen substrate at room temperature appears as the premise and basis for the application in municipal wastewater treatment. In this study,the PN/A( partial nitritation and ANAMMOX) granular sludge for long-term storage was inoculated into an air-lift bioreactor to investigate the nitrogen removal performance during the start-up of single-stage partial nitritation and ANAMMOX process under the following conditions: temperature at( 23 ± 2) ℃,pH at 7. 7-8. 0. Synthetic wastewater with ammonia nitrogen concentration of 70 mg·L~(-1) was used as influent. By stepwise shortening hydraulic retention time( HRT)( 1. 1 h→ 0. 9 h→ 0. 7 h→ 0. 5 h) and increasing ammonia nitrogen loading rate [1. 53 kg·( m~3·d)~(-1)→1. 87 kg·( m~3·d)~(-1)→2. 40 kg·( m~3·d)~(-1)→3. 36 kg·( m~3·d)~(-1)],the bioactivity as the synergy between the ammonia oxidizing bacteria( AOB) and anaerobic oxidizing bacteria( AMX) were gradually restored. After 95 d operation and regulation,the process was successfully established and the removal rate of NH_4~+-N and TN were 85% and 69%,respectively. According to the performance of sludge at each stage,the nitrite oxidizing bacteria( NOB) were selectively inhibited by controlling dissolved oxygen strictly. The average particle size gradually increased and finally was reached to 1. 30 mm after the sludge was adapted to the environment. The profile of the mature autotrophic granular sludge was smooth and clear,SEM showed that the center of granular sludge formed a cavity with porous structure on the surface,the sludge morphology consisted mainly of cocci,with a small amount of bacilli and short bacilli. The major component of EPS in granular sludge was protein( 81. 48%) indicating that it had a good settling performance.
引文
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[7]Oshiki M,Satoh H,Okabe S.Ecology and physiology of anaerobic ammonium oxidizing bacteria[J].Environmental Microbiology,2016,18(9):2784-2796.
[8]Dosta J,Fernández I,Vázquez-Padín J R,et al.Short-and longterm effects of temperature on the anammox process[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2008,154(1-3):688-693.
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[15]刘小朋,钱飞跃,王建芳,等.nZVI对亚硝化颗粒污泥性能的冲击性影响研究[J].环境科学学报,2016,36(5):1622-1629.Liu X P,Qian F Y,Wang J F,et al.The effect of nanoscale zero-valent iron on the performance of nitrosation granular sludge[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2016,36(5):1622-1629.
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[17]Qian F Y,Wang J F,Shen Y L,et al.Achieving high performance completely autotrophic nitrogen removal in a continuous granular sludge reactor[J].Biochemical Engineering Journal,2017,118:97-104.
[18]Liang Z W,Li W H,Yang S Y,et al.Extraction and structural characteristics of extracellular polymeric substances(EPS),pellets in autotrophic nitrifying biofilm and activated sludge[J].Chemosphere,2010,81(5):626-632.
[19]Adav S S,Lee D J.Extraction of extracellular polymeric substances from aerobic granule with compact interior structure[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2008,154(1-3):1120-1126.
[20]Luo J H,Hao T W,Wei L,et al.Impact of influent COD/Nratio on disintegration of aerobic granular sludge[J].Water Research,2014,62:127-135.
[21]王书永,钱飞跃,王建芳,等.有机物对亚硝化颗粒污泥中功能菌活性的影响[J].环境科学,2017,38(1):269-275.Wang S Y,Qian F Y,Wang J F,et al.Impact of biodegradable organic matter on the functional microbe activities in partial nitrification granules[J].Environmental Science,2017,38(1):269-275.
[22]张肖静,李冬,梁瑜海,等.氨氮浓度对CANON工艺性能及微生物特性的影响[J].中国环境科学,2014,34(7):1715-1721.Zhang X J,Li D,Liang Y H,et al.Effect of ammonia concentration on the performance and microbial characteristics of CANON process[J].China Environmental Science,2014,34(7):1715-1721.
[23]Liu T,Li D,Zeng H P,et al.Biodiversity and quantification of functional bacteria in completely autotrophic nitrogen-removal over nitrite(CANON)process[J].Bioresource Technology,2012,118:399-406.
[24]Pellicer-Nàcher C,Sun S P,Lackner S,et al.Sequential aeration of membrane-aerated biofilm reactors for high-rate autotrophic nitrogen removal:experimental demonstration[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2010,44(19):7628-7634.
[25]Reino C,Van Loosdrecht M C M,Carrera J,et al.Effect of temperature on N2O emissions from a highly enriched nitrifying granular sludge performing partial nitritation of a low-strength wastewater[J].Chemosphere,2017,185:336-343.
[26]曹建平,杜兵,刘寅,等.原生颗粒污泥单级自养脱氮工艺处理污泥压滤液的研究[J].环境科学,2009,30(10):c2988-2994.Cao J P,Bing D U,Liu Y,et al.Single-stage autotrophic nitrogen removal reactor with self-generated granular sludge for treating sludge dewatering effluent[J].Environmental Science,2009,30(10):2988-2994.
[27]Zhang X J,Li D,Liang Y H,et al.Autotrophic nitrogen removal from domestic sewage in MBR-CANON system and the biodiversity of functional microbes[J].Bioresource Technology,2013,150:113-120.
[28]Vázquez-Padín J R,Pozo M J,Jarpa M,et al.Treatment of anaerobic sludge digester effluents by the CANON process in an air pulsing SBR[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2009,166(1):336-341.
[29]付昆明,张杰,曹相生,等.NH+4-N与N0-2-N对连续流CANON反应器运行性能的影响[J].北京工业大学学报,2011,37(7):1038-1044.Fu K M,Zhang J,Cao X S,et al.Effect of ammonium and nitrite on performance of continuous CANON reactor[J].Journal of Beijing University of Technology,2011,37(7):1038-1044.
[30]Winkler M K H,Kleerebezem R,Kuenen J G,et al.Segregation of biomass in cyclic anaerobic/aerobic granular sludge allows the enrichment of anaerobic ammonium oxidizing bacteria at low temperatures[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2011,45(17):7330-7337.
[31]Reino C,Suárez-Ojeda M E,Pérez J,et al.Kinetic and microbiological characterization of aerobic granules performing partial nitritation of a low-strength wastewater at 10 C[J].Water Research,2016,101:147-156.
[32]Poot V,Hoekstra M,Geleijnse M A A,et al.Effects of the residual ammonium concentration on NOB repression during partial nitritation with granular sludge[J].Water Research,2016,106:518-530.
[33]付昆明,张杰,曹相生,等.CANON反应器运行稳定性及温度冲击的影响[J].环境科学,2012,33(10):3507-3512.Fu K M,Zhang J,Cao X S,et al.Performance stability of CANON reactor and temperature impact[J].Environmental Science,2012,33(10):3507-3512.
[34]Miao Y Y,Zhang L,Yang Y D,et al.Start-up of single-stage partial nitrification-anammox process treating low-strength swage and its restoration from nitrate accumulation[J].Bioresource Technology,2016,218:771-779.
[35]Xu Z Y,Zeng G M,Yang Z H,et al.Biological treatment of landfill leachate with the integration of partial nitrification,anaerobic ammonium oxidation and heterotrophic denitrification[J].Bioresource Technology,2010,101(1):79-86.
[36]曹丽娟,陈杰,姜广萌,等.基于侧流富集/主流强化的CANON工艺处理常温低氨氮废水的稳态控制[J].化工学报,2017,68(12):4723-4730.Cao L J,Chen J,Jiang G M,et al.Controlling strategy for a CANON system treating wastewater with low ammonium concentration at room temperature via a bio-augmentation batch enhance method[J].CIESC Journal,2017,68(12):4723-4730.
[37]Zheng P,Lin F M,Hu B L,et al.Performance of anammox granular sludge bed reactor started up with nitrifying granular sludge[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,2004,16(2):339-342.
[38]Sliekers A O,Haaijer S,Schmid M,et al.Nitrification and anammox with urea as the energy source[J].Systematic and Applied Microbiology,2004,27(3):271-278.
[39]Adav S S,Lee D J,Show K Y,et al.Aerobic granular sludge:Recent advances[J].Biotechnology Advances,2008,26(5):411-423.
[40]Chen Y,Li C,Guo J S,et al.Extraction and characterization of extracellular polymeric substances in biofilm and sludge via completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite system[J].Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology,2013,169(2):526-538.
[41]闫立龙,刘玉,任源.胞外聚合物对好氧颗粒污泥影响的研究进展[J].化工进展,2013,32(11):2744-2748,2756.Yan L L,Liu Y,Ren Y.A review on the effects of extracellular polymeric substance to aerobic granular sludge[J].Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress,2013,32(11):2744-2748,3756.
[42]Mcswain B S,Irvine R L,Hausner M,et al.Composition and distribution of extracellular polymeric substances in aerobic flocs and granular sludge[J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology,2005,71(2):1051-1057.
[43]Zhu L,Lv M L,Dai X,et al.Role and significance of extracellular polymeric substances on the property of aerobic granule[J].Bioresource Technology,2012,107:46-54.
[44]Wan J F,Mozo I,Filali A,et al.Evolution of bioaggregate strength during aerobic granular sludge formation[J].Biochemical Engineering Journal,2011,58-59:69-78.
[45]Hou X L,Liu S T,Zhang Z T.Role of extracellular polymeric substance in determining the high aggregation ability of anammox sludge[J].Water Research,2015,75:51-62.
[2]Sliekers A O,Derwort N,Gomez J L C,et al.Completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite in one single reactor[J].Water Research,2002,36(10):2475-2482.
[3]Strous M,Van Gerven E,Zheng P,et al.Ammonium removal from concentrated waste streams with the anaerobic ammonium oxidation(Anammox)process in different reactor configurations[J].Water Research,1997,31(8):1955-1962.
[4]Van Der Star W R,Abma W R,Blommers D,et al.Startup of reactors for anoxic ammonium oxidation:experiences from the first full-scale anammox reactor in Rotterdam[J].Water Research,2007,41(18):4149-4163.
[5]Hellinga C,Schellen A A J C,Mulder J W,et al.The sharon process:An innovative method for nitrogen removal from ammonium-rich waste water[J].Water Science and Technology,1998,37(9):135-142.
[6]Shalini S S,Joseph K.Nitrogen management in landfill leachate:Application of SHARON,ANAMMOX and combined SHARON-ANAMMOX process[J].Waste Management,2012,32(12):2385-2400.
[7]Oshiki M,Satoh H,Okabe S.Ecology and physiology of anaerobic ammonium oxidizing bacteria[J].Environmental Microbiology,2016,18(9):2784-2796.
[8]Dosta J,Fernández I,Vázquez-Padín J R,et al.Short-and longterm effects of temperature on the anammox process[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2008,154(1-3):688-693.
[9]Van Hulle S W H,Vandeweyer H J P,Meesschaert B D,et al.Engineering aspects and practical application of autotrophic nitrogen removal from nitrogen rich streams[J].Chemical Engineering Journal,2010,162(1):1-20.
[10]Strous M,Kuenen J G,Jetten M S M.Key physiology of anaerobic ammonium oxidation[J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology,1999,65(7):3248-3250.
[11]Vázquez-Padín J,Mosquera-Corral A,Campos J L,et al.Microbial community distribution and activity dynamics of granular biomass in a CANON reactor[J].Water Research,2010,44(15):4359-4370.
[12]顾书军,方芳,李凯,等.低浓度氨氮废水单级自养脱氮EGSB反应器的快速启动[J].环境科学,2016,37(8):3120-3127.Gu S J,Fang F,Li K,et al.Rapid start-up of one-stage autotrophic nitrogen removal process in EGSB reactor for wastewater with low concentration of ammonia[J].Environmental Science,2016,37(8):3120-3127.
[13]Sliekers A O,Third K A,Abma W,et al.CANON and anammox in a gas-lift reactor[J].FEMS Microbiology Letters,2010,218(2):339-344.
[14]Van Der Star W R,Miclea A I,Van Dongen U G J M,et al.The membrane bioreactor:a novel tool to grow anammox bacteria as free cells[J].Biotechnology and Bioengineering,2010,101(2):286-294.
[15]刘小朋,钱飞跃,王建芳,等.nZVI对亚硝化颗粒污泥性能的冲击性影响研究[J].环境科学学报,2016,36(5):1622-1629.Liu X P,Qian F Y,Wang J F,et al.The effect of nanoscale zero-valent iron on the performance of nitrosation granular sludge[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2016,36(5):1622-1629.
[16]国家环境保护总局.水和废水监测分析方法[M].(第四版).北京:中国环境科学出版社,2002.
[17]Qian F Y,Wang J F,Shen Y L,et al.Achieving high performance completely autotrophic nitrogen removal in a continuous granular sludge reactor[J].Biochemical Engineering Journal,2017,118:97-104.
[18]Liang Z W,Li W H,Yang S Y,et al.Extraction and structural characteristics of extracellular polymeric substances(EPS),pellets in autotrophic nitrifying biofilm and activated sludge[J].Chemosphere,2010,81(5):626-632.
[19]Adav S S,Lee D J.Extraction of extracellular polymeric substances from aerobic granule with compact interior structure[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2008,154(1-3):1120-1126.
[20]Luo J H,Hao T W,Wei L,et al.Impact of influent COD/Nratio on disintegration of aerobic granular sludge[J].Water Research,2014,62:127-135.
[21]王书永,钱飞跃,王建芳,等.有机物对亚硝化颗粒污泥中功能菌活性的影响[J].环境科学,2017,38(1):269-275.Wang S Y,Qian F Y,Wang J F,et al.Impact of biodegradable organic matter on the functional microbe activities in partial nitrification granules[J].Environmental Science,2017,38(1):269-275.
[22]张肖静,李冬,梁瑜海,等.氨氮浓度对CANON工艺性能及微生物特性的影响[J].中国环境科学,2014,34(7):1715-1721.Zhang X J,Li D,Liang Y H,et al.Effect of ammonia concentration on the performance and microbial characteristics of CANON process[J].China Environmental Science,2014,34(7):1715-1721.
[23]Liu T,Li D,Zeng H P,et al.Biodiversity and quantification of functional bacteria in completely autotrophic nitrogen-removal over nitrite(CANON)process[J].Bioresource Technology,2012,118:399-406.
[24]Pellicer-Nàcher C,Sun S P,Lackner S,et al.Sequential aeration of membrane-aerated biofilm reactors for high-rate autotrophic nitrogen removal:experimental demonstration[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2010,44(19):7628-7634.
[25]Reino C,Van Loosdrecht M C M,Carrera J,et al.Effect of temperature on N2O emissions from a highly enriched nitrifying granular sludge performing partial nitritation of a low-strength wastewater[J].Chemosphere,2017,185:336-343.
[26]曹建平,杜兵,刘寅,等.原生颗粒污泥单级自养脱氮工艺处理污泥压滤液的研究[J].环境科学,2009,30(10):c2988-2994.Cao J P,Bing D U,Liu Y,et al.Single-stage autotrophic nitrogen removal reactor with self-generated granular sludge for treating sludge dewatering effluent[J].Environmental Science,2009,30(10):2988-2994.
[27]Zhang X J,Li D,Liang Y H,et al.Autotrophic nitrogen removal from domestic sewage in MBR-CANON system and the biodiversity of functional microbes[J].Bioresource Technology,2013,150:113-120.
[28]Vázquez-Padín J R,Pozo M J,Jarpa M,et al.Treatment of anaerobic sludge digester effluents by the CANON process in an air pulsing SBR[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2009,166(1):336-341.
[29]付昆明,张杰,曹相生,等.NH+4-N与N0-2-N对连续流CANON反应器运行性能的影响[J].北京工业大学学报,2011,37(7):1038-1044.Fu K M,Zhang J,Cao X S,et al.Effect of ammonium and nitrite on performance of continuous CANON reactor[J].Journal of Beijing University of Technology,2011,37(7):1038-1044.
[30]Winkler M K H,Kleerebezem R,Kuenen J G,et al.Segregation of biomass in cyclic anaerobic/aerobic granular sludge allows the enrichment of anaerobic ammonium oxidizing bacteria at low temperatures[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2011,45(17):7330-7337.
[31]Reino C,Suárez-Ojeda M E,Pérez J,et al.Kinetic and microbiological characterization of aerobic granules performing partial nitritation of a low-strength wastewater at 10 C[J].Water Research,2016,101:147-156.
[32]Poot V,Hoekstra M,Geleijnse M A A,et al.Effects of the residual ammonium concentration on NOB repression during partial nitritation with granular sludge[J].Water Research,2016,106:518-530.
[33]付昆明,张杰,曹相生,等.CANON反应器运行稳定性及温度冲击的影响[J].环境科学,2012,33(10):3507-3512.Fu K M,Zhang J,Cao X S,et al.Performance stability of CANON reactor and temperature impact[J].Environmental Science,2012,33(10):3507-3512.
[34]Miao Y Y,Zhang L,Yang Y D,et al.Start-up of single-stage partial nitrification-anammox process treating low-strength swage and its restoration from nitrate accumulation[J].Bioresource Technology,2016,218:771-779.
[35]Xu Z Y,Zeng G M,Yang Z H,et al.Biological treatment of landfill leachate with the integration of partial nitrification,anaerobic ammonium oxidation and heterotrophic denitrification[J].Bioresource Technology,2010,101(1):79-86.
[36]曹丽娟,陈杰,姜广萌,等.基于侧流富集/主流强化的CANON工艺处理常温低氨氮废水的稳态控制[J].化工学报,2017,68(12):4723-4730.Cao L J,Chen J,Jiang G M,et al.Controlling strategy for a CANON system treating wastewater with low ammonium concentration at room temperature via a bio-augmentation batch enhance method[J].CIESC Journal,2017,68(12):4723-4730.
[37]Zheng P,Lin F M,Hu B L,et al.Performance of anammox granular sludge bed reactor started up with nitrifying granular sludge[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,2004,16(2):339-342.
[38]Sliekers A O,Haaijer S,Schmid M,et al.Nitrification and anammox with urea as the energy source[J].Systematic and Applied Microbiology,2004,27(3):271-278.
[39]Adav S S,Lee D J,Show K Y,et al.Aerobic granular sludge:Recent advances[J].Biotechnology Advances,2008,26(5):411-423.
[40]Chen Y,Li C,Guo J S,et al.Extraction and characterization of extracellular polymeric substances in biofilm and sludge via completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite system[J].Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology,2013,169(2):526-538.
[41]闫立龙,刘玉,任源.胞外聚合物对好氧颗粒污泥影响的研究进展[J].化工进展,2013,32(11):2744-2748,2756.Yan L L,Liu Y,Ren Y.A review on the effects of extracellular polymeric substance to aerobic granular sludge[J].Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress,2013,32(11):2744-2748,3756.
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