An Assessment of Ecosystem Services of Urban Green Spaces Based on i-Tree
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摘要
Ecosystem services of urban green spaces play an important role in the sustainable development of the urban ecosystem. How to quantify the ecological benefits of urban green spaces and evaluate their ecological services is a hot topic in related fields. Currently, with the advancement of science and technology, the assessment method has been developed from the traditional ones such as the Council of Tree and Landscape Appraisers(CTLA) method, afforestation cost method, and carbon tax method to CITYgreen and i-Tree. The latter two models have been widely used in countries of Europe and America, while the use of i-Tree has not been promoted in China. In this paper, i-Tree Eco(UFORE) was selected for research, and its application in the assessment of the ecosystem services of urban green spaces, including energy saving, air quality improvement, interception of rainwater, and aesthetic benefits, were analyzed. This study aims to provide a theoretical and scientific basis for the introduction and localization of i-Tree, as well as its generalization in the assessment of forest ecosystem services domestically.
Ecosystem services of urban green spaces play an important role in the sustainable development of the urban ecosystem. How to quantify the ecological benefits of urban green spaces and evaluate their ecological services is a hot topic in related fields. Currently, with the advancement of science and technology, the assessment method has been developed from the traditional ones such as the Council of Tree and Landscape Appraisers(CTLA) method, afforestation cost method, and carbon tax method to CITYgreen and i-Tree. The latter two models have been widely used in countries of Europe and America, while the use of i-Tree has not been promoted in China. In this paper, i-Tree Eco(UFORE) was selected for research, and its application in the assessment of the ecosystem services of urban green spaces, including energy saving, air quality improvement, interception of rainwater, and aesthetic benefits, were analyzed. This study aims to provide a theoretical and scientific basis for the introduction and localization of i-Tree, as well as its generalization in the assessment of forest ecosystem services domestically.
Ecosystem services of urban green spaces play an important role in the sustainable development of the urban ecosystem. How to quantify the ecological benefits of urban green spaces and evaluate their ecological services is a hot topic in related fields. Currently, with the advancement of science and technology, the assessment method has been developed from the traditional ones such as the Council of Tree and Landscape Appraisers(CTLA) method, afforestation cost method, and carbon tax method to CITYgreen and i-Tree. The latter two models have been widely used in countries of Europe and America, while the use of i-Tree has not been promoted in China. In this paper, i-Tree Eco(UFORE) was selected for research, and its application in the assessment of the ecosystem services of urban green spaces, including energy saving, air quality improvement, interception of rainwater, and aesthetic benefits, were analyzed. This study aims to provide a theoretical and scientific basis for the introduction and localization of i-Tree, as well as its generalization in the assessment of forest ecosystem services domestically.
引文
[1]Mao,Q.Z.,Luo,S.H.,&Ma,K.M.et al.(2012).Research advances in ecological assessment of urban greenspace.Acta Ecologica Sinica,32(17),5589-5597.
[2]Ma N.,He,X.Y.,&Shi,X.F.et al.(2010).Assessment of urban forest economic benefits based on i-Tree model:Research progress.Chinese Journal of Ecology,30(4),810-817.
[3]Watson,G.(2002).Comparing formula methods for tree appraisal.Journal of Arboriculture,28,11-18.
[4]Cai,C.J.,Peng,Z.H.,&Wang,C.(2004).The ecological benefit of urban forest and trees and its value.World Forestry Research,17(3),17-20.
[5]Li,H.(2004).Comparative study on urban forest ecological benefits based on CITYgreen model(Master’s thesis).Retrieved from China National Knowledge Infrastructure.
[6]Hu,Z.B.,He,X.Y.,&Li,Y.H.et al.(2003).Development and application of urban forest management information system(UFMIS)based on CITY green model.Chinese Journal of Ecology,22(6),181-185.
[7]Liu,C.F.,He,X.Y.,&Chen,W.et al.(2006).Analysis of environmental benefits of vegetation in Shenyang built-up areas.Liaoning Forestry Science and Technology,(2),1-3.
[8]Peng,L.H.,Chen,S.,&Liu,Y.X.et al.(2007).Application of Citygreen model in benefit assessment of Nanjing urban greenbelt in carbon fixation and runoff reduction.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,18(6),1293-1298.
[9]Li,W.(2007).Application of CITY green software in the assessment of urban green spaces ecological benefits-Taking the Olympic Forest Park planning scheme as an example(Master’s thesis).Retrieved from China National Knowledge Infrastructure.
[10]Hu,H.(2008).The application of CITY green in urban green-land ecological benefits analysis in Beijing(Master’s thesis).Retrieved from China National Knowledge Infrastructure.
[11]Chen,L.,Li,P.W.,&Li,G.C.et al.(2009).Application of CITYGREEN model in air purification,carbon fixation and oxygen release by greenbelt system of Shenzhen City.Acta Ecologica Sinica,29(1),272-282.
[12]Ling,H.R.,Wang,W.,&Fan,Z.Q.et al.(2011).Ecological effect of green spaces of Shanghai in different spatial scales in past 20 years.Acta Ecologica Sinica,31(19),5607-5614.
[13]Wang,Y.X.,Lan,S.R.,&Hong,M.J.(2014).Research on ecological benefits of urban forests of Xiamen based on CITY green model.Journal of Henan Institute of Science and Technology,42(2),20-23.
[14]Cao,K.L.(2016).Research on assessment method of urban rainwater low impact development based on i-Tree hydro(Master’s thesis).Retrieved from China National Knowledge Infrastructure.
[15]Tao,X.,Wu,Z.M.,&Hao,Y.P.(2009).Study on ecological benefits of street trees in Hefei city.Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,25(3),75-82.
[16]Zhang,Y.Y.,Zhou,C.L.,&Dong,Y.Z.et al.(2013).Composition and ecological benefits of street trees in Shinan District of Qingdao City,Shandong Province based on i-Tree Model.Chinese Journal of Ecology,32(7),1739-1747.
[17]Mc Pherson,E.G.(2010).Selecting reference cities for i-tree streets.Arboriculture&Urban Forestry,36(5),230-240.
[18]I-Tree ECO user’s manual.Retrieved from http://www.itreetools.org
[19]Nowak,D.J.,Crane,D.E.,&Stevens,J.C.et al.(2008).A ground based method of assessing urban forest structure and ecosystem services.Arboriculture&Urban Forestry,34(6),347-358.
[20]Han,M.C.&Li,Z.Y.(2011).Ecological benefits assessment of urban forest and its models.World Forestry Research,24(2),42-46.
[21]McPherson,E.G.,Simpson,J.R.,&Pepper,P.J.et al.(2003).Northern mountain and prairie community tree guide:Benefits,costs,and strategic planting.Davis,CA:Center for Urban Forest Research,U.S.Department of Agriculture,Forest Service.
[22]Tao,X.(2009).Study on the structure and function of the trees in Hefei City(Master’s thesis).Retrieved from China National Knowledge Infrastructure.
[23]A.Millward,A.A.&Sabir,S.(2011).Benefits of a forested urban park:What is the value of Allan Gardens to the city of Toronto Canada.Landscape and Urban Plannning,100(1),177-188.
[24]Li,X.X.(2009).Research on forest structure and benefit of urban community based on i-Tree tools-Taking Sichuan Agricultural University Dujiangyan Campus as an example(Master’s thesis).Retrieved from China National Knowledge Infrastructure.
[25]Kreuter,U.P.,Harris,H.G.,&Matlock,M.D.et al.(2001).Change in ecosystem service values in the San Autonio area,Texus.Ecological Economics,38(3),333-346.
[26]McPherson,E.G.&Nowak,D.J.(1994).Chicago’s urban forest ecosystem:Results of the Chicago urban forest climate project.Radnor,PA:Unite State Department of Agriculture,Forest Service,Northeastem Forest Experim Station.
[27]Brown,P.A.(2005).Cultivating community from the classroom.American Forests,111(2),34-39.
[28]Nowak,D.J.&Crane,D.E.(2002).Carbon storage and sequestration by urban trees in the USA.Environmental Pollution,116(3),381-389.
[29]Ma,X.H.,Sun,G.N.,&Ren,Z.Y.(2002).The values of vegetation purified air and its measure in Xin’an City.Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,16(4),83-86.
[30]Escobedo,F.J.,Wagner,J.E.,&Nowak,D.J.et al.(2008).Analyzing the cost effectiveness of Santiago,Chile’s policy of using urban forests to improve air quality.Journal of Environmental Management,86,147-157.
[31]Carver,A.D.,Unger,D.R.,&Parks,C.L.(2004).Modeling energy savings from urban shade trees:An assessment of the CITY green energy conservation module.Environmental Management,34(5),650-655.
[32]Zhang,X.Y.&Zhao,L.S.(2011).Partial ecological benefit Assessment of green-space in the built-up area of Kunming City based on QuickBird image and CITY green Model.Journal of Northwest Forestry University,26(6),204-207.
[2]Ma N.,He,X.Y.,&Shi,X.F.et al.(2010).Assessment of urban forest economic benefits based on i-Tree model:Research progress.Chinese Journal of Ecology,30(4),810-817.
[3]Watson,G.(2002).Comparing formula methods for tree appraisal.Journal of Arboriculture,28,11-18.
[4]Cai,C.J.,Peng,Z.H.,&Wang,C.(2004).The ecological benefit of urban forest and trees and its value.World Forestry Research,17(3),17-20.
[5]Li,H.(2004).Comparative study on urban forest ecological benefits based on CITYgreen model(Master’s thesis).Retrieved from China National Knowledge Infrastructure.
[6]Hu,Z.B.,He,X.Y.,&Li,Y.H.et al.(2003).Development and application of urban forest management information system(UFMIS)based on CITY green model.Chinese Journal of Ecology,22(6),181-185.
[7]Liu,C.F.,He,X.Y.,&Chen,W.et al.(2006).Analysis of environmental benefits of vegetation in Shenyang built-up areas.Liaoning Forestry Science and Technology,(2),1-3.
[8]Peng,L.H.,Chen,S.,&Liu,Y.X.et al.(2007).Application of Citygreen model in benefit assessment of Nanjing urban greenbelt in carbon fixation and runoff reduction.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,18(6),1293-1298.
[9]Li,W.(2007).Application of CITY green software in the assessment of urban green spaces ecological benefits-Taking the Olympic Forest Park planning scheme as an example(Master’s thesis).Retrieved from China National Knowledge Infrastructure.
[10]Hu,H.(2008).The application of CITY green in urban green-land ecological benefits analysis in Beijing(Master’s thesis).Retrieved from China National Knowledge Infrastructure.
[11]Chen,L.,Li,P.W.,&Li,G.C.et al.(2009).Application of CITYGREEN model in air purification,carbon fixation and oxygen release by greenbelt system of Shenzhen City.Acta Ecologica Sinica,29(1),272-282.
[12]Ling,H.R.,Wang,W.,&Fan,Z.Q.et al.(2011).Ecological effect of green spaces of Shanghai in different spatial scales in past 20 years.Acta Ecologica Sinica,31(19),5607-5614.
[13]Wang,Y.X.,Lan,S.R.,&Hong,M.J.(2014).Research on ecological benefits of urban forests of Xiamen based on CITY green model.Journal of Henan Institute of Science and Technology,42(2),20-23.
[14]Cao,K.L.(2016).Research on assessment method of urban rainwater low impact development based on i-Tree hydro(Master’s thesis).Retrieved from China National Knowledge Infrastructure.
[15]Tao,X.,Wu,Z.M.,&Hao,Y.P.(2009).Study on ecological benefits of street trees in Hefei city.Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,25(3),75-82.
[16]Zhang,Y.Y.,Zhou,C.L.,&Dong,Y.Z.et al.(2013).Composition and ecological benefits of street trees in Shinan District of Qingdao City,Shandong Province based on i-Tree Model.Chinese Journal of Ecology,32(7),1739-1747.
[17]Mc Pherson,E.G.(2010).Selecting reference cities for i-tree streets.Arboriculture&Urban Forestry,36(5),230-240.
[18]I-Tree ECO user’s manual.Retrieved from http://www.itreetools.org
[19]Nowak,D.J.,Crane,D.E.,&Stevens,J.C.et al.(2008).A ground based method of assessing urban forest structure and ecosystem services.Arboriculture&Urban Forestry,34(6),347-358.
[20]Han,M.C.&Li,Z.Y.(2011).Ecological benefits assessment of urban forest and its models.World Forestry Research,24(2),42-46.
[21]McPherson,E.G.,Simpson,J.R.,&Pepper,P.J.et al.(2003).Northern mountain and prairie community tree guide:Benefits,costs,and strategic planting.Davis,CA:Center for Urban Forest Research,U.S.Department of Agriculture,Forest Service.
[22]Tao,X.(2009).Study on the structure and function of the trees in Hefei City(Master’s thesis).Retrieved from China National Knowledge Infrastructure.
[23]A.Millward,A.A.&Sabir,S.(2011).Benefits of a forested urban park:What is the value of Allan Gardens to the city of Toronto Canada.Landscape and Urban Plannning,100(1),177-188.
[24]Li,X.X.(2009).Research on forest structure and benefit of urban community based on i-Tree tools-Taking Sichuan Agricultural University Dujiangyan Campus as an example(Master’s thesis).Retrieved from China National Knowledge Infrastructure.
[25]Kreuter,U.P.,Harris,H.G.,&Matlock,M.D.et al.(2001).Change in ecosystem service values in the San Autonio area,Texus.Ecological Economics,38(3),333-346.
[26]McPherson,E.G.&Nowak,D.J.(1994).Chicago’s urban forest ecosystem:Results of the Chicago urban forest climate project.Radnor,PA:Unite State Department of Agriculture,Forest Service,Northeastem Forest Experim Station.
[27]Brown,P.A.(2005).Cultivating community from the classroom.American Forests,111(2),34-39.
[28]Nowak,D.J.&Crane,D.E.(2002).Carbon storage and sequestration by urban trees in the USA.Environmental Pollution,116(3),381-389.
[29]Ma,X.H.,Sun,G.N.,&Ren,Z.Y.(2002).The values of vegetation purified air and its measure in Xin’an City.Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,16(4),83-86.
[30]Escobedo,F.J.,Wagner,J.E.,&Nowak,D.J.et al.(2008).Analyzing the cost effectiveness of Santiago,Chile’s policy of using urban forests to improve air quality.Journal of Environmental Management,86,147-157.
[31]Carver,A.D.,Unger,D.R.,&Parks,C.L.(2004).Modeling energy savings from urban shade trees:An assessment of the CITY green energy conservation module.Environmental Management,34(5),650-655.
[32]Zhang,X.Y.&Zhao,L.S.(2011).Partial ecological benefit Assessment of green-space in the built-up area of Kunming City based on QuickBird image and CITY green Model.Journal of Northwest Forestry University,26(6),204-207.
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