甲霜灵与镉复合污染对烟草生长发育及光合性能的影响
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摘要
为明确农药和重金属复合污染对烟草生长和光合性能的影响,通过盆栽试验模拟烟田在农药甲霜灵和重金属镉单一及复合污染条件下烟草生长发育及光合性能对污染胁迫的响应。研究结果表明,20 mg/kg甲霜灵单一污染对烟草根生物量、叶绿素和类胡萝卜素等光合色素含量和净光合速率、气孔导度及蒸腾速率等光合参数均有不同程度抑制作用,但在生长前期对株高有显著促进作用;20mg/kg镉单一污染对烟草主要植物学性状、总生物量、光合色素含量及光合参数指标均具有不同程度抑制作用;在甲霜灵和镉复合污染条件下,两种污染物对烟草总生物量及光合参数的抑制,在整个生育期均表现为协同作用,其对烟草光合色素含量的抑制则在烟草生育前期表现为协同、后期表现为拮抗作用。此外,等浓度镉污染对烟草生物量、光合色素及光合作用的抑制作用强于甲霜灵。研究结果显示,甲霜灵与镉复合污染对烟草生长发育及光合性能均产生一定生态毒性效应,且毒性效应会随着烟草发育进程而改变。
In order to study the combined influence of pesticides and heavy metals on tobacco growth and photosynthetic performance, we conducted a pot experiment to investigate the response of tobacco growth and photosynthetic performance systematically under the single and combined pollution conditions by using metalaxyl and cadmium. The results indicated that, the single addition of 20 mg/kg metalaxyl had an inhibition effect on tobacco root biomass, chlorophyll and carotenoid contents and main photosynthetic parameters(net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate), but it could promote tobacco height significantly at the early stage. The single addition of 20 mg/kg cadmium had different degrees of inhibition on main botanical characters, total biomass, content of photosynthetic pigment, and main photosynthetic parameters of tobacco. Under the combined pollution conditions, the two pollutants inhibited the total biomass and main photosynthetic parameters significantly at the whole growth period, and showed synergistic effect. But they inhibited the contents of chlorophyll and carotenoid differently, having synergistic effect at the early stage and antagonistic effect at the late stage of tobacco growth. Furthermore, the inhibition effect of cadmium addition on tobacco biomass, chlorophyll and carotenoid content and photosynthetic parameters was stronger than that of metalaxyl addition, which might be attributed to the degradation and metabolization of metalaxyl in tobacco field. In summary, the ecological toxic effects of combined pollution of metalaxyl and cadmium on tobacco growth and photosynthetic performance changed with the tobacco growth stages.
In order to study the combined influence of pesticides and heavy metals on tobacco growth and photosynthetic performance, we conducted a pot experiment to investigate the response of tobacco growth and photosynthetic performance systematically under the single and combined pollution conditions by using metalaxyl and cadmium. The results indicated that, the single addition of 20 mg/kg metalaxyl had an inhibition effect on tobacco root biomass, chlorophyll and carotenoid contents and main photosynthetic parameters(net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate), but it could promote tobacco height significantly at the early stage. The single addition of 20 mg/kg cadmium had different degrees of inhibition on main botanical characters, total biomass, content of photosynthetic pigment, and main photosynthetic parameters of tobacco. Under the combined pollution conditions, the two pollutants inhibited the total biomass and main photosynthetic parameters significantly at the whole growth period, and showed synergistic effect. But they inhibited the contents of chlorophyll and carotenoid differently, having synergistic effect at the early stage and antagonistic effect at the late stage of tobacco growth. Furthermore, the inhibition effect of cadmium addition on tobacco biomass, chlorophyll and carotenoid content and photosynthetic parameters was stronger than that of metalaxyl addition, which might be attributed to the degradation and metabolization of metalaxyl in tobacco field. In summary, the ecological toxic effects of combined pollution of metalaxyl and cadmium on tobacco growth and photosynthetic performance changed with the tobacco growth stages.
引文
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[4]谭伟,梁婷,翟衡.乙草胺对葡萄叶片光合和叶绿素荧光特性及叶绿体结构的影响[J].应用生态学报,2012,23(8):2185-2190.TAN W,LIANG T,ZHAI H.Effects of acetochlor on the photosynthetic and fluorescence characteristics and chloroplast structure of grape leaves[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2012,23(8):2185-2190.
[5]于娜,邹琳琳,孟红英.蔬菜农药残留超标对人体健康的危害及预防[J].现代农业科技,2010(4):381-381.YU N,ZHOU L L,MENG H Y.Harmfulness and prevention of pesticide residues in vegetables over human health[J].Modern Agricultural Science and Technology,2010(4):381-381.
[6]李健,金党琴.农药残留对食品安全的影响及相应对策[J].食品工程,2008(3):3-4.LI J,JIN D Q.Effects of pesticide residues on food safety and corresponding countermeasures[J].Food Engineering,2008(3):3-4.
[7]曹莹,李建东,赵天宏,等.镉胁迫对玉米生理生化特性的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2007,26(增刊):8-11.CAO Y,LI J D,ZHAO T H,et al.Effects of Cd stress on physiological and biochemical traits of maize[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2007,26(S1):8-11.
[8]BELIMOV A A,SAFRONOVA V I,TSYGANOY V E,et al.Genetic variability in tolerance to Cadmium and accumulation of heavy metals in pea[J].Euphytica,2003,131(1):25-35.
[9]YING R R,QIU R L,TANG Y T,et al.Cadmium tolerance of carbon assimilation enzymes and chloroplast in Zn/Cd hyperaccumulator Picris divaricata[J].Journal of Plant Physiology,2010,167(2):81-87.
[10]MOHAMED A A,CASTAGNA A,RANIERI A,et al.Cadmium tolerance in Brassica juncea roots and shoots is affected by antioxidant status and phytochelatin biosynthesis[J].Plant Physiology&Biochemistry,2012,57:15-22.
[11]邓新,温璐璐,迟鑫姝.镉对人体健康危害及防治研究进展[J].中国医疗前沿,2010,5(10):4-5.DENG X,WEN L L,CHI X S.Cadmium hazards to human health and the prevention and treatment research[J].National Medical Frontiers of China,2010,5(10):4-5.
[12]XIE Y H,ZHANG Y G,ZHU L Q,et al.Progress on integrated control of tobacco black shank[J].Journal of Agricultural Biotechnology,2015,48(4):37-41.
[13]张凯,谢利丽,武云杰,等.烟草黑胫病的发生及综合防治研究进展[J].中国农业科技导报,2015,17(4):62-70.ZHANG K,XIE L L,WU Y J,et al.Research progress on occurrence of tobacco black shank and its integrated control[J].Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology,2015,17(4):62-70.
[14]王化国,齐孟文,彭根元,等.14C-甲霜灵在豌豆中的传导与分布以及其在几种作物中残留消解动态[J].中国农业大学学报,1998,3(5):85-89.WANG H G,QI M W,PENG G Y,et al.Translocation and distribution of 14C-metalaxyl in pea and dynamic degradation of l4C-metalaxyl residues in different plants[J].Journal of China Agricultural University,1998,3(5):85-89.
[15]郑振华,周培疆,吴振斌.复合污染研究的新进展[J].应用生态学报,2001,12(3):469-473.ZHENG Z H,ZHOU P J,WU Z B.New advances in research of combined pollution[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2001,12(3):469-473.
[16]WANG J H,DING H,LU Y T,et al.Combined effects of Cadmium and butachlor on microbial activities and community DNA in a paddy soil[J].Pedosphere,2009,19(5):623-630.
[17]梁继东,周启星.甲胺磷、乙草胺和铜单一与复合污染对黑土环境安全的胁迫研究[J].环境科学学报,2004,24(3):474-481.LIANG J D,ZHOU Q X.Single and combined pollution of methamidophos,acetochlor and copper in phaiozem and its environmental safety significance[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantia,2004,24(3):474-481.
[18]LEMARCHAND C,ROSOUX R,Berny P.Organochlorine pesticides,PCBs,heavy metals and anticoagulant rodenticides in tissues of Eurasian otters(Lutralutra)from upper Loire River catchment(France)[J].Chemosphere,2010,80(10):1120-1124.
[19]戴灵鹏,张磊,陈露露,等.铜与乙草胺对浮萍的联合毒性效应[J].农业环境科学学报,2009,28(4):772-776.DAI L P,ZHANG L,CHEN L L,et al.Joint toxic effects of copper and acetochlor on lemna minor[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2009,28(4):772-776.
[20]H H,XIONG Z T.Toxic effects of cadmium,acetochlor and bensulfuron-methyl on nitrogen metabolism and plant growth in rice seedlings[J].Pesticide Biochemistry&Physiology,2009,94(2):64-67.
[21]方松,岳珩,孙惠青,等.手性甲霜灵在烟草不同部位叶片中的立体选择性行为[J].农药,2018,57(1):20-22.FANG S,YUE H,SUN H Q,et al.Stereoselective behavior of chiral metalaxyl in different parts of tobacco leaves[J].Agrochemicals.2018,57(1):20-22.
[22]魏益华,何俊海,冯小虎,等.土壤重金属处理对烟草中As、Cd、Hg和Pb的积累和分布的影响[J].中国烟草学报,2016,22(1):47-54.WEI Y H,HE J H,FENG X H,et al.Effects of heavy metal treated soil on accumulation and distribution of As,Cr,Hg and Pb in tobacco[J].Acta Tabacaria Sinica,2016,22(1):47-54.
[23]王学奎.植物生理生化实验原理和技术[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2006.WANG X K.Plant physiological and biochemical principles and techniques[M].Beijing:Higher Education Press,2006.
[24]张继旭,申国明,孔凡玉,等.四环素对烤烟生长发育及光合作用的影响研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2017,36(1):48-56.ZHANG J X,SHEN G M,KONG F Y,et al.Effect of tetracycline on the growth and photosynthesis of flue-cured tobacco[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2017,36(1):48-56.
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