“区域模型生命表”在古人口学研究中的应用
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摘要
作为普通生命表的归纳总结,"模型生命表"反映了人口发展的普遍现象和内在规律。本文将"区域模型生命表"引入古人口学研究,以大甸子墓地为例对婴幼儿组和高龄组死亡人数进行了调整。根据校正后数据所编制的简略生命表,该遗址人口平均预期寿命下降为24.12岁,年龄别死亡率曲线呈更加合理的"U"型。鉴于古人口学中样本容量和代表性往往较差,引入"区域模型生命表"对偏差数据校正后再进行人口研究将使所得结论更加合理可靠。
As a summary of normal life tables, model life tables reflect many universal phenomena and internal disciplines of demography and thus play an important role in modern demographic analysis. In this article, Coale-Demeny's regional model life tables are introduced into the paleodemographical research. Take Dadianzi cemetery for example, we first adjust the distribution of age at death,especially the death number of the infant and the old, in light of archaeological context and anthropological studies. Then, we use the adjusted data to reconstruct the abridged life table of this site, according to which the average life expectancy is lowered to 24.12 years old. Correspondingly, age-specific mortality shows the typical U-shaped curve, which is more reasonable than before from the perspective of demography. Considering the limitation of traditional life table method in paleodemography, we should be fully aware that it is essential to evaluate the size and representativeness of a sample before the subsequent demographic analysis.Regional model life tables can be used as a refence in the process of adjusting the biased raw data, which will promote the development of paleodemography in the future.
As a summary of normal life tables, model life tables reflect many universal phenomena and internal disciplines of demography and thus play an important role in modern demographic analysis. In this article, Coale-Demeny's regional model life tables are introduced into the paleodemographical research. Take Dadianzi cemetery for example, we first adjust the distribution of age at death,especially the death number of the infant and the old, in light of archaeological context and anthropological studies. Then, we use the adjusted data to reconstruct the abridged life table of this site, according to which the average life expectancy is lowered to 24.12 years old. Correspondingly, age-specific mortality shows the typical U-shaped curve, which is more reasonable than before from the perspective of demography. Considering the limitation of traditional life table method in paleodemography, we should be fully aware that it is essential to evaluate the size and representativeness of a sample before the subsequent demographic analysis.Regional model life tables can be used as a refence in the process of adjusting the biased raw data, which will promote the development of paleodemography in the future.
引文
[1]查瑞传.人口普查资料分析技术[M].北京:中国人口出版社,1991:220-258
[2]Graunt J.Natural and Political Observations Made upon Bills of Mortality[M].Baltimore:John Hopkins Press,1939
[3]Acsadi G,Nemeskeri J.History of Human Life Span and Mortality[M].Budpast:Akadémiai Kiado,1970
[4]Lovejoy CO,Meindl RS,Pryzbeck TR,et al.Paleodemography of the Libben Site,Ottawa County,Ohio[J].Science,1977,198(4314):291-293
[5]潘其风.平洋墓葬人骨的研究[A].见黑龙江生文物考古研究所.平洋墓葬[M].北京:文物出版社,2011:187-216
[6]韩康信.山东兖州王因新石器时代人骨的鉴定报告[A].见中国社会科学与考古研究所编著.山东王因-新石器时代遗址发掘报告[M].北京:科学出版社,2002:388-408
[7]朱泓.建新遗址新石器时代人骨的鉴定报告[A]//山东省文物考古研究所编.枣庄建新-新石器时代遗址发掘报告[M].北京:科学出版社,1996:222
[8]宋先杰.基于生命表法的大汶口文化时期古人平均寿命初探[D].济南:山东大学硕士学位论文,2011
[9]原海兵.殷墟中小墓人骨的综合研究[D].长春:吉林大学博士学位论文,2010
[10]潘纪一,朱国宏.世界人口通论[M].北京:中国人口出版社,1991:56-59
[11]陈洪梅,周浩然.甘青地区史前时期未成年人埋葬问题分析[J].考古与文物,2013,2:23-52
[12]潘其风.大南沟新石器时代墓葬出土人骨的观察鉴定与研究[A]//辽宁省文物考古研究所,赤峰市博物馆编.大南沟-后红山文化墓地发掘报告[M].北京:科学出版社,1998:145-150
[13]乔晓春.分年龄死亡率和预期寿命[J].人口研究,1985,5:42-45
[14]Boldsen JL,Milner GR,Konigsberg LW et al.Transition analysis:A new method for estimating age from skeletons[A].In:Hoppa RD,Vaupel JW.Paleodemography:Age distributions from skeletal samples[C].New York:Cambridge University Press,2002:73-106
[15]辛怡华.东灰山、三星村、平洋等墓地与新石器时代几处墓地人口平均寿命比较[J].华夏考古,2010,4:58-70
[16]Séguy I,Buchet L.Handbook of Paleodemography[M].Switzerland:Springer International Publishing,2013:103-106
[17]Coale AJ,Demeny P,Vaughan B.Regional Model Life Table and Stable Populations[M].New York:Academic Press,1983
[18]Howell N.Demography of the Dobe!Kung[M].New York:Academic Press,1979:92-97
[19]Hill K,Hurtado AM.Ache Life History:The Ecology Demography of a Foraging People[M].New York:Aldine De Gruyter,1996:113
[20]潘其风.大甸子墓葬出土人骨的研究[A]//中国社会科学院考古研究所编.大甸子--夏家店下层文化遗址与墓葬发掘报告[M].北京:科学出版社,1996:224-230
[21]曾毅.人口普查资料分析技术[M].北京:北京大学出版社,1993:108-117
[22]乔晓春.生命表矛盾现象的理论解释[J].人口研究,1990,6:44-47
[23]张为民.对生命表中平均预期寿命矛盾现象的分析[J].人口研究,1984,5:56-57
[24]佟新.人口社会学[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2000:101-106
[25]张君,王根富.江苏金坛三星村新石器时代墓葬中的人口统计与研究[J].文物,2004,2:54-60
[26]李法军.河北阳原姜家梁新石器时代遗址人口寿命研究[J].中山大学学报(社会科学版),2006,1:62-66
[27]潘其风.天马-曲村遗址西周墓地出土人骨的研究报告[A].见北京大学考古系商周组、山西省考古研究所.天马-曲村1980-1989(第三册)[M].北京:科学出版社,2000:1138-1146
[28]潘其风.上马墓地出土人骨的初步研究[A]//山西省文物考古所.上马墓地[M].北京:文物出版社,1994:398-483
[29]甘肃省文物考古研究所,西北大学文化遗产与考古学研究中心.甘肃临潭磨沟齐家文化墓地发掘简报[J].文物,2009,10:4-24
[30]赵永生.甘肃临潭磨沟墓地人骨研究[D].长春:吉林大学博士学位论文,2013:9-21
[2]Graunt J.Natural and Political Observations Made upon Bills of Mortality[M].Baltimore:John Hopkins Press,1939
[3]Acsadi G,Nemeskeri J.History of Human Life Span and Mortality[M].Budpast:Akadémiai Kiado,1970
[4]Lovejoy CO,Meindl RS,Pryzbeck TR,et al.Paleodemography of the Libben Site,Ottawa County,Ohio[J].Science,1977,198(4314):291-293
[5]潘其风.平洋墓葬人骨的研究[A].见黑龙江生文物考古研究所.平洋墓葬[M].北京:文物出版社,2011:187-216
[6]韩康信.山东兖州王因新石器时代人骨的鉴定报告[A].见中国社会科学与考古研究所编著.山东王因-新石器时代遗址发掘报告[M].北京:科学出版社,2002:388-408
[7]朱泓.建新遗址新石器时代人骨的鉴定报告[A]//山东省文物考古研究所编.枣庄建新-新石器时代遗址发掘报告[M].北京:科学出版社,1996:222
[8]宋先杰.基于生命表法的大汶口文化时期古人平均寿命初探[D].济南:山东大学硕士学位论文,2011
[9]原海兵.殷墟中小墓人骨的综合研究[D].长春:吉林大学博士学位论文,2010
[10]潘纪一,朱国宏.世界人口通论[M].北京:中国人口出版社,1991:56-59
[11]陈洪梅,周浩然.甘青地区史前时期未成年人埋葬问题分析[J].考古与文物,2013,2:23-52
[12]潘其风.大南沟新石器时代墓葬出土人骨的观察鉴定与研究[A]//辽宁省文物考古研究所,赤峰市博物馆编.大南沟-后红山文化墓地发掘报告[M].北京:科学出版社,1998:145-150
[13]乔晓春.分年龄死亡率和预期寿命[J].人口研究,1985,5:42-45
[14]Boldsen JL,Milner GR,Konigsberg LW et al.Transition analysis:A new method for estimating age from skeletons[A].In:Hoppa RD,Vaupel JW.Paleodemography:Age distributions from skeletal samples[C].New York:Cambridge University Press,2002:73-106
[15]辛怡华.东灰山、三星村、平洋等墓地与新石器时代几处墓地人口平均寿命比较[J].华夏考古,2010,4:58-70
[16]Séguy I,Buchet L.Handbook of Paleodemography[M].Switzerland:Springer International Publishing,2013:103-106
[17]Coale AJ,Demeny P,Vaughan B.Regional Model Life Table and Stable Populations[M].New York:Academic Press,1983
[18]Howell N.Demography of the Dobe!Kung[M].New York:Academic Press,1979:92-97
[19]Hill K,Hurtado AM.Ache Life History:The Ecology Demography of a Foraging People[M].New York:Aldine De Gruyter,1996:113
[20]潘其风.大甸子墓葬出土人骨的研究[A]//中国社会科学院考古研究所编.大甸子--夏家店下层文化遗址与墓葬发掘报告[M].北京:科学出版社,1996:224-230
[21]曾毅.人口普查资料分析技术[M].北京:北京大学出版社,1993:108-117
[22]乔晓春.生命表矛盾现象的理论解释[J].人口研究,1990,6:44-47
[23]张为民.对生命表中平均预期寿命矛盾现象的分析[J].人口研究,1984,5:56-57
[24]佟新.人口社会学[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2000:101-106
[25]张君,王根富.江苏金坛三星村新石器时代墓葬中的人口统计与研究[J].文物,2004,2:54-60
[26]李法军.河北阳原姜家梁新石器时代遗址人口寿命研究[J].中山大学学报(社会科学版),2006,1:62-66
[27]潘其风.天马-曲村遗址西周墓地出土人骨的研究报告[A].见北京大学考古系商周组、山西省考古研究所.天马-曲村1980-1989(第三册)[M].北京:科学出版社,2000:1138-1146
[28]潘其风.上马墓地出土人骨的初步研究[A]//山西省文物考古所.上马墓地[M].北京:文物出版社,1994:398-483
[29]甘肃省文物考古研究所,西北大学文化遗产与考古学研究中心.甘肃临潭磨沟齐家文化墓地发掘简报[J].文物,2009,10:4-24
[30]赵永生.甘肃临潭磨沟墓地人骨研究[D].长春:吉林大学博士学位论文,2013:9-21
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