Temporal-Spatial Variation of Surface Suspended Matter and Controlling Factors in the Inner Shelf of the East China Sea in Winter
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摘要
Based on the observed surface suspended matter in the East China Sea in February 2007 and June 2015, an empirical model was established using L1 b's band 4 data to retrieve surface suspended matter from the Moderate Resolution Imagine Spectroradiometer Terra imagery. The squared correlation coefficient is 0.8358, and the root mean square error is 0.4285 mg L-1. The model reflects the distribution characteristics of surface suspended matter in the inner shelf of the East China Sea. In this paper, the satellite images of the study area were retrieved in January from 2001 to 2015, and the monthly distribution of surface suspended matter were obtained. The inter-annual distribution of the study area is similar, and the concentration of surface suspended matter is higher near the shore than offshore. A large amount of surface suspended matter is transported southeast under the influence of Zhejiang and Fujian coastal current and Taiwan warm current. Only a small amount of surface suspension can reach the Kuroshio area. The surface suspended matter concentration changes obviously near the estuary because of the effect of differences in the flux of the Yangtze River. Meanwhile, winter monsoon, temperature front, El Ni?o events, and other factors affect the distribution of surface suspended matter in 100 m isobath to coastal water but minimally influence the distribution in 100 m isobath to deep sea.
Based on the observed surface suspended matter in the East China Sea in February 2007 and June 2015, an empirical model was established using L1 b's band 4 data to retrieve surface suspended matter from the Moderate Resolution Imagine Spectroradiometer Terra imagery. The squared correlation coefficient is 0.8358, and the root mean square error is 0.4285 mg L-1. The model reflects the distribution characteristics of surface suspended matter in the inner shelf of the East China Sea. In this paper, the satellite images of the study area were retrieved in January from 2001 to 2015, and the monthly distribution of surface suspended matter were obtained. The inter-annual distribution of the study area is similar, and the concentration of surface suspended matter is higher near the shore than offshore. A large amount of surface suspended matter is transported southeast under the influence of Zhejiang and Fujian coastal current and Taiwan warm current. Only a small amount of surface suspension can reach the Kuroshio area. The surface suspended matter concentration changes obviously near the estuary because of the effect of differences in the flux of the Yangtze River. Meanwhile, winter monsoon, temperature front, El Ni?o events, and other factors affect the distribution of surface suspended matter in 100 m isobath to coastal water but minimally influence the distribution in 100 m isobath to deep sea.
Based on the observed surface suspended matter in the East China Sea in February 2007 and June 2015, an empirical model was established using L1 b's band 4 data to retrieve surface suspended matter from the Moderate Resolution Imagine Spectroradiometer Terra imagery. The squared correlation coefficient is 0.8358, and the root mean square error is 0.4285 mg L-1. The model reflects the distribution characteristics of surface suspended matter in the inner shelf of the East China Sea. In this paper, the satellite images of the study area were retrieved in January from 2001 to 2015, and the monthly distribution of surface suspended matter were obtained. The inter-annual distribution of the study area is similar, and the concentration of surface suspended matter is higher near the shore than offshore. A large amount of surface suspended matter is transported southeast under the influence of Zhejiang and Fujian coastal current and Taiwan warm current. Only a small amount of surface suspension can reach the Kuroshio area. The surface suspended matter concentration changes obviously near the estuary because of the effect of differences in the flux of the Yangtze River. Meanwhile, winter monsoon, temperature front, El Ni?o events, and other factors affect the distribution of surface suspended matter in 100 m isobath to coastal water but minimally influence the distribution in 100 m isobath to deep sea.
引文
Bai,H.,and Wang,F.,2010.Distribution and variation of the Taiwan current water and Changjiang diluted water along 32?Nand PN sections.Studia Marina Sinica,50(1):11-22(in Chinese with English abstract).
Bao,X.W.,Lin,X.P.,Wu,D.X.,and Shan,F.,2005.Simulation and analysis of shelf circulation and its seasonal variability in the East China Sea.Periodical of Ocean University of China,35(3):349-356(in Chinese with English abstract).
Belkin,I.M.,Cornillon,P.C.,and Sherman,K.,2009.Fronts in large marine ecosystems.Progress in Oceanography,81(1):223-236.
Bi,N.S.,Yang,Z.S.,Wang,H.J.,Fan,D.J.,Sun,X.X.,and Lei,K.,2011.Seasonal variation of suspended-sediment transport through the southern Bohai Strait.Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science,93(3):239-247.
Bian,C.W.,Jiang,W.S.,Quan,Q.,Wang,T.,Greatbatch,R.J.,and Li,W.,2013.Distributions of suspended sediment concentration in the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea based on field surveys during the four seasons of 2011.Journal of Marine Systems,121(5):24-35.
Dong,L.X.,Guan,W.B.,Chen,Q.,Li,X.H.,and Zeng,X.M.,2011.Sediment transport in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea.Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science,93(3):248-258.
Guan,B.X.,and Mao,H.N.,1982.A note on circulation of the East China Sea.Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology,1(1):5-16.
Guo,Z.G.,Yang,Z.S.,Zhang,D.Q.,Fan,D.J.,and Lei,K.,2002.Seasonal distribution of suspended matter in the northern East China Sea and barrier effect of current on its transport.Acta Oceanologica Sinica,24(5):71-80(in Chinese with English abstract).
He,S.Y.,Huang,D.J.,and Zeng,D.Y.,2016.Double SST fronts observed from MODIS data in the East China Sea off the Zhejiang-Fujian coast,China.Journal of Marine Systems,154:93-102.
Hu,J.,and Wang,X.H.,2016.Progress on upwelling studies in the China seas.Reviews of Geophysics,54(3):653-673.
Hu,J.W.,Chen,S.G.,Zhang,T.L.,and Zhang,G.P.,2015.Spatial and temporal variations of turbidity in the East China Seas derived from MODIS satellite data.Marine Environmental Science,34(4):564-569(in Chinese with English abstract).
Li,G.X.,Han,X.B.,Yue,S.H.,Wen,G.Y.,Yang,R.M.,and Kusky,T.M.,2006.Monthly variations of water masses in the East China Seas.Continental Shelf Research,26(16):1954-1970.
Li,G.X.,Li,P.,Liu,Y.,Qiao,L.L.,Xu,J.S.,and Yang,Z.G.,2014.Sedimentary system response to the global sea level change in the East China Seas since the last glacial maximum.Earth-Science Reviews,139:390-405.
Li,G.X.,Qiao,L.L.,Dong,P.,Ma,Y.Y.,Xu,J.S.,Liu,S.D.,Liu,Y.,Li,J.C.,Li,P.,Ding,D.,Wang,N.,Dada,O.A.,and Liu,L.,2016.Hydrodynamic condition and suspended sediment diffusion in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea.Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,121:6204-6222.
Li,S.H.,and Yun,C.X.,2006.Coastal current systems and the movement and expansion of suspended sediment from Changjiang River Estuary.Marine Science Bulletin,8(1):22-33.
Li,Y.H.,Wang,A.J.,Qiao,L.,Fang,J.Y.,and Chen,J.,2012.The impact of typhoon Morakot on the modern sedimentary environment of the mud deposition center off the ZhejiangFujian coast,China.Continental Shelf Research,37(2):92-100.
Liu,C.Y.,2009.Distribution and variation of the thermal fronts in the Eastern China.PhD thesis.The Institute of Oceanology,Chinese Academy of Science.
Liu,J.P.,Xu,K.H.,Li,A.C.,Milliman,J.D.,Velozzi,D.M.,Xiao,S.B.,and Yang,Z.S.,2007.Flux and fate of Yangtze River sediment delivered to the East China Sea.Geomorphology,85(3):208-224.
Liu,S.D.,Qiao,L.L.,Li,G.X.,Li,J.C.,Wang,N.,and Yang,J.C.,2015.Distribution and cross-front transport of suspended particulate matter over the inner shelf of the East China Sea.Continental Shelf Research,107:92-102.
Liu,S.F.,Shi,X.F.,Liu,Y.G.,Yang,G.,Li,C.X.,and Fang,X.S.,2011.Distribution of suspended matter in the inner-shelf mud area of the East China Sea in summer and their influence factors.Advances in Marine Science,29(1):37-46(in Chinese with English abstract).
Liu,X.,Li,G.X.,Ma,Y.Y.,Ding,D.,Dada,O.A.,Xu,J.S.,Qiao,L.L.,Li,J.C.,and Liu,S.D.,2016.Distribution and diffusion of surface suspended matter off the East China Shore,2010.Geological Journal,51(S1):49-59.
Min,J.X.,Ding,D.,Li,G.X.,Qiao,L.L.,Liu,S.D.,Li,J.C.,An,Z.Z.,and Pan,J.H.,2017.Distribution and migration of surface suspended sediment in Zhejiang and Fujian mud area using Landsat satellite image.Marine Geology&Quaternary Geology,37(2):44-55(in Chinese with English abstract).
Nan,D.W.,Wiseman,W.J.,Lawrence,J.R.,and Babin,B.,2017.Effects of river discharge,wind stress,and slope eddies on circulation and the satellite-observed structure of the Mississippi River plume.Journal of Coastal Research,21(6):1228-1244.
Pang,C.G.,and Hu,D.X.,2002.Upwelling and sedimentation dynamics III:Coincidence of upwelling areas with mud patches in North Hemisphere shelf seas.Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology,20(2):101-106.
Qiao,F.L.,Yang,Y.Z.,Lv,X.G.,Xia,C.S.,Chen,X.Y.,Wang,B.D.,and Yuan,Y.L.,2006.Coastal upwelling in the East China Sea in winter.Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,111(C11):2209-2223.
Ren,S.H.,Wang,H.,and Liu,N.,2015.Review of ocean in Chinese marginal seas and frontal forecasting.Advances in Earth Science,30(5):552-563(in Chinese with English abstract).
Shi,X.F.,Liu,S.F.,Qiao,S.Q.,Liu,Y.G.,Fang,X.S.,Wu,Y.H.,and Zhu,Z.W.,2010.Depositional features and palaeoenvironmental records of the mud deposits in the Min-Zhe coastal mud area,East China Sea.Marine Geology&Quaternary Geology,30(4):19-30(in Chinese with English abstract).
Su,J.L.,2001.A review of circulation dynamics of the coastal oceans near China.Acta Oceanologica Sinica,23(4):1-16.
Su,J.L.,and Pan,Y.Q.,1987.On the shelf circulation north of Taiwan.Acta Oceanologica Sinica,6(Supp.1):1-20.
Van der Lee,E.M.,Bowers,D.G.,and Kyte,E.,2009.Remote sensing of temporal and spatial patterns of suspended particle size in the Irish Sea in relation to the Kolmogorov microscale.Continental Shelf Research,29(9):1213-1225.
Wang,H.J.,Wang,A.M.,Bi,N.S.,Zeng,X.M.,and Xiao,H.H.,2014.Seasonal distribution of suspended sediment in the Bohai Sea,China.Continental Shelf Research,90:17-32.
Wei,Q.S.,Liu,L.,Zang,J.Y.,and Ran,X.B.,2012.The distribution and transport of suspended matter in the southern Huanghai Sea.Acta Oceanologica Sinica,34(2):73-83(in Chinese with English abstract).
Xu,K.H.,Li,A.C.,Liu,J.P.,Milliman,J.D.,Yang,Z.S.,Liu,C.S.,Kao,S.J.,Wan,S.M.,and Xu,F.J.,2012.Provenance,structure,and formation of the mud wedge along inner continental shelf of the East China Sea:A synthesis of the Yangtze dispersal system.Marine Geology,291-294(4):176-191.
Xu,J.D.,Huang,J.,Qiu,Y.,Xuan,L.L.,and Zhu,D.Y.,2015.Spatial structure characteristics of Zhengjiang and Fujian coastal water and their evolution.Journal of Tropical Oceanography,34(1):1-7(in Chinese with English abstract).
Yuan,J.C.,Miller,R.L.,Powell,R.T.,and Dagg,M.J.,2004.Storm-induced injection of the Mississippi River plume into the open Gulf of Mexico.Geophysical Research Letters,310(9):165-198.
Yuan,D.L.,and Hsueh,Y.,2010.Dynamics of the cross-shelf circulation in the Yellow and East China Seas in winter.Deep Sea Research Part II:Topical Studies in Oceanography,57(19):1745-1761.
Zeng,D.Y.,Ni,X.B.,and Huang,D.J.,2012.Temporal and spatial variability of the ZheMin Coastal Current and the Taiwan Warm Current in winter in thesouthern Zhejiang coastal sea.Sci Sin Terrae,42:1123-1134(in Chinese).
Zhang,W.Y.,Zhang,C.K.,Gong,Z.,and Tan,W.,2014.Anomaly response to El Ni?o events of nearshore circulation off Yangtze Estuary.Journal of Hohai University(Natural Sciences),42(3):267-272(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zheng,Q.A.,Fang,G.H.,and Song,Y.T.,2006.Introduction to special section:Dynamics and circulation of the Yellow,East,and South China Seas.Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,111(C10):63-79.(Edited by Chen Wenwen)
Bao,X.W.,Lin,X.P.,Wu,D.X.,and Shan,F.,2005.Simulation and analysis of shelf circulation and its seasonal variability in the East China Sea.Periodical of Ocean University of China,35(3):349-356(in Chinese with English abstract).
Belkin,I.M.,Cornillon,P.C.,and Sherman,K.,2009.Fronts in large marine ecosystems.Progress in Oceanography,81(1):223-236.
Bi,N.S.,Yang,Z.S.,Wang,H.J.,Fan,D.J.,Sun,X.X.,and Lei,K.,2011.Seasonal variation of suspended-sediment transport through the southern Bohai Strait.Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science,93(3):239-247.
Bian,C.W.,Jiang,W.S.,Quan,Q.,Wang,T.,Greatbatch,R.J.,and Li,W.,2013.Distributions of suspended sediment concentration in the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea based on field surveys during the four seasons of 2011.Journal of Marine Systems,121(5):24-35.
Dong,L.X.,Guan,W.B.,Chen,Q.,Li,X.H.,and Zeng,X.M.,2011.Sediment transport in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea.Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science,93(3):248-258.
Guan,B.X.,and Mao,H.N.,1982.A note on circulation of the East China Sea.Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology,1(1):5-16.
Guo,Z.G.,Yang,Z.S.,Zhang,D.Q.,Fan,D.J.,and Lei,K.,2002.Seasonal distribution of suspended matter in the northern East China Sea and barrier effect of current on its transport.Acta Oceanologica Sinica,24(5):71-80(in Chinese with English abstract).
He,S.Y.,Huang,D.J.,and Zeng,D.Y.,2016.Double SST fronts observed from MODIS data in the East China Sea off the Zhejiang-Fujian coast,China.Journal of Marine Systems,154:93-102.
Hu,J.,and Wang,X.H.,2016.Progress on upwelling studies in the China seas.Reviews of Geophysics,54(3):653-673.
Hu,J.W.,Chen,S.G.,Zhang,T.L.,and Zhang,G.P.,2015.Spatial and temporal variations of turbidity in the East China Seas derived from MODIS satellite data.Marine Environmental Science,34(4):564-569(in Chinese with English abstract).
Li,G.X.,Han,X.B.,Yue,S.H.,Wen,G.Y.,Yang,R.M.,and Kusky,T.M.,2006.Monthly variations of water masses in the East China Seas.Continental Shelf Research,26(16):1954-1970.
Li,G.X.,Li,P.,Liu,Y.,Qiao,L.L.,Xu,J.S.,and Yang,Z.G.,2014.Sedimentary system response to the global sea level change in the East China Seas since the last glacial maximum.Earth-Science Reviews,139:390-405.
Li,G.X.,Qiao,L.L.,Dong,P.,Ma,Y.Y.,Xu,J.S.,Liu,S.D.,Liu,Y.,Li,J.C.,Li,P.,Ding,D.,Wang,N.,Dada,O.A.,and Liu,L.,2016.Hydrodynamic condition and suspended sediment diffusion in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea.Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,121:6204-6222.
Li,S.H.,and Yun,C.X.,2006.Coastal current systems and the movement and expansion of suspended sediment from Changjiang River Estuary.Marine Science Bulletin,8(1):22-33.
Li,Y.H.,Wang,A.J.,Qiao,L.,Fang,J.Y.,and Chen,J.,2012.The impact of typhoon Morakot on the modern sedimentary environment of the mud deposition center off the ZhejiangFujian coast,China.Continental Shelf Research,37(2):92-100.
Liu,C.Y.,2009.Distribution and variation of the thermal fronts in the Eastern China.PhD thesis.The Institute of Oceanology,Chinese Academy of Science.
Liu,J.P.,Xu,K.H.,Li,A.C.,Milliman,J.D.,Velozzi,D.M.,Xiao,S.B.,and Yang,Z.S.,2007.Flux and fate of Yangtze River sediment delivered to the East China Sea.Geomorphology,85(3):208-224.
Liu,S.D.,Qiao,L.L.,Li,G.X.,Li,J.C.,Wang,N.,and Yang,J.C.,2015.Distribution and cross-front transport of suspended particulate matter over the inner shelf of the East China Sea.Continental Shelf Research,107:92-102.
Liu,S.F.,Shi,X.F.,Liu,Y.G.,Yang,G.,Li,C.X.,and Fang,X.S.,2011.Distribution of suspended matter in the inner-shelf mud area of the East China Sea in summer and their influence factors.Advances in Marine Science,29(1):37-46(in Chinese with English abstract).
Liu,X.,Li,G.X.,Ma,Y.Y.,Ding,D.,Dada,O.A.,Xu,J.S.,Qiao,L.L.,Li,J.C.,and Liu,S.D.,2016.Distribution and diffusion of surface suspended matter off the East China Shore,2010.Geological Journal,51(S1):49-59.
Min,J.X.,Ding,D.,Li,G.X.,Qiao,L.L.,Liu,S.D.,Li,J.C.,An,Z.Z.,and Pan,J.H.,2017.Distribution and migration of surface suspended sediment in Zhejiang and Fujian mud area using Landsat satellite image.Marine Geology&Quaternary Geology,37(2):44-55(in Chinese with English abstract).
Nan,D.W.,Wiseman,W.J.,Lawrence,J.R.,and Babin,B.,2017.Effects of river discharge,wind stress,and slope eddies on circulation and the satellite-observed structure of the Mississippi River plume.Journal of Coastal Research,21(6):1228-1244.
Pang,C.G.,and Hu,D.X.,2002.Upwelling and sedimentation dynamics III:Coincidence of upwelling areas with mud patches in North Hemisphere shelf seas.Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology,20(2):101-106.
Qiao,F.L.,Yang,Y.Z.,Lv,X.G.,Xia,C.S.,Chen,X.Y.,Wang,B.D.,and Yuan,Y.L.,2006.Coastal upwelling in the East China Sea in winter.Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,111(C11):2209-2223.
Ren,S.H.,Wang,H.,and Liu,N.,2015.Review of ocean in Chinese marginal seas and frontal forecasting.Advances in Earth Science,30(5):552-563(in Chinese with English abstract).
Shi,X.F.,Liu,S.F.,Qiao,S.Q.,Liu,Y.G.,Fang,X.S.,Wu,Y.H.,and Zhu,Z.W.,2010.Depositional features and palaeoenvironmental records of the mud deposits in the Min-Zhe coastal mud area,East China Sea.Marine Geology&Quaternary Geology,30(4):19-30(in Chinese with English abstract).
Su,J.L.,2001.A review of circulation dynamics of the coastal oceans near China.Acta Oceanologica Sinica,23(4):1-16.
Su,J.L.,and Pan,Y.Q.,1987.On the shelf circulation north of Taiwan.Acta Oceanologica Sinica,6(Supp.1):1-20.
Van der Lee,E.M.,Bowers,D.G.,and Kyte,E.,2009.Remote sensing of temporal and spatial patterns of suspended particle size in the Irish Sea in relation to the Kolmogorov microscale.Continental Shelf Research,29(9):1213-1225.
Wang,H.J.,Wang,A.M.,Bi,N.S.,Zeng,X.M.,and Xiao,H.H.,2014.Seasonal distribution of suspended sediment in the Bohai Sea,China.Continental Shelf Research,90:17-32.
Wei,Q.S.,Liu,L.,Zang,J.Y.,and Ran,X.B.,2012.The distribution and transport of suspended matter in the southern Huanghai Sea.Acta Oceanologica Sinica,34(2):73-83(in Chinese with English abstract).
Xu,K.H.,Li,A.C.,Liu,J.P.,Milliman,J.D.,Yang,Z.S.,Liu,C.S.,Kao,S.J.,Wan,S.M.,and Xu,F.J.,2012.Provenance,structure,and formation of the mud wedge along inner continental shelf of the East China Sea:A synthesis of the Yangtze dispersal system.Marine Geology,291-294(4):176-191.
Xu,J.D.,Huang,J.,Qiu,Y.,Xuan,L.L.,and Zhu,D.Y.,2015.Spatial structure characteristics of Zhengjiang and Fujian coastal water and their evolution.Journal of Tropical Oceanography,34(1):1-7(in Chinese with English abstract).
Yuan,J.C.,Miller,R.L.,Powell,R.T.,and Dagg,M.J.,2004.Storm-induced injection of the Mississippi River plume into the open Gulf of Mexico.Geophysical Research Letters,310(9):165-198.
Yuan,D.L.,and Hsueh,Y.,2010.Dynamics of the cross-shelf circulation in the Yellow and East China Seas in winter.Deep Sea Research Part II:Topical Studies in Oceanography,57(19):1745-1761.
Zeng,D.Y.,Ni,X.B.,and Huang,D.J.,2012.Temporal and spatial variability of the ZheMin Coastal Current and the Taiwan Warm Current in winter in thesouthern Zhejiang coastal sea.Sci Sin Terrae,42:1123-1134(in Chinese).
Zhang,W.Y.,Zhang,C.K.,Gong,Z.,and Tan,W.,2014.Anomaly response to El Ni?o events of nearshore circulation off Yangtze Estuary.Journal of Hohai University(Natural Sciences),42(3):267-272(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zheng,Q.A.,Fang,G.H.,and Song,Y.T.,2006.Introduction to special section:Dynamics and circulation of the Yellow,East,and South China Seas.Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans,111(C10):63-79.(Edited by Chen Wenwen)
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