建筑因子对城市湖泊温度效应的模拟研究——以湖南烈士公园湖泊为例
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摘要
伴随着城市化进程加快,城市快速扩展、人类活动加剧引发了诸多生态环境问题,其中城市热环境问题尤为突出,而城市湖泊在改善城市小气候方面有着重要的影响。选取湖南烈士公园湖泊作为研究对象,采用定点实测与CFD(Computational Fluid Dynamics)模拟相结合的方法,重点讨论了建筑后退湖岸距离、建筑高度以及建筑间距对湖泊温度效应的影响程度。结果表明:(1)湖泊周边建筑是影响夏季湖泊降温效应的因素之一,主要原因是建筑会降低来流风速,且建筑表面对太阳辐射的吸收和反射会抵消湖泊带来的降温作用;(2)仅改变建筑后退湖岸距离,而不改变建筑高度及布局,无法扩大湖泊降温效应的影响范围;(3)随建筑高度增大,湖泊周边温度效应的消极作用越大,削弱了湖泊的降温效应,当湖南烈士公园周边400m内建筑增加1倍时,区域温度升高0.82℃;(4)湖泊周边不同的建筑布局方式会影响城市湖泊温度效应,表现为行列式>周边式>点状式,仅增大建筑间距会增大建筑群对周边区域的辐射影响范围,使得受建筑影响的高温区面积增大。综上,若要削弱建筑因子对城市湖泊温度效应的负面影响,需综合考虑湖区周边建筑据湖岸距离、高度、布局多个因素,才能将湖泊的降温效应发挥到最大。该研究结果对于加深湖泊在改善城市小气候方面的认识以及城市湖泊区域的规划建设具有重要参考价值。
With the acceleration of urbanization process, the rapid expansion of cities and the intensification of human activities have caused many ecological and environmental problems. Among which, the urban thermal environment problems are prominent and the urban lakes have a significant influence on improving the urban microclimate. This paper took Hunan Martyrs Park Lake as a research object, the combination of fixed-point measurement and CFD(Computational Fluid Dynamics) simulation wasapplied. The effect of distance from the lake bank, the building height and the building spacing on the temperature effect of the lake was discussed. The results showed that:(1) the surrounding building was one of the factors that affect the cooling effect of the lake in summer. The main reason was that the building would hinder the wind speed of the incoming flow and the absorption and reflection of solar radiation on the building surface would offset the cooling effect of the lake temperature effect.(2) Only changing the distance of retreating lakeshore of the building without altering the height and layout of the building, would it not expand the effect range of the lake cooling effect.(3) As the height of the building increasing, the negative effect of the temperature effect around the lake was greater, thus the cooling effect of the lake was reduced. When the buildings around Hunan Martyrs Park was doubled within 400 m scope, the regional temperature would rise by 0.82 ℃. And(4) different architectural layouts around lakes would affect the temperature effect of urban lakes which showed that determinant>perimitric pattern>spot irradiating-type, only increasing the building space would increase the radiation effect of the building groups on the surrounding area, thus increased the high-temperature area affected by the building. Therefore, in order to weaken the negative impact of building factors on the temperature effect of urban lakes, it is necessary to comprehensively consider multiple factors including the distance to the lakeshore, the height and layout of surrounding buildings in the lake area to maximize the influence of cooling effect to the lake. The conclusion of this study has some significance for deepening the understanding of lake in improving urban microclimate and planning and construction of urban lakes.
With the acceleration of urbanization process, the rapid expansion of cities and the intensification of human activities have caused many ecological and environmental problems. Among which, the urban thermal environment problems are prominent and the urban lakes have a significant influence on improving the urban microclimate. This paper took Hunan Martyrs Park Lake as a research object, the combination of fixed-point measurement and CFD(Computational Fluid Dynamics) simulation wasapplied. The effect of distance from the lake bank, the building height and the building spacing on the temperature effect of the lake was discussed. The results showed that:(1) the surrounding building was one of the factors that affect the cooling effect of the lake in summer. The main reason was that the building would hinder the wind speed of the incoming flow and the absorption and reflection of solar radiation on the building surface would offset the cooling effect of the lake temperature effect.(2) Only changing the distance of retreating lakeshore of the building without altering the height and layout of the building, would it not expand the effect range of the lake cooling effect.(3) As the height of the building increasing, the negative effect of the temperature effect around the lake was greater, thus the cooling effect of the lake was reduced. When the buildings around Hunan Martyrs Park was doubled within 400 m scope, the regional temperature would rise by 0.82 ℃. And(4) different architectural layouts around lakes would affect the temperature effect of urban lakes which showed that determinant>perimitric pattern>spot irradiating-type, only increasing the building space would increase the radiation effect of the building groups on the surrounding area, thus increased the high-temperature area affected by the building. Therefore, in order to weaken the negative impact of building factors on the temperature effect of urban lakes, it is necessary to comprehensively consider multiple factors including the distance to the lakeshore, the height and layout of surrounding buildings in the lake area to maximize the influence of cooling effect to the lake. The conclusion of this study has some significance for deepening the understanding of lake in improving urban microclimate and planning and construction of urban lakes.
引文
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陈存友,胡希军,郑霞,2014..城市湖泊景观保护利用规划研究:以益阳市梓山湖为例[J].中国园林,30(9):42-45.CHEN C Y,HU X J,ZHENG X,2014.Protection&Utilization Planning on Urban Lake Landscape:A Case Study of Zishan Lake in Yiyang[J].Chinese Landscape Architecture,30(9):42-45.
金虹,王博,2017.城市微气候及热舒适性评价研究综述[J].建筑科学,33(8):1-8.JIN H,WANG B,2017.A Review of Evaluation Studies on Urban Micro-Climate and Thermal Comfort[J].Building Science,33(8):1-8.
廖建华,陈月华,覃事妮,2013.湖南烈士公园植物群落的观赏效果及生态效益比较分析[J].中南林业科技大学学报,33(8):143-146.LIAO J H,CHEN Y H,QIN S N,2013.Comparative analysis of plant communities’ornamental effects and eco-efficiency of Hunan Martyrs Park[J].Journal of Central South University of Forestry&Technology,33(8):143-146.
钱杰,2014.基于CFD的建筑周围风环境评价体系建立与研究[J].浙江建筑,31(1):1-5,21.QIAN J,2014.Constructing and Studying the Evaluation System of Wind Environment around Building Base on CFD[J].Zhejiang Construction,31(1):1-5,21.
宋晓程,刘京,叶祖达,等,2011.城市水体对局地热湿气候影响的CFD初步模拟研究[J].建筑科学,27(8):90-94.SONG X C,LIU J,YE Z D,et al.,2011.Preliminary CFD Study on the Effects of Urban Water Body on Urban Thermal and Moisture Climate[J].Building Science,27(8):90-94.
苏俊如,吕芳,杨俊,2018.城市建筑水平特征对城市热环境效应的影响:以大连市中山区为例[J].测绘通报(8):111-114.SU J R,LV F,YANG J,2018.The Impact of Urban Architectural Horizontal Characteristics on Urban Thermal Environment:A Case Study of Zhongshan District,Dalian[J].Bulletin of Surveying and Mapping(8):111-114.
王敏,梁雨华,马建行,等,2017.基于MODIS数据的2015年夏季全球大型湖泊表面温度格局初析[J].湿地科学,15(4):571-581.WANG M,LIANG Y H,MA J X,et al.,2017.Preliminary Study on Pattern of Surface Temperature of Large Lakes in theWorld in Summer in 2015 Based on MODIS LST Product[J].Wetland Science,15(4):571-581.
魏梓兴,2004.上海中心城区河流及水体周边小气候效应分析[A]//水利生态修复理论与实践论文集[C].浙江省科学技术协会、上海市科学技术协会、江苏省科学技术协会:浙江省科学技术协会:8.WEI Z X,2004.Analysis of microclimate effects around rivers and water bodies in the central city of Shanghai[A]//Water Conservancy Ecological Restoration Theory and Practice Papers[C].Zhejiang Science and Technology Association,Shanghai Science and Technology Association Jiangsu Science and Technology Association:Zhejiang Science and Technology Association:8.
杨凯,唐敏,刘源,等,2004.上海中心城区河流及水体周边小气候效应分析[J].华东师范大学学报(自然科学版)(3):105-114.YANG K,TANG M,LIU Y,et al.,2004.Analysis of microclimate effects around rivers and water bodies in the central city of Shanghai[J].Journal of East China Normal University(Natural Science),(3):105-114.
张磊,孟庆林,舒立帆,2007.室外热环境研究中景观水体动态热平衡模型及其数值模拟分析[J].建筑科学,23(10):58-61.ZHANG L,MENG Q L,SHU L F,2007.Analysis on Dynamic Thermal Balance Model of Landscape Water and its Numerical Simulation[J].Building Science,23(10):58-61.
张棋斐,文雅,吴志峰,等,2018.高密度建成区湖泊水体的热缓释效应及其季相差异:以广州市中心城区为例[J].生态环境学报,27(7):1323-1334.ZHANG Q F,WEN Y,WU Z F,et al.,2018.Seasonal variations of the cooling effect of water landscape in high-density urban built-up area:a case study of the center urban district of Guangzhou[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,27(7):1323-1334.
张伟,蒋锦刚,朱玉碧,2015.杭州典型城市湿地温度效应的季节和类型差异[J].华东师范大学学报(自然科学版)(4):123-131.ZHANG W,JIANG J G,ZHU Y B,2015.Type and seasonal difference of urban wetland’s temperature effect in Hangzhou[J].China Journal of East China Normal University(Natural Science)(4):123-131.
朱春阳,2015.城市湖泊湿地温湿效应:以武汉市为例[J].生态学报,35(16):5518-5527.ZHU C Y,2015.Effects of urban lake wetland on temperature and humidity:a case study of Wuhan City[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,35(16):5518-5527.
庄智,余元波,叶海,等,2014.建筑室外风环境CFD模拟技术研究现状[J].建筑科学,30(2):108-114.ZHUANG Z,YU Y B,YE H,et al.,2014.Review on CFD simulation technology of wind environment around buildings[J].Building Science,30(2):108-114.
HATHWAY E A,SHARPLES S,2012.The interaction of rivers and urban form in mitigating the Urban Heat Island effect:A UK case study[J].Building&Environment,58(58):14-22.
KONG F H,YIN H W,JAMES P,et al.,2014.Effects of spatial pattern of greenspace on urban cooling in a large metropolitan area of eastern China[J].Landscape&Urban Planning,128(3):35-47.
LAIRD N F,DESROCHERS J,PAYER M,2009.Climatology of lake-sffect precipitation events over Lake Champlain[J].Journal of Applied Meteorology&Climatology,48(2):232-250.
SAMUELSSON P,TJERNSTR M,2001.Mesoscale flow modification induced by land-lake surface temperature and roughness differences[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,106(D12):12419-12435.
SUN R H,CHEN L D,2012.How can urban water bodies be designed forclimate adaptation?[J].Landscape&Urban Planning,105(1-2):27-33.
WU H,YE L P,SHI W Z,et al.,2014.Assessing the effects of land use spatial structure on urban heat islands using HJ-1B remote sensing imagery in Wuhan,China[J].International Journal of Applied Earth Observation&Geoinformation,32(1):67-78.
陈存友,胡希军,郑霞,2014..城市湖泊景观保护利用规划研究:以益阳市梓山湖为例[J].中国园林,30(9):42-45.CHEN C Y,HU X J,ZHENG X,2014.Protection&Utilization Planning on Urban Lake Landscape:A Case Study of Zishan Lake in Yiyang[J].Chinese Landscape Architecture,30(9):42-45.
金虹,王博,2017.城市微气候及热舒适性评价研究综述[J].建筑科学,33(8):1-8.JIN H,WANG B,2017.A Review of Evaluation Studies on Urban Micro-Climate and Thermal Comfort[J].Building Science,33(8):1-8.
廖建华,陈月华,覃事妮,2013.湖南烈士公园植物群落的观赏效果及生态效益比较分析[J].中南林业科技大学学报,33(8):143-146.LIAO J H,CHEN Y H,QIN S N,2013.Comparative analysis of plant communities’ornamental effects and eco-efficiency of Hunan Martyrs Park[J].Journal of Central South University of Forestry&Technology,33(8):143-146.
钱杰,2014.基于CFD的建筑周围风环境评价体系建立与研究[J].浙江建筑,31(1):1-5,21.QIAN J,2014.Constructing and Studying the Evaluation System of Wind Environment around Building Base on CFD[J].Zhejiang Construction,31(1):1-5,21.
宋晓程,刘京,叶祖达,等,2011.城市水体对局地热湿气候影响的CFD初步模拟研究[J].建筑科学,27(8):90-94.SONG X C,LIU J,YE Z D,et al.,2011.Preliminary CFD Study on the Effects of Urban Water Body on Urban Thermal and Moisture Climate[J].Building Science,27(8):90-94.
苏俊如,吕芳,杨俊,2018.城市建筑水平特征对城市热环境效应的影响:以大连市中山区为例[J].测绘通报(8):111-114.SU J R,LV F,YANG J,2018.The Impact of Urban Architectural Horizontal Characteristics on Urban Thermal Environment:A Case Study of Zhongshan District,Dalian[J].Bulletin of Surveying and Mapping(8):111-114.
王敏,梁雨华,马建行,等,2017.基于MODIS数据的2015年夏季全球大型湖泊表面温度格局初析[J].湿地科学,15(4):571-581.WANG M,LIANG Y H,MA J X,et al.,2017.Preliminary Study on Pattern of Surface Temperature of Large Lakes in theWorld in Summer in 2015 Based on MODIS LST Product[J].Wetland Science,15(4):571-581.
魏梓兴,2004.上海中心城区河流及水体周边小气候效应分析[A]//水利生态修复理论与实践论文集[C].浙江省科学技术协会、上海市科学技术协会、江苏省科学技术协会:浙江省科学技术协会:8.WEI Z X,2004.Analysis of microclimate effects around rivers and water bodies in the central city of Shanghai[A]//Water Conservancy Ecological Restoration Theory and Practice Papers[C].Zhejiang Science and Technology Association,Shanghai Science and Technology Association Jiangsu Science and Technology Association:Zhejiang Science and Technology Association:8.
杨凯,唐敏,刘源,等,2004.上海中心城区河流及水体周边小气候效应分析[J].华东师范大学学报(自然科学版)(3):105-114.YANG K,TANG M,LIU Y,et al.,2004.Analysis of microclimate effects around rivers and water bodies in the central city of Shanghai[J].Journal of East China Normal University(Natural Science),(3):105-114.
张磊,孟庆林,舒立帆,2007.室外热环境研究中景观水体动态热平衡模型及其数值模拟分析[J].建筑科学,23(10):58-61.ZHANG L,MENG Q L,SHU L F,2007.Analysis on Dynamic Thermal Balance Model of Landscape Water and its Numerical Simulation[J].Building Science,23(10):58-61.
张棋斐,文雅,吴志峰,等,2018.高密度建成区湖泊水体的热缓释效应及其季相差异:以广州市中心城区为例[J].生态环境学报,27(7):1323-1334.ZHANG Q F,WEN Y,WU Z F,et al.,2018.Seasonal variations of the cooling effect of water landscape in high-density urban built-up area:a case study of the center urban district of Guangzhou[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,27(7):1323-1334.
张伟,蒋锦刚,朱玉碧,2015.杭州典型城市湿地温度效应的季节和类型差异[J].华东师范大学学报(自然科学版)(4):123-131.ZHANG W,JIANG J G,ZHU Y B,2015.Type and seasonal difference of urban wetland’s temperature effect in Hangzhou[J].China Journal of East China Normal University(Natural Science)(4):123-131.
朱春阳,2015.城市湖泊湿地温湿效应:以武汉市为例[J].生态学报,35(16):5518-5527.ZHU C Y,2015.Effects of urban lake wetland on temperature and humidity:a case study of Wuhan City[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,35(16):5518-5527.
庄智,余元波,叶海,等,2014.建筑室外风环境CFD模拟技术研究现状[J].建筑科学,30(2):108-114.ZHUANG Z,YU Y B,YE H,et al.,2014.Review on CFD simulation technology of wind environment around buildings[J].Building Science,30(2):108-114.
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