凝灰质砂砾岩复合型储集空间特征及其成因——以莱州湾南斜坡沙河街组为例
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摘要
渤海海域莱州湾南斜坡沙河街组近源凝灰质砂砾岩中发现了高丰度油藏,与传统近源砂砾岩储层物性差的认识不同,研究区凝灰质砂砾岩受凝灰质成分和沉积作用双重控制,发育复合型储集空间。通过岩心、薄片、场发射扫描电镜、阴极发光和压汞等多种方法落实了沙河街组凝灰质砂砾岩发育继承型、成岩型、构造型和复合型4类13种储集空间类型,并首次提出了继承型储集空间的概念,指出砂砾岩优质储层具有继承型和后期改造型储集空间相互叠加的显著特征。继承型储集空间主要继承了母岩中的风化淋滤孔、凝灰质脱玻化孔、构造破碎缝、黏土收缩缝以及搬运过程中产生的机械破碎缝等多种储集空间类型。继承型孔缝约占总孔隙的41%,对整个砂砾岩优质储层的发育起到决定性作用。研究发现,成岩型和构造型储集空间与继承型孔缝的发育程度密切相关,继承型孔缝越发育后期成岩流体和构造运动对其改造程度越大,越容易发育优质储层。在此基础上明确了(母岩)同沉积期风化作用、砾间凝灰质成岩蚀变、砾石支撑作用和溶蚀改造作用是砂砾岩复合型储层的4种主要成因机制,并建立了该类储层的沉积成岩演化模式。这4种特殊的储层成因机制,支撑了渤海近源砂砾岩优质储层的勘探与实践。
A large number of hydrocarbon reservoirs have been discovered in the near source tuffaceous glutenite of Shahejie Formation in the Laizhou Sag of the Bohai Sea.Different from the traditional understandings that near source sand and gravel deposits are usually poor in physical properties,the tuffaceous glutenite is rich in hydrocarbon accumulation under the control of the composition and sedimentation of the tuffaceous matter.Complex reservoir spaces are well developed.By means of cores,thin sections,field emission scanning electron microscopy,cathodoluminescence and mercury injection,4 types of reservoir space are identified in the tuffaceous glutenite of Paleogene,i.e.the inherited,the diagenetic,the structural and the mixed.We proposed and defined for the first time in this paper the concept of glutenite compound reservoir.The glutenite reservoir,as observed,is commonly superimposed by two or more types of reservoir spaces under the control of various geological factors.Inherited reservoir spaces,which includes leaching holes,devitrification holes,structural fractures,clay shrinkage cracks,primary fractures,and mechanical fractures formed during transportation,are often changed by later reformation.Inherited reservoir spaces account for about 41% of the total,which play a critical role in the glutenite reservoir.Diagenetic and structural reservoir spaces are closely related to the development degree of inherited reservoir spaces.If the inherited reservoir space exists,the late diagenetic fluid and tectonic movement may further increase the reservoir space and the quality of glutenite reservoirs will be much improved.Therefore,the genesis of sandstone conglomerate reservoirs may be classified into 4 types i.e.reservoirs formation by weathering and deposition,reservoirs formation by alteration of tuffaceous matter,the change in supporting matter and later dissolution.A sedimentary and diagenetic evolutionary model is then established upon the above study of the compound reservoir space.
A large number of hydrocarbon reservoirs have been discovered in the near source tuffaceous glutenite of Shahejie Formation in the Laizhou Sag of the Bohai Sea.Different from the traditional understandings that near source sand and gravel deposits are usually poor in physical properties,the tuffaceous glutenite is rich in hydrocarbon accumulation under the control of the composition and sedimentation of the tuffaceous matter.Complex reservoir spaces are well developed.By means of cores,thin sections,field emission scanning electron microscopy,cathodoluminescence and mercury injection,4 types of reservoir space are identified in the tuffaceous glutenite of Paleogene,i.e.the inherited,the diagenetic,the structural and the mixed.We proposed and defined for the first time in this paper the concept of glutenite compound reservoir.The glutenite reservoir,as observed,is commonly superimposed by two or more types of reservoir spaces under the control of various geological factors.Inherited reservoir spaces,which includes leaching holes,devitrification holes,structural fractures,clay shrinkage cracks,primary fractures,and mechanical fractures formed during transportation,are often changed by later reformation.Inherited reservoir spaces account for about 41% of the total,which play a critical role in the glutenite reservoir.Diagenetic and structural reservoir spaces are closely related to the development degree of inherited reservoir spaces.If the inherited reservoir space exists,the late diagenetic fluid and tectonic movement may further increase the reservoir space and the quality of glutenite reservoirs will be much improved.Therefore,the genesis of sandstone conglomerate reservoirs may be classified into 4 types i.e.reservoirs formation by weathering and deposition,reservoirs formation by alteration of tuffaceous matter,the change in supporting matter and later dissolution.A sedimentary and diagenetic evolutionary model is then established upon the above study of the compound reservoir space.
引文
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[2]赵澄林,朱筱敏.沉积岩石学[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2001:97.
[3]杨华,杨奕华,石小虎,等.鄂尔多斯盆地周缘晚古生代火山活动对盆内砂岩储层的影响[J].沉积学报,2007,25(4):526-534.
[4]孙先达,李宜强,崔永强,等.海拉尔—塔木察格盆地凝灰质储层次生孔隙及碱交代作用[J].东北石油大学学报,2013,37(5):32-41.
[5]王宏语,樊太亮,肖莹莹,等.凝灰质成分对砂岩储集性能的影响[J].石油学报,2010,31(3):432-439.
[6]张成林,张鉴,吴建发,等.凝灰质储层研究进展综述及探讨[J].断块油气田,2016,23(5):545-548.
[7]王建伟,鲍志东,陈孟晋,等.砂岩中的凝灰质填隙物分异特征及其对油气储集空间影响[J].地质科学,2005,40(3):429-437.
[8]刘锐娥,吴浩,魏新善,等.酸溶蚀模拟实验与致密砂岩次生孔隙成因机理探讨:以鄂尔多斯盆地盒8段为例[J].高校地质学报,2015,21(4):758-766.
[9]唐华风,孔坦,刘祥等.松辽盆地下白垩统沉火山碎屑岩优质储层特征和形成机理[J].石油学报,2016,37(5):631-643.
[10]张慧,周安朝,郭敏泰,等.沉积环境对降落火山灰蚀变作用的影响-以大青山晚古生代煤系为例[J].沉积学报,2000,18(4):515-520.
[11]李军,王炜,王书勋.青西油田沉凝灰岩储集特征[J].新疆石油地质,2004,25(3):288-290.
[12]许中杰,程日辉,刘万洙,等.九台营城组凝灰岩蚀变机理及对储集性能影响[J].大庆石油地质与开发,2008,27(6):31-34.
[13]刘万洙,庞彦明,吴河勇,等.松辽盆地深层储层砂岩中火山碎屑物质在成岩阶段的变化与孔隙发育[J].吉林大学学报:地球科学版,2007,37(4):698-702.
[14]朱世发,朱筱敏,刘学超,等,油气储层火山物质蚀变产物及其对储集空间的影响——以准噶尔盆地克-夏地区下二叠统为例[J].石油学报,2014,35(2):276-285.
[15] Ehrenberg S N.Preservation of anomalously high porosity in deep buried sandstones by grain-coating:Example from the Norwegian Continental Shelf[J].AAPG Bulletin,1993,77:1260-1286.
[16] Zhu S F,Zhu X M,Wang X L.et al.Zeolite diagenesis and its control on petroleum reservoir quality of Permian in northwestern margin of Junggar Basin,China[J].Science China:Earth Sciences,2012,55(3):386-396.
[17]魏喜,宋柏荣,李学万,等.辽河断陷盆地火山岩储层岩石学及地球化学特征[J].特种油气藏,2003,10(1):13-17.
[18]侯英姿.松辽盆地杏山-莺山地区火山岩储集空间类型特征及其控制因素[J].特种油气藏,2003,10(1):99-105.
[19]刘林玉,曲志浩,孙卫,等.新疆鄯善油田碎屑岩中的黏土矿物特征[J].西北大学学报:自然科学版,1998,28(5):443-446.
[20]蔡东升,罗毓晖,姚长华.渤海莱州湾走滑拉分凹陷的构造研究及其石油勘探意义[J].石油学报,2001,22(2):19-25.
[21]吴时国,余朝华,邹东波,等.莱州湾地区郯庐断裂带的构造特征及其新生代演化[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,2006,26(6):101-110.
[22]黄雷,王应斌,武强,等.渤海湾盆地莱州湾凹陷新生代盆地演化[J].地质学报,2012,86(6):867-876.
[23]李燕,金振奎,金婷,等.岩浆岩砾石磨圆度地质意义的研究[J].沉积学报,2014,32(2):189-197.
[24]彭晓蕾,曾翔鹏,洪雪,等.拉布达林盆地上库力组火山碎屑岩成岩作用特征[J].吉林大学学报:地球科学版,2010,40(4):961-970.
[25]赵国泉,李凯明,赵海玲,等.鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界天然气储集层长石的溶蚀与次生孔隙的形成[J].石油勘探与开发,2005,32(1):53-55.
[26]孟万斌,吕正祥,刘家铎,等.川西中侏罗统致密砂岩次生孔隙成因分析[J].岩石学报,2011,27(8):2371-2380.
[27] Lockwood J P,Hazlett R W.Volcanoes-global perspectives[M].Hoboken,USA:Wiley-Blackwell,2010.
[28]钟大康,朱筱敏,周新源,等.次生孔隙形成期次与溶蚀机理—以塔中地区志留系沥青砂岩为例[J].天然气工业,2006,26(9):21-24.
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