从三门峡到三峡我国工程泥沙学科的发展与思考
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摘要
我国工程泥沙学科的发展是伴随着重大工程的规划、设计、建设和运行而快速发展的。本文回顾了20世纪60年代初黄河三门峡水库建成运行后出现的泥沙问题和解决措施:库区严重淤积和库尾"翘尾巴"现象,潼关高程快速抬升了5 m以上;枢纽被迫进行了二次改建,以提高水库的泄流规模;水库运行方式进行了二次调整,通过降低汛期坝前水位,以增大水库的排沙能力。阐述了三门峡水库的实践不仅大大提高了对工程泥沙运动规律的认识,而且总结提炼出以水库"蓄清排浑"运行方式为标志的系列成果。水库"蓄清排浑"运行方式已在小浪底水库和三峡水库成功运用,并在实践中得到不断的优化完善,逐步形成了水沙调控的理论与技术。从三门峡到三峡工程的实践,为我国工程泥沙运动规律、多沙河流水库有效库容长期保持理论、江河水沙调控理论与技术、实体和数学模型模拟技术等的快速发展发挥了重要的作用,形成了工程泥沙学科的理论与技术体系,推动我国工程泥沙技术走在世界前列。进一步提出了未来工程泥沙研究的思路和方向:一是从水库泥沙淤积治理向全河水沙调控转变,即从江河局部治理向全河治理转变;二是从河流泥沙向流域泥沙、海域泥沙转变;三是从传统泥沙问题向生态环境泥沙转变。泥沙研究要紧密结合国家重大需求,瞄准学科前沿,充分开发和利用新技术、新方法,在大数据、云计算、智能化应用方面取得新突破。
Engineering sediment subject is developing rapidly with the planning, design, construction and operation of major projects in China. This paper reviews the sediment problems and solutions after the completion and operation of Sanmenxia Reservoir on the Yellow River in the early 1960 s. The practice of Sanmenxia Reservoir not only significantly improves the understanding of the law of sediment movement in the project, but also summarizes and refines a series of achievements marked by the operation mode of reservoir as "storing clear and releasing muddy", which has been successfully applied in Xiaolangdi Reservoir and Three Gorges Reservoir, and continuous optimization and improvement in practice have gradually formed the theory and technology of water and sediment regulation. From the practice of the Sanmenxia Project to the Three Gorges Project, it has played an important role in the rapid development of the laws of sediment movement, the theory of long-term effective storage capacity of reservoirs in heavily sediment laden rivers, the theory and technology of water and sediment regulation in rivers, the simulation technology of physical and numerical models, etc. It has formed the theory and technology system of engineering sediment subject and promoted the technology of engineering sediment subject in China to be in the forefront of the world. Furthermore, the ideas and directions of engineering sediment research in the future are put forward: firstly, from reservoir sediment control to river water and sediment control, that is, from local river control to whole river control; secondly, from river sediment to basin sediment and sea sediment; thirdly, from traditional sediment problem to ecological environment sediment.
Engineering sediment subject is developing rapidly with the planning, design, construction and operation of major projects in China. This paper reviews the sediment problems and solutions after the completion and operation of Sanmenxia Reservoir on the Yellow River in the early 1960 s. The practice of Sanmenxia Reservoir not only significantly improves the understanding of the law of sediment movement in the project, but also summarizes and refines a series of achievements marked by the operation mode of reservoir as "storing clear and releasing muddy", which has been successfully applied in Xiaolangdi Reservoir and Three Gorges Reservoir, and continuous optimization and improvement in practice have gradually formed the theory and technology of water and sediment regulation. From the practice of the Sanmenxia Project to the Three Gorges Project, it has played an important role in the rapid development of the laws of sediment movement, the theory of long-term effective storage capacity of reservoirs in heavily sediment laden rivers, the theory and technology of water and sediment regulation in rivers, the simulation technology of physical and numerical models, etc. It has formed the theory and technology system of engineering sediment subject and promoted the technology of engineering sediment subject in China to be in the forefront of the world. Furthermore, the ideas and directions of engineering sediment research in the future are put forward: firstly, from reservoir sediment control to river water and sediment control, that is, from local river control to whole river control; secondly, from river sediment to basin sediment and sea sediment; thirdly, from traditional sediment problem to ecological environment sediment.
引文
[1] 黄河水利委员会科技外事局,三门峡水利枢纽管理局.三门峡水利枢纽运用四十周年论文集[M].郑州:黄河水利出版社,2001.
[2] 胡春宏,陈建国,郭庆超.三门峡水库淤积与潼关高程[M].北京:科学出版社,2008.
[3] 胡春宏,郭庆超,陈建国.降低潼关高程途径的研究[J].中国水利水电科学研究院学报,2003,1(1):30-35.
[4] 胡春宏.我国多沙河流水库“蓄清排浑”运用方式的发展与实践[J].水利学报,2016,47(3):283-291.
[5] 刘继祥.水库运用方式与实践[M].郑州:黄河水利出版社,2008.
[6] 齐璞,刘月兰,李世滢,等.黄河水沙变化与下游河道减淤措施[M].郑州:黄河水利出版社,1997.
[7] 张俊华,陈书奎,李书霞,等.小浪底水库拦沙初期水库泥沙研究[ M].郑州:黄河水利出版社,2007.
[8] 陈建国,周文浩,韩闪闪.黄河小浪底水库拦沙后期运用方式的思考与建议[J].水利学报,2015,46(5):574-583.
[9] 胡春宏,安催花,陈建国,等.黄河泥沙优化配置[M].北京:科学出版社,2012.
[10] 胡春宏,方春明.三峡工程泥沙问题解决途径与运行效果研究[J].中国科学:技术科学,2017,47(8):832-844.
[11] 长江水利委员会.三峡水利枢纽初步设计报告,第九篇工程泥沙问题研究[R]. 武汉:长江水利委员会,1992.
[12] 胡春宏,李丹勋,方春明.三峡工程泥沙模拟与调控[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2017.
[13] 郑守仁.三峡水库实施中小洪水调度风险分析及对策探讨[J].人民长江,2015,46(5):7-12.
[14] 周曼,黄仁勇,徐涛.三峡水库库尾泥沙减淤调度研究与实践[J].水力发电学报,2015,34(4):98-104.
[15] 方春明,胡春宏,陈绪坚.三峡水库运用对荆江三口分流及洞庭湖的影响[J].水利学报,2014,45(1):36-41.
[16] 胡春宏,阮本清,张双虎,等.长江与洞庭湖、鄱阳湖关系演变及其调控[M].北京:科学出版社,2017.
[2] 胡春宏,陈建国,郭庆超.三门峡水库淤积与潼关高程[M].北京:科学出版社,2008.
[3] 胡春宏,郭庆超,陈建国.降低潼关高程途径的研究[J].中国水利水电科学研究院学报,2003,1(1):30-35.
[4] 胡春宏.我国多沙河流水库“蓄清排浑”运用方式的发展与实践[J].水利学报,2016,47(3):283-291.
[5] 刘继祥.水库运用方式与实践[M].郑州:黄河水利出版社,2008.
[6] 齐璞,刘月兰,李世滢,等.黄河水沙变化与下游河道减淤措施[M].郑州:黄河水利出版社,1997.
[7] 张俊华,陈书奎,李书霞,等.小浪底水库拦沙初期水库泥沙研究[ M].郑州:黄河水利出版社,2007.
[8] 陈建国,周文浩,韩闪闪.黄河小浪底水库拦沙后期运用方式的思考与建议[J].水利学报,2015,46(5):574-583.
[9] 胡春宏,安催花,陈建国,等.黄河泥沙优化配置[M].北京:科学出版社,2012.
[10] 胡春宏,方春明.三峡工程泥沙问题解决途径与运行效果研究[J].中国科学:技术科学,2017,47(8):832-844.
[11] 长江水利委员会.三峡水利枢纽初步设计报告,第九篇工程泥沙问题研究[R]. 武汉:长江水利委员会,1992.
[12] 胡春宏,李丹勋,方春明.三峡工程泥沙模拟与调控[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2017.
[13] 郑守仁.三峡水库实施中小洪水调度风险分析及对策探讨[J].人民长江,2015,46(5):7-12.
[14] 周曼,黄仁勇,徐涛.三峡水库库尾泥沙减淤调度研究与实践[J].水力发电学报,2015,34(4):98-104.
[15] 方春明,胡春宏,陈绪坚.三峡水库运用对荆江三口分流及洞庭湖的影响[J].水利学报,2014,45(1):36-41.
[16] 胡春宏,阮本清,张双虎,等.长江与洞庭湖、鄱阳湖关系演变及其调控[M].北京:科学出版社,2017.
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