长白落叶松人工林采伐迹地土壤火灾温度场试验研究
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摘要
建立长白落叶松人工林采伐迹地燃烧床试验模型,进行火灾模拟试验,利用热电偶测温系统得出火灾过程中500、1000、1500 s时各层土壤测试点的温度数据,将数据以图像的形式展现,得出火灾过程中各层土壤温度场的变化情况.结果表明:当风速≤2 m·s~(-1)或≥10 m·s~(-1)时,可燃物均无法充分燃烧;在可燃物充分燃烧的情况下,风速为6 m·s~(-1)时,各层土壤温度最高,土层受高温影响深度在12 cm以上,其中3 cm层土壤最高温度可达300℃.与非伐根处土壤相比,伐根处土壤在火灾过程中最高温度更大,且距离伐根越近的位置土壤温度越高.风速为6 m·s~(-1)时,3 cm层土壤距离伐根最远处到最近处的温度范围为198～315℃.随着土壤深度的加深,土壤温度的变化急剧减小.15 cm层土壤温度几乎无变化;12 cm层土壤仅在风速为6 m·s~(-1)时温度有所升高;3 cm层土壤温度最高.当风速为6 m·s~(-1)时,土壤温度受火灾影响最大,且伐根处土壤受损最严重.
We established a fire simulation experiment in the harvested site of Larix olgensis plantation and recorded the temperature of each test point at 500, 1000 and 1500 s during the fire by thermocouple temperature measurement. The data were displayed in the form of images to show soil temperature field at each layer during the fire. The results showed that when the wind speed was less than or equal to 2 m·s~(-1) or greater than or equal to 10 m·s~(-1), combustibles could not be fully burned. In the case of full combustion of combustibles, soil temperature at each layer was the highe-st when the wind speed was 6 m·s~(-1), with the affected soil depth being up to 12 cm or more. The maximum temperature at soil layer of 3 cm could reach 300 ℃. Compared with that at the non-cut stump, soil at the stump had a higher maximum temperature during the fire, with the soil temperature being higher near the stump. When the wind speed was 6 m·s~(-1), the temperature range at soil layer of 3 cm from the farthest and the nearest to the stump was from 198 ℃ to 315 ℃. With the deepening of soil layer, soil temperature sharply decreased. The temperature at the soil layer of 15 cm was almost unchanged during the fire test. The temperature at the soil layer of 12 cm was increased only when the wind speed was 6 m·s~(-1), and the temperature at the soil layer of 3 cm was the highest. When the wind speed was 6 m·s~(-1), the influence of fire on the soil temperature was the greatest, and soil at stump had the severest damage.
We established a fire simulation experiment in the harvested site of Larix olgensis plantation and recorded the temperature of each test point at 500, 1000 and 1500 s during the fire by thermocouple temperature measurement. The data were displayed in the form of images to show soil temperature field at each layer during the fire. The results showed that when the wind speed was less than or equal to 2 m·s~(-1) or greater than or equal to 10 m·s~(-1), combustibles could not be fully burned. In the case of full combustion of combustibles, soil temperature at each layer was the highe-st when the wind speed was 6 m·s~(-1), with the affected soil depth being up to 12 cm or more. The maximum temperature at soil layer of 3 cm could reach 300 ℃. Compared with that at the non-cut stump, soil at the stump had a higher maximum temperature during the fire, with the soil temperature being higher near the stump. When the wind speed was 6 m·s~(-1), the temperature range at soil layer of 3 cm from the farthest and the nearest to the stump was from 198 ℃ to 315 ℃. With the deepening of soil layer, soil temperature sharply decreased. The temperature at the soil layer of 15 cm was almost unchanged during the fire test. The temperature at the soil layer of 12 cm was increased only when the wind speed was 6 m·s~(-1), and the temperature at the soil layer of 3 cm was the highest. When the wind speed was 6 m·s~(-1), the influence of fire on the soil temperature was the greatest, and soil at stump had the severest damage.
引文
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[3] Wu D (吴迪), Peng X (彭熙), Li A-D (李安定). Effects of forest fires on soil physical and chemical properties in karst mountain areas of Guizhou. Soil and Water Conservation in China (中国水土保持), 2014(4): 53-55 (in Chinese)
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[6] Zhang Y (张韫), Li C-B (李传波), Cui X-Y (崔晓阳). Temporal and spatial variations of soil bulk density by experimental forest fire in Daxing’an Mountains of northeastern China. Journal of Beijing Forestry University (北京林业大学学报), 2018, 40(6): 48-54 (in Chinese)
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[9] Qing K-Z (秦可珍), He T (贺婷), Bao X (包翔), et al. Effects of different fire intensities on soil chemical properties of Larix gmelinii forest. Forest Resources Management (林业资源管理), 2014(6): 110-114 (in Chinese)
[10] Ren L (任乐), Ma X-Z (马秀枝), Li C-S (李长生). Effects of forest fire on soil property and greenhouse gas flux. Chinese Journal of Ecology (生态学杂志), 2014, 33(2): 502-509 (in Chinese)
[11] Liu R-B (刘瑞斌) , Li L (李莉), Chen P-D (陈鹏东), et al. Effects of forest fire on soil properties of secondary forests on Zhenshan Mountain in Yantai, Shandong Province. Ecology and Environmental Sciences (生态环境学报), 2016, 25(8): 1300-1305 (in Chinese)
[12] Yuan Y (袁勇). A review of soil nutrients of forest nature reserve. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin (中国农学通报), 2016, 32(5): 75-82 (in Chinese)
[13] Xue W (薛伟), Wang D-D (王徳栋). Flame spread and gas temperature based on full-scale fire test of automobile fire. Fire Science and Technology (消防科学与技术), 2015(9): 141-142 (in Chinese)
[14] Laik R, Kumar K, Das DK, et al. Labile soil organic matter pools in a calciorthent after 18 years of afforestation by different plantations. Applied Soil Ecology, 2009, 42: 71-78
[15] Ryan MG, Law BE. Interpreting, measuring, and mode-ling soil respiration. Biogeochemistry, 2005, 73: 3-27
[16] Deng X-W (邓湘雯), Wen D-Y (文定元), Shen C-L (申初联), et al. Wind speed distribution in the aweather of the firebreak tree belt in a wind tunnel experiment. Scientia Silvae Sinicae (林业科学), 2005, 41(6): 114-118 (in Chinese)
[17] Wang Y (王岳). Foreign forest fire intensity calculation method. Forest Fire Prevention (森林防火), 1996(1): 43-44 (in Chinese)
[18] Zhao H-Y (赵洪阳). Combustion characteristics of residues in Larix gmelinii plantation slash. Journal of Northeast Forestry University (东北林业大学学报), 2016, 44(3): 8-11 (in Chinese)
[19] Xue W (薛伟), Zhang D-X (张德新), Zhang C-H (张彩红). Combustion characteristics of wood processing residues in log yards. Journal of Combustion Science and Technology (燃烧科学与技术), 2012, 18(3): 206-211 (in Chinese)
[20] Zhang J-L (张吉利), Liu B-F (刘礴霏), Di X-Y (邸雪颖). Fire behavior of Quercus mongolica leaf litter fuelbed under zero-slope and no-wind conditions. Ⅲ. Analysis and modelling of fireline intensity, fuel consumption, and combustion efficiency. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2013, 24(12): 3381-3390 (in Chinese)
[21] Xue W (薛伟), Zhang D-X (张德新). Burning and spreading model of timber harvesting processing residues of timber yard. Journal of West China Forestry Science (西部林业科学), 2010, 39(4): 30-33 (in Chinese)
[22] Xu P-B (许鹏波), Qu M (屈明), Xue L (薛立). Effects of forest fire on forest soils. Chinese Journal of Ecology (生态学杂志), 2013, 32(6): 1596-1606 (in Chinese)
[23] Yildiz O, Esen D, Karaoz OM, et al. Effects of different site preparation methods on soil carbon and nutrient removal from eastern beech regeneration sites in Turkey’s Black Sea region. Applied Soil Ecology, 2010, 45: 49-55
[24] Zhang S-Y (张尚印), Zhu C-H (祝昌汉), Chen Z-H (陈正洪). Research on forest fire meteorological environmental elements and large forest fires. Journal of Natural Disasters (自然灾害学报), 2000, 9(2): 111-117 (in Chinese)
[25] Lindhe A, Lindelow A. Cut high stumps of spruce, birch, aspen and oak as breeding substrates for saproxy-lic beetles. Forest Ecology and Management, 2004, 203: 1-20
[26] Zhou J-Q (周涧青), Liu X-D (刘晓东), Zhang S-Y (张思玉), et al. The effects of burning with different intensities on soil property in Chinese fir plantations. Journal of Northwest Forestry University (西北林学院学报), 2016, 31(3): 1-6 (in Chinese)
[27] Ketterings QM, Bigham JM, Laperche V. Changes in soil mineralogy and texture caused by slash and burn fires in Sumatra, Indonesia. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 2000, 64: 1108-1117
[2] Kong J-J (孔健健), Yang J (杨健). Effects of fire on soil properties and nutrient availability in a Dahurian larch forest in Great Xing’an Mountains of Northeast China. Chinese Journal of Ecology (生态学杂志), 2013, 32(11): 2837-2843 (in Chinese)
[3] Wu D (吴迪), Peng X (彭熙), Li A-D (李安定). Effects of forest fires on soil physical and chemical properties in karst mountain areas of Guizhou. Soil and Water Conservation in China (中国水土保持), 2014(4): 53-55 (in Chinese)
[4] Hart SC, DeLuca TH, Newman GS, et al. Post-fire vege-tative dynamics as drivers of microbial community structure and function in forest soils. Forest Ecology and Management, 2005, 220: 166-184
[5] Wang D (王鼎), Zhou M (周梅), Zhao P-W (赵鹏武), et al. Effect of fire on soil chemical properties of Larix gmelinii forest in Daxing’an Mountains. Journal of Northeast Forestry University (东北林业大学学报), 2018, 46(5): 33-37 (in Chinese)
[6] Zhang Y (张韫), Li C-B (李传波), Cui X-Y (崔晓阳). Temporal and spatial variations of soil bulk density by experimental forest fire in Daxing’an Mountains of northeastern China. Journal of Beijing Forestry University (北京林业大学学报), 2018, 40(6): 48-54 (in Chinese)
[7] Neary DG, Klopatek CC, DeBano LF, et al. Fire effects on belowground sustainability: A review and synthesis. Forest Ecology and Management, 1999, 122: 51-71
[8] Yan D-M (闫德民), Zhang S-Y (张思玉). Spatial difference of spring burning effects on soil physical prope-rties in deciduous broadleaf forest. Forest Inventory and Planning (林业调查规划), 2016, 41(5): 67-72 (in Chinese)
[9] Qing K-Z (秦可珍), He T (贺婷), Bao X (包翔), et al. Effects of different fire intensities on soil chemical properties of Larix gmelinii forest. Forest Resources Management (林业资源管理), 2014(6): 110-114 (in Chinese)
[10] Ren L (任乐), Ma X-Z (马秀枝), Li C-S (李长生). Effects of forest fire on soil property and greenhouse gas flux. Chinese Journal of Ecology (生态学杂志), 2014, 33(2): 502-509 (in Chinese)
[11] Liu R-B (刘瑞斌) , Li L (李莉), Chen P-D (陈鹏东), et al. Effects of forest fire on soil properties of secondary forests on Zhenshan Mountain in Yantai, Shandong Province. Ecology and Environmental Sciences (生态环境学报), 2016, 25(8): 1300-1305 (in Chinese)
[12] Yuan Y (袁勇). A review of soil nutrients of forest nature reserve. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin (中国农学通报), 2016, 32(5): 75-82 (in Chinese)
[13] Xue W (薛伟), Wang D-D (王徳栋). Flame spread and gas temperature based on full-scale fire test of automobile fire. Fire Science and Technology (消防科学与技术), 2015(9): 141-142 (in Chinese)
[14] Laik R, Kumar K, Das DK, et al. Labile soil organic matter pools in a calciorthent after 18 years of afforestation by different plantations. Applied Soil Ecology, 2009, 42: 71-78
[15] Ryan MG, Law BE. Interpreting, measuring, and mode-ling soil respiration. Biogeochemistry, 2005, 73: 3-27
[16] Deng X-W (邓湘雯), Wen D-Y (文定元), Shen C-L (申初联), et al. Wind speed distribution in the aweather of the firebreak tree belt in a wind tunnel experiment. Scientia Silvae Sinicae (林业科学), 2005, 41(6): 114-118 (in Chinese)
[17] Wang Y (王岳). Foreign forest fire intensity calculation method. Forest Fire Prevention (森林防火), 1996(1): 43-44 (in Chinese)
[18] Zhao H-Y (赵洪阳). Combustion characteristics of residues in Larix gmelinii plantation slash. Journal of Northeast Forestry University (东北林业大学学报), 2016, 44(3): 8-11 (in Chinese)
[19] Xue W (薛伟), Zhang D-X (张德新), Zhang C-H (张彩红). Combustion characteristics of wood processing residues in log yards. Journal of Combustion Science and Technology (燃烧科学与技术), 2012, 18(3): 206-211 (in Chinese)
[20] Zhang J-L (张吉利), Liu B-F (刘礴霏), Di X-Y (邸雪颖). Fire behavior of Quercus mongolica leaf litter fuelbed under zero-slope and no-wind conditions. Ⅲ. Analysis and modelling of fireline intensity, fuel consumption, and combustion efficiency. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2013, 24(12): 3381-3390 (in Chinese)
[21] Xue W (薛伟), Zhang D-X (张德新). Burning and spreading model of timber harvesting processing residues of timber yard. Journal of West China Forestry Science (西部林业科学), 2010, 39(4): 30-33 (in Chinese)
[22] Xu P-B (许鹏波), Qu M (屈明), Xue L (薛立). Effects of forest fire on forest soils. Chinese Journal of Ecology (生态学杂志), 2013, 32(6): 1596-1606 (in Chinese)
[23] Yildiz O, Esen D, Karaoz OM, et al. Effects of different site preparation methods on soil carbon and nutrient removal from eastern beech regeneration sites in Turkey’s Black Sea region. Applied Soil Ecology, 2010, 45: 49-55
[24] Zhang S-Y (张尚印), Zhu C-H (祝昌汉), Chen Z-H (陈正洪). Research on forest fire meteorological environmental elements and large forest fires. Journal of Natural Disasters (自然灾害学报), 2000, 9(2): 111-117 (in Chinese)
[25] Lindhe A, Lindelow A. Cut high stumps of spruce, birch, aspen and oak as breeding substrates for saproxy-lic beetles. Forest Ecology and Management, 2004, 203: 1-20
[26] Zhou J-Q (周涧青), Liu X-D (刘晓东), Zhang S-Y (张思玉), et al. The effects of burning with different intensities on soil property in Chinese fir plantations. Journal of Northwest Forestry University (西北林学院学报), 2016, 31(3): 1-6 (in Chinese)
[27] Ketterings QM, Bigham JM, Laperche V. Changes in soil mineralogy and texture caused by slash and burn fires in Sumatra, Indonesia. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 2000, 64: 1108-1117