斯里兰卡新政府民族政策的转型与挑战
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摘要
2015年,西里塞纳当选斯里兰卡新总统后,通过组建民族团结政府、经济重建、修改宪法等系列措施,进行了以慈悲善治为理念的民族政策转型,以期实现民族和解与整合。面对来自大僧伽罗主义、党派之争和宪政改革的严峻挑战,正处在关键期的新政府需要综合运用多种力量,进行制度建设,提升民族冲突的治理效果,推动民族政策的转型。
In 2015,after being elected as Sri Lanka's new president,Sirisena carried out a transformation of ethnic policy based on the concept of compassion and good governance. Through the formation of a government of national unity,economic reconstruction,amendment of the Constitution and other measures,with a view to achieving national reconciliation and national integration. Facing the severe challenges from the great Sinhalese,partisan disputes and constitutional reform,the new government in the critical period needs to make comprehensive use of material and spiritual forces,and carry out institutional and national construction at the same time,in order to enhance the governance effect of ethnic conflicts and promote the transformation of ethnic policies.
In 2015,after being elected as Sri Lanka's new president,Sirisena carried out a transformation of ethnic policy based on the concept of compassion and good governance. Through the formation of a government of national unity,economic reconstruction,amendment of the Constitution and other measures,with a view to achieving national reconciliation and national integration. Facing the severe challenges from the great Sinhalese,partisan disputes and constitutional reform,the new government in the critical period needs to make comprehensive use of material and spiritual forces,and carry out institutional and national construction at the same time,in order to enhance the governance effect of ethnic conflicts and promote the transformation of ethnic policies.
引文
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[35]左宏愿.族群冲突与制度设计:协和民主模式与聚合模式的理论比较[J].民族研究,2012(5).
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[37]常士訚.多民族发展中国家的族际合作治理---以亚非发展中国家为例[J].民族研究,2018(2).
[38]Bhavani Fonseka,Luwie Ganeshathasan&Shalomi Daniel Centre for Policy Alternatives.Two Years in Government:A Review of the Pledges Made in 2015 through the Lens of Constitutional Reform,Governance and Transitional Justice[R].Colombo:The Centre for Policy Alternatives,2017.
(1)联合国人权理事会2012年3月22日第19/2号决议、2013年3月21日第22/1号决议、2014年3月27日第25/1号决议、2015年10月1日第30/1号决议。
[2]Statistics Department,Central Bank of Sri Lanka.Economic and Social Statistics of Sri Lanka[R].Rajagiriya:Central Bank Printing Press,2017.
[3]The Parliament Secretariat,Sri Lanka.The Constitution of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka(Revised E-dition)[Z].Colombo:The Department of Government Printing,Sri Lanka,2015.
[4]H9glund,Kristine and Camilla Orjuela.Winning the Peace:Confict prevention After a Victor’s Peace in Sri Lanka[J].Contemporary Social Science:Journal of the Academy of Social Sciences,2011(1).
[5]Marzuki Darusman,Steven R.Ratner and Yasmin Sooka.Report of the Secretary-General’s Panel of Experts on Accountability in Sri Lanka[R].New York:United Nations,2011.
[6]Chitta Ranjan de Silva,Amrith Rohan Perera,Karunaratne Hangawatte,et al.Report of the Commission of Inquiry on Lessons Learnt and Reconciliation[R].Colombo:Lakshman Kadirgamar Institute of International Relations and Strategic Studies,2011.
[7]方忱.后强人时代的斯里兰卡[J].南风窗,2015(3).
[8]Maithripala Sirisena’s 100 Day Work Programme[EB/OL].http://www.news.lk/fetures/item/5665-maithripalasirisena-s-100-day-work-programme,2015-01-12.访问日期:2018-10-12.
[9]The Parliament Secretariat,Sri Lanka.Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution[Z].Colombo:The Department of Government Printing,Sri Lanka,2015-05-15.
[10]Binodkumar Singh.Sri Lanka:Working Towards Power Devolution[N].South Asia Monitor,2016-04-08.
[11]Binodkumar Singh.Sri Lanka In 2016:New Constitution Offers Hope of Addressing Old Grievances[N].South Asia Monitor,2016-01-28.
[12]Policy Statement delivered by President Maithripala Sirisena[EB/OL].http://www.news.lk/fetures/item/9577-policy-statement-delivered-by-president-maithripala-sirisena,2015-09-06.访问日期:2018-10-12.
[13]Hélène Ehrhart and Nicole Madariaga.Sri Lanka’s Growth Model:Progress and Vulnerabilities[R].Paris:Agence Fran9aise de Développement:Macroeconomics&Development,2017.
[14]Independent Advisory Group on Country Information.Country Policy and Information Note,Sri Lanka:Minority religious groups[R].London:Independent Chief Inspector of Borders and Immigration,2018.
[15]Independent Advisory Group on Country Information.Country Policy and Information Note,Sri Lanka:Tamil separatism[R].London:Independent Chief Inspector of Borders and Immigration,2017.
[16]S.Narapalasingam.The Appalling Decline in National Unity,Good Governance&Sustainable Development Process in“Democratic Socialist”Sri Lanka[N].Colombo Telegraph,2016-09-29.
[17]Jehan Perera.Overcome Inter Ethnic Tensions That Exist Beneath The Surface[N].Colombo Telegraph,2016-12-19.
[18]Jayadeva Uyangoda.The Legacies of Nationalism and Racism in Sri Lanka[N].Sunday Observer,2018-03-18.
[19]Laksiri Fernando.Issues Of New Constitution Making In Sri Lanka:Towards Ethnic Reconciliation[M].Charleston,South Carolina:Createspace,2016.
[20]Dhammika Herath.Post-conflict Reconstruction and Reconciliation in Rwanda and Sri Lanka[J].Conflict Trends,2018(1).
[21]Jelena Smoljan.The Relationship between Peace-building and Development[J].Conflict,Security&Development,2003(2).
[22]D.A.Crocker.Forgiveness,Accountability and Reconciliation[J].Perspectives on Ethics and International Affairs,2000(7).
[23]Sudha Ramachandran.Sri Lanka’s Anti-Muslim Violence[N].The Diplomat,2018-03-13.
[24]Stanley Jeyaraja Tambiah.Sri Lanka:Ethnic Fratricide and the Dismantling of Democracy[M].Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1991.
[25]左高山.敌人论[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2016.
[26]Abdullahil Ahsan.Anti-Muslim violence in Sri Lanka:reasons&lessons[N].Anadolu Agency,2018-03-20.
[27]Mohammad Agus Yusoff,Athambawa Sarjoon,Nordin Hussin and Azhar Ahmed.Analyzing the Contributions of the Sri Lanka Muslim Congress and Its Founder-Leader to Muslim Politics and Community in Sri Lanka[J].Social Sciences,2017(6).
[28]Alan Keenan.'Islamophobic narratives'inflame Sri Lanka communal tensions[N].Deutsche Welle,2018-03-07.
[29]Ira Rifkin.Sri Lanka:Buddhists again turn on Muslims.So where do Western Buddhists stand?[N].Get Religion,2018-03-13.
[30]Kingsley Karunaratne.Time to end Sri Lanka's Culture of Impunity[N].The Union of Catholic Asian News,2018-03-27.
[31]王建娥.民族冲突治理的理念、方法和范式[J].中央民族大学学报,2014(6).
[32][美]彼得·史密斯,论拉美的民主[M].谭道明,译.南京:译林出版社,2013.
[33][加]雅克·贝特朗,奥德·哈克莱.民主化与少数民族:冲突还是和解?[J].赵彩燕,编译.国外理论动态,2015(8).
[34]常士訚.国家性建设与多民族发展中国家政治整合---路径设计的反思[J].思想战线,2016(1).
[35]左宏愿.族群冲突与制度设计:协和民主模式与聚合模式的理论比较[J].民族研究,2012(5).
[36][美]阿伦德·利普哈特.协和式民主---对阿尔蒙德西方民主体系类型的扩展[J].庞娟,编译,郤继红,校.经济社会体制比较,2012(2).
[37]常士訚.多民族发展中国家的族际合作治理---以亚非发展中国家为例[J].民族研究,2018(2).
[38]Bhavani Fonseka,Luwie Ganeshathasan&Shalomi Daniel Centre for Policy Alternatives.Two Years in Government:A Review of the Pledges Made in 2015 through the Lens of Constitutional Reform,Governance and Transitional Justice[R].Colombo:The Centre for Policy Alternatives,2017.
(1)联合国人权理事会2012年3月22日第19/2号决议、2013年3月21日第22/1号决议、2014年3月27日第25/1号决议、2015年10月1日第30/1号决议。