汉语词汇识别的声调时长效应
|
摘要
通过两个实验探讨声调时长在汉语词汇识别中的作用。实验1从声学角度探讨了汉语四个声调的时长差异。研究发现,汉语四个声调中,上声调长最长,去声调长最短,阴平和阳平调长无差异。实验2采用词性判断任务,考察汉语上声调长和去声调长在词汇识别中的时长差异。研究发现,低频词条件下,上声词的反应时长于去声词的反应时。研究结论支持内隐韵律假说。
This study examined the effect of tone duration on Chinese word recognition. Two experiments were conducted. In Experiment1, we explored the duration of the four tones in Chinese by using acoustic analysis. The results showed that the duration of tone 3 was the longest, the duration of tone 4 was the shortest, but no significant difference between tone 1 and tone 2 was found. In Experiment2, part-of-speech decision tasks were employed. We examined the effect of tone duration on word recognition. The results showed that the reaction time of tone 3 was longer than tone 4 under the condition of low frequency words. This conclusion supports the Implicit Prosody Hypothesis.
This study examined the effect of tone duration on Chinese word recognition. Two experiments were conducted. In Experiment1, we explored the duration of the four tones in Chinese by using acoustic analysis. The results showed that the duration of tone 3 was the longest, the duration of tone 4 was the shortest, but no significant difference between tone 1 and tone 2 was found. In Experiment2, part-of-speech decision tasks were employed. We examined the effect of tone duration on word recognition. The results showed that the reaction time of tone 3 was longer than tone 4 under the condition of low frequency words. This conclusion supports the Implicit Prosody Hypothesis.
引文
白涤洲.(1934).关中声调实验录.中央研究院历史语言所集刊, 4(4).
初敏,王韫佳,包明真.(2003).普通话节律组织中的局部语法约束和长度约束.第六届全国现代语音学学术会议,天津.
邓丹,石锋,吕士楠.(2006).普通话与台湾国语声调的对比分析.声学学报,31(6),536-541,doi:10.3321/j.issn:0371-0025.2006.06.011.
冯隆.(1985).北京话语流中的声韵调时长.见林焘,王理嘉(编),北京语音实验录.北京:北京语言大学出版社.
冯勇强,初敏,贺琳,吕士楠.(2001).汉语话语音节时长统计分析.第五届全国现代语音学学术会议论文集,北京.
刘复.(1924).四声实验录.上海:上海群益书社.
石锋.(1991).北京话的声调格局.语言研究,.
宋雅男,何伟.(2005).标准普通话单音节时长统计分析.第八届全国人机语音通讯学术会议,北京.
闫国利,杜晨,卞迁,白学军.(34).名词具体性效应的眼动研究.心理学探新,3,206-212.
Abramson,M.,&Goldinger,S.D.(1997).What the reader’s eye tells the mind’s ear:Silent reading activates inner speech.Perception&Psychophysics,59(7),1059-1068.
Abramson,M.(2007).The written voice:Implicit memory effects of voice characteristics following silent reading and auditory presentation.Perceptual and Motor Skills,105(3 pt 2),1171-1186.
Ashby,J.(2006).Prosody in skilled silent reading:Evidence from eye movements.Journal of Research in Reading,29(3),318-333.
Ashby,J.,&Clifton JR,C.(2005).The prosodic property of lexical stress affects eye movements during silent reading.Cognition,96(3),B89-B100.
Ashby,J.,&Martin,A.E.(2008).Prosodic phonological representations early in visual word recognition.Journal of Experimental Psychology:Human Perception and Performance,34(1),224-236.
Ashby,J.,&Rayner,K.(2004).Representing syllable information during silent reading:Evidence from eye movements.Language and Cognitive Processes,19(3),391-426,doi:10.1080/01690960344000233.
Ashby,J.,Treiman,R.,Kessler,B.,&Rayner,K.(2006).Vowel processing during silent reading:Evidence from eye movements.Journal of Experimental Psychology:Learning,Memory,and Cognition,32(2),416-424,doi:10.1037/0278-7393.32.2.416.
Breen,M.,&Clifton JR,C.(2011).Stress matters:Effects of anticipated lexical stress on silent reading.Journal of Memory and Language,64(2),153-170,doi:10.1016/j.jml.2010.11.001.
Breen,M.,&Clifton Jr,C.(2013).Stress matters revisited:A boundary change experiment.The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology,66(10),1896-1909,doi:10.1080/17470218.2013.766899.
Carlson,K.(2009).How prosody influences sentence comprehension.Language and Linguistics Compass,3(5),1188-1200,doi:10.1111/lnco.2009.3.issue-5.
Drury,J.E.,Baum,S.R.,Valeriote,H.,&Steinhauer,K.(2016).Punctuation and implicit prosody in silent reading:An ERP study investigating English garden-path sentences.Frontiers in Psychology,7,1375.
Fodor,J.D.(1998).Learning to parse?Journal of Psycholinguistic Research,27(2),285-319.
Fodor,J.D.(2002).Psycholinguistics cannot escape prosody.Speech Prosody 2002,International Conference,Aix-en-Provence,France.
Foltz,A.,Maday,K.,&Ito,K.(2011).Order effects in production and comprehension of prosodic boundaries.In S.Frota,G.Elordieta,&P.Prieto(Eds.),Prosodic categories:Production,perception and comprehension(pp.39-68).Netherlands:Springer.
Halderman,L.K.,Ashby,J.,&Perfetti,C.A.(2012).Phonology:An early and integral role in identifying words.In J.S.Adelman(Ed.),Visual word recognition volume 1:Models and methods,orthography and phonology(pp.207-228).New York:Psychology Press.
Hirose,Y.(1999).Resolving reanalysis ambiguity in Japanese relative clauses(Unpublished doctoral dissertation).The City University of New York.
HUESTEGGE,L.(2010).Effects of vowel length on gaze durations in silent and oral reading.Journal of Eye Movement Research,3(5).
Hwang,H.,&Schafer,A.J.(2009).Constituent length affects prosody and processing for a dative NP ambiguity in Korean.Journal of Psycholinguistic Research,38(2),151-175,doi:10.1007/s10936-008-9091-1.
Hwang,H.,&Steinhauer,K.(2011).Phrase length matters:The interplay between implicit prosody and syntax in Korean garden path sentences.Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,23(11),3555-3575,doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00001.
James,C.T.(1975).The role of semantic information in lexical decisions.Journal of Experimental Psychology:Human Perception and Performance,1(2),130-136,doi:10.1037/0096-1523.1.2.130.
Jared,D.,&Seidenberg,M.S.(1991).Does word identification proceed from spelling to sound to meaning?Journal of Experimental Psychology:General,120(4),358-394.
Jun,S.A.(2010).The implicit prosody hypothesis and overt prosody in English.Language and Cognitive Processes,25(7-9),1201-1233,doi:10.1080/01690965.2010.503658.
Jun,S.A.,&Bishop,J.(2015).Priming implicit prosody:Prosodic boundaries and individual differences.Language and Speech,58(4),459-473,doi:10.1177/0023830914563368.
Lee,Y.A.,Binder,K.S.,Kim,J.O.,Pollatsek,A.,&Rayner,K.(1999).Activation of phonological codes during eye fixations in reading.Journal of Experimental Psychology:Human Perception and Performance,25(4),948-964.
Lukatela,G.,Eaton,T.,Sabadini,L.,&Turvey,M.T.(2004).Vowel duration affects visual word identification:Evidence that the mediating phonology is phonetically informed.Journal of Experimental Psychology:Human Perception and Performance,30(1),151-162,doi:10.1037/0096-1523.30.1.151.
Luo,Y.Y.,Yan,M.,&Zhou,X.L.(2013).Prosodic boundaries delay the processing of upcoming lexical information during silent sentence reading.Journal of Experimental Psychology:Learning,Memory,and Cognition,39(3),915-930,doi:10.1037/a0029182.
Quinn,D.,Abdelghany,H.,&Fodor,J.D.(2000).More evidence of implicit prosody in silent reading:French,English and Arabic relative clauses.Poster presented at 13th annual CUNY conferences on human sentence processing,La Jolla,CA.
Rayner,K.,Pollatsek,A.,Ashby,J.,&CLIFTON JR,C.(2012).Psychology of reading(2nd ed.).New York:Psychology Press.
Speer,S.R.,&Foltz,A.(2015).The implicit prosody of corrective contrast primes appropriately intonated probes(for some readers).In L.Frazier&E.Gibson(Eds.),Explicit and implicit prosody in sentence processing(pp.263-285).Cham:Springer International Publishing.
Steinhauer,K.(2003).Electrophysiological correlates of prosody and punctuation.Brain and Language,86(1),142-164,doi:10.1016/S0093-934X(02)00542-4.
Steinhauer,K.,&Friederici,A.D.(2001).Prosodic boundaries,comma rules,and brain responses:The closure positive shift in ERPs as a universal marker for prosodic phrasing in listeners and readers.Journal of Psycholinguistic Research,30(3),267-295,doi:10.1023/A:1010443001646.
Stolterfoht,B.,Friederici,A.D.,Alter,K.,&Steube,A.(2007).Processing focus structure and implicit prosody during reading:Differential ERPeffects.Cognition,104(3),565-590,doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2006.08.001.
Swets,B.,Desmet,T.,Hambrick,D.Z.,&Ferreira,F.(2007).The role of working memory in syntactic ambiguity resolution:A psychometric approach.Journal of Experimental Psychology:General,136(1),64-81,doi:10.1037/0096-3445.136.1.64.
Traxler,M.J.(2009).A hierarchical linear modeling analysis of working memory and implicit prosody in the resolution of adjunct attachment ambiguity.Journal of Psycholinguistic Research,38(5),491-509,doi:10.1007/s10936-009-9102-x.
Webman-Shafran,R.(2018).Implicit prosody and parsing in silent reading.Journal of Research in Reading,41(3),546-563,doi:10.1111/jrir.v41.3.
Yao,B.,&Scheepers,C.(2018).Direct speech quotations promote low relative-clause attachment in silent reading of English.Cognition,176,248-254,doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2018.03.017.
初敏,王韫佳,包明真.(2003).普通话节律组织中的局部语法约束和长度约束.第六届全国现代语音学学术会议,天津.
邓丹,石锋,吕士楠.(2006).普通话与台湾国语声调的对比分析.声学学报,31(6),536-541,doi:10.3321/j.issn:0371-0025.2006.06.011.
冯隆.(1985).北京话语流中的声韵调时长.见林焘,王理嘉(编),北京语音实验录.北京:北京语言大学出版社.
冯勇强,初敏,贺琳,吕士楠.(2001).汉语话语音节时长统计分析.第五届全国现代语音学学术会议论文集,北京.
刘复.(1924).四声实验录.上海:上海群益书社.
石锋.(1991).北京话的声调格局.语言研究,.
宋雅男,何伟.(2005).标准普通话单音节时长统计分析.第八届全国人机语音通讯学术会议,北京.
闫国利,杜晨,卞迁,白学军.(34).名词具体性效应的眼动研究.心理学探新,3,206-212.
Abramson,M.,&Goldinger,S.D.(1997).What the reader’s eye tells the mind’s ear:Silent reading activates inner speech.Perception&Psychophysics,59(7),1059-1068.
Abramson,M.(2007).The written voice:Implicit memory effects of voice characteristics following silent reading and auditory presentation.Perceptual and Motor Skills,105(3 pt 2),1171-1186.
Ashby,J.(2006).Prosody in skilled silent reading:Evidence from eye movements.Journal of Research in Reading,29(3),318-333.
Ashby,J.,&Clifton JR,C.(2005).The prosodic property of lexical stress affects eye movements during silent reading.Cognition,96(3),B89-B100.
Ashby,J.,&Martin,A.E.(2008).Prosodic phonological representations early in visual word recognition.Journal of Experimental Psychology:Human Perception and Performance,34(1),224-236.
Ashby,J.,&Rayner,K.(2004).Representing syllable information during silent reading:Evidence from eye movements.Language and Cognitive Processes,19(3),391-426,doi:10.1080/01690960344000233.
Ashby,J.,Treiman,R.,Kessler,B.,&Rayner,K.(2006).Vowel processing during silent reading:Evidence from eye movements.Journal of Experimental Psychology:Learning,Memory,and Cognition,32(2),416-424,doi:10.1037/0278-7393.32.2.416.
Breen,M.,&Clifton JR,C.(2011).Stress matters:Effects of anticipated lexical stress on silent reading.Journal of Memory and Language,64(2),153-170,doi:10.1016/j.jml.2010.11.001.
Breen,M.,&Clifton Jr,C.(2013).Stress matters revisited:A boundary change experiment.The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology,66(10),1896-1909,doi:10.1080/17470218.2013.766899.
Carlson,K.(2009).How prosody influences sentence comprehension.Language and Linguistics Compass,3(5),1188-1200,doi:10.1111/lnco.2009.3.issue-5.
Drury,J.E.,Baum,S.R.,Valeriote,H.,&Steinhauer,K.(2016).Punctuation and implicit prosody in silent reading:An ERP study investigating English garden-path sentences.Frontiers in Psychology,7,1375.
Fodor,J.D.(1998).Learning to parse?Journal of Psycholinguistic Research,27(2),285-319.
Fodor,J.D.(2002).Psycholinguistics cannot escape prosody.Speech Prosody 2002,International Conference,Aix-en-Provence,France.
Foltz,A.,Maday,K.,&Ito,K.(2011).Order effects in production and comprehension of prosodic boundaries.In S.Frota,G.Elordieta,&P.Prieto(Eds.),Prosodic categories:Production,perception and comprehension(pp.39-68).Netherlands:Springer.
Halderman,L.K.,Ashby,J.,&Perfetti,C.A.(2012).Phonology:An early and integral role in identifying words.In J.S.Adelman(Ed.),Visual word recognition volume 1:Models and methods,orthography and phonology(pp.207-228).New York:Psychology Press.
Hirose,Y.(1999).Resolving reanalysis ambiguity in Japanese relative clauses(Unpublished doctoral dissertation).The City University of New York.
HUESTEGGE,L.(2010).Effects of vowel length on gaze durations in silent and oral reading.Journal of Eye Movement Research,3(5).
Hwang,H.,&Schafer,A.J.(2009).Constituent length affects prosody and processing for a dative NP ambiguity in Korean.Journal of Psycholinguistic Research,38(2),151-175,doi:10.1007/s10936-008-9091-1.
Hwang,H.,&Steinhauer,K.(2011).Phrase length matters:The interplay between implicit prosody and syntax in Korean garden path sentences.Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,23(11),3555-3575,doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00001.
James,C.T.(1975).The role of semantic information in lexical decisions.Journal of Experimental Psychology:Human Perception and Performance,1(2),130-136,doi:10.1037/0096-1523.1.2.130.
Jared,D.,&Seidenberg,M.S.(1991).Does word identification proceed from spelling to sound to meaning?Journal of Experimental Psychology:General,120(4),358-394.
Jun,S.A.(2010).The implicit prosody hypothesis and overt prosody in English.Language and Cognitive Processes,25(7-9),1201-1233,doi:10.1080/01690965.2010.503658.
Jun,S.A.,&Bishop,J.(2015).Priming implicit prosody:Prosodic boundaries and individual differences.Language and Speech,58(4),459-473,doi:10.1177/0023830914563368.
Lee,Y.A.,Binder,K.S.,Kim,J.O.,Pollatsek,A.,&Rayner,K.(1999).Activation of phonological codes during eye fixations in reading.Journal of Experimental Psychology:Human Perception and Performance,25(4),948-964.
Lukatela,G.,Eaton,T.,Sabadini,L.,&Turvey,M.T.(2004).Vowel duration affects visual word identification:Evidence that the mediating phonology is phonetically informed.Journal of Experimental Psychology:Human Perception and Performance,30(1),151-162,doi:10.1037/0096-1523.30.1.151.
Luo,Y.Y.,Yan,M.,&Zhou,X.L.(2013).Prosodic boundaries delay the processing of upcoming lexical information during silent sentence reading.Journal of Experimental Psychology:Learning,Memory,and Cognition,39(3),915-930,doi:10.1037/a0029182.
Quinn,D.,Abdelghany,H.,&Fodor,J.D.(2000).More evidence of implicit prosody in silent reading:French,English and Arabic relative clauses.Poster presented at 13th annual CUNY conferences on human sentence processing,La Jolla,CA.
Rayner,K.,Pollatsek,A.,Ashby,J.,&CLIFTON JR,C.(2012).Psychology of reading(2nd ed.).New York:Psychology Press.
Speer,S.R.,&Foltz,A.(2015).The implicit prosody of corrective contrast primes appropriately intonated probes(for some readers).In L.Frazier&E.Gibson(Eds.),Explicit and implicit prosody in sentence processing(pp.263-285).Cham:Springer International Publishing.
Steinhauer,K.(2003).Electrophysiological correlates of prosody and punctuation.Brain and Language,86(1),142-164,doi:10.1016/S0093-934X(02)00542-4.
Steinhauer,K.,&Friederici,A.D.(2001).Prosodic boundaries,comma rules,and brain responses:The closure positive shift in ERPs as a universal marker for prosodic phrasing in listeners and readers.Journal of Psycholinguistic Research,30(3),267-295,doi:10.1023/A:1010443001646.
Stolterfoht,B.,Friederici,A.D.,Alter,K.,&Steube,A.(2007).Processing focus structure and implicit prosody during reading:Differential ERPeffects.Cognition,104(3),565-590,doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2006.08.001.
Swets,B.,Desmet,T.,Hambrick,D.Z.,&Ferreira,F.(2007).The role of working memory in syntactic ambiguity resolution:A psychometric approach.Journal of Experimental Psychology:General,136(1),64-81,doi:10.1037/0096-3445.136.1.64.
Traxler,M.J.(2009).A hierarchical linear modeling analysis of working memory and implicit prosody in the resolution of adjunct attachment ambiguity.Journal of Psycholinguistic Research,38(5),491-509,doi:10.1007/s10936-009-9102-x.
Webman-Shafran,R.(2018).Implicit prosody and parsing in silent reading.Journal of Research in Reading,41(3),546-563,doi:10.1111/jrir.v41.3.
Yao,B.,&Scheepers,C.(2018).Direct speech quotations promote low relative-clause attachment in silent reading of English.Cognition,176,248-254,doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2018.03.017.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |