语言演变研究的系统功能模式——以古英语使役构式和古汉语动结构式分析为例
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摘要
在语言演变研究中,语法化理论长期占据主导地位,逐渐暴露出诸多问题。本文针对这些问题,依托系统功能语言学提出语言演变研究的全新模式。该模式重视语言演变中形式和意义的互动关系,强调在词汇语法层和语义层同时展开分析。为此,该模式中的词汇语法分析和语义分析分别包含两套机制,共同揭示语言演变进程中的诸多特征。为检验新模式的有效性,本研究以古英语使役构式和古汉语动结构式为分析对象,展示了语言演变研究中两套机制的实际操作。
Grammaticalization has been the predominant theory in the research on language change during the past five decades, although it gives rise to many well-known unsolvable problems.This study attempts to establish a new framework for the analysis of language change on the basis of Systemic Functional Linguistics, aiming to overcome the inherent problems of grammaticalization. The framework focuses on the interaction of form and meaning in language change, providing two sets of analytical mechanisms respectively at the lexico-grammatical level and the semantic level. In order to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed framework,the study analyzes the change of causative constructions in old English and resultative constructions in old Chinese by deploying the two sets of analytical mechanisms in the framework.
Grammaticalization has been the predominant theory in the research on language change during the past five decades, although it gives rise to many well-known unsolvable problems.This study attempts to establish a new framework for the analysis of language change on the basis of Systemic Functional Linguistics, aiming to overcome the inherent problems of grammaticalization. The framework focuses on the interaction of form and meaning in language change, providing two sets of analytical mechanisms respectively at the lexico-grammatical level and the semantic level. In order to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed framework,the study analyzes the change of causative constructions in old English and resultative constructions in old Chinese by deploying the two sets of analytical mechanisms in the framework.
引文
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[2] Bybee,J. L.,Perkins,R. D.&Pagliuca, W. The Evolution of Grammar:Tense, Aspect,and Modality in the Languages of the World[M]. Chicago:University of Chicago Press, 1994.
[3] Campbell, L. What's wrong with grammaticaliz-ation?[J]. Language Sciences, 2001, 23(2-3):113-161.
[4] Croft, W. Typology and Universals[M]. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1990.
[5] Halliday, M.A.K.&Matthiessen,C.M.I.M. Construing Experience through Meaning:A Languagebased Approach to Cognition[M].London:Cassell, 1999.
[6] Halliday, M.A.K. Complementarities in Language[M]. Beijing:The Commercial Press, 2008.
[7] Hagege, C. The Language Builder:An Essay on the Human Signature in Linguistic Morphogenesis[M].Amsterdam:John Benjamins, 1993.
[8] Haspelmath, M. Why is grammaticalization irreversible?[J].Linguistics, 1999, 37:1043-1068.
[9] Hopper, P. J.&Traugott, E.C. Grammaticalization[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1993.
[10] Joseph, B.D. Is there such a thing as"grammaticaliz-ation"?[J].Language Sciences, 2001, 23(2-3):163-186.
[11] Kurylowicz, J. The evolution of grammatical categories[J].Diogenes, 1965,51:55-71.
[12] Langacker, R. Syntactic reanalysis[A]. In C. N. Li(ed). Mechanisms of Syntactic Change[C]. Austin:University of Texas Press, 1977.
[13] Lass, R. Historical Linguistics and Language Change[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1997.
[14] Li, C.&Thompson, S. A. MandarinChinese:A Functional Reference Grammar[M]. Berkeley:University of California Press, 1981.
[15] Lowrey, B. Early English causative constructions and the “second agent"factor[J]. Studies in Variation.Contacts and Change in English:Outposts of Historical Corpus Linguistics:From the Helsinki Corpus to a Proliferation of Resources, 2012(10):21-35.
[16] Meillet, A. L'evolution des formes grammaticales[J]. Scientia(Rivista di Scienza), 1912:12(26):15-28.
[17] Orta, M.G. The resultative construction in Old English:Towards a semantic network of verb classes[J]. Studia Neophilologica, 2008, 78(2):123-137.
[18] Ramat, A.G.&Hopper, P. J.The Limits of Grammaticalization[M].Amsterdam:John Benjamins, 1998.
[19] Traugott, E. C. Pragmatic strengthening and grammaticalization[A]. In Axmaker, S., Jaisser, A.&Singmaster,H.(eds). Berkeley Linguistics Society[C]. 1988, 14:406-416.
[20] Traugott, E. C.&Heine, B.Approaches to Grammaticalization[M]. Amsterdam:John Benjamins,1991.
[21] Traugott, E. C.&Trousdale,G. Constructionalization and Constructional Changes[M]. Oxford:Oxford University Press, 2013.
[22] von Humboldt, Wilhelm. Uber das Entstehen der grammatischen Formen und ihren Einfluβauf die Ideenentwicklung[M].Berlin:Abhandlungen der Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1822.
[23]贝罗贝,李明.语义演变理论与语义演变和句法演变研究[A].当代语言学理论和汉语研究[C].北京:商务印书馆,2008.
[24]刘月华,潘文娱,故桦.实用现代汉语语法[M].北京:商务印书馆,2001.
[25]吕叔湘.吕叔湘文集(第一卷)[M].北京:商务印书馆,1990.
[26]石毓智,李讷.汉语语法化的历程[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2001.
[27]宋亚云.汉语从综合到分析的发展趋势及其原因初探[A].语言学论丛(第33辑)[C].北京:商务印书馆,2006.
[28]王力.汉语史稿[M].北京:中华书局,1980.
[29]赵元任.汉语口语语法[M].吕叔湘译.北京:商务印书馆,1968.
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