立体匀播和施氮量对冬小麦产量构成及旗叶光合性能的影响
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摘要
为探索与立体匀播相配套的氮肥运筹技术,在河北省赵县实验基地,以中筋小麦衡观35为供试材料,研究不同播种方式及施氮量对小麦产量及旗叶光合性能的影响。试验设立体匀播(C1)、常规条播(C2)2种播种方式和0(N0)、180(N1)、240(N2)、300kg/hm~2(N3)4个施氮量处理。结果表明:在N0、N1、N2、N3施氮处理下,立体匀播较常规条播处理的增产幅度分别为6.1%、12.7%、6.6%、8.4%,即在0～300kg/hm~2施氮量范围内,立体匀播的小麦子粒产量均高于常规条播。两种播种方式下,单位面积穗数、千粒重均随着施氮量的增加而增加,穗粒数则表现为N3>N1>N2>N0。立体匀播技术结合300kg/hm~2施氮量,小麦株高、穗长、小穗数均达到最大值。两种播种方式下,在灌浆后期,N0、N1旗叶SPAD值和净光合速率(P_n)迅速下降,与N2、N3相比差异显著。综合考虑最终子粒产量及产量构成要素,在立体匀播条件下,240kg/hm~2施氮水平可以较好地满足小麦灌浆期对氮肥的需要,有利于实现小麦高产。
This study is to explore the nitrogen fertilizer operation that is compatible with the tridimensional uniformsowing in demand with the development of modern agriculture. In the field conditions, two sowing methods were used:tridimensional uniform sowing and conventional drilling; Four fertilizer treatments were used: 0(N0), 180(N1), 240(N2), and 300 kg/hm~2(N3) to explore the effect of mutual antagonistic wheat yield and physiological characteristics.The results showed that under the condition of the same nitrogen application amount, the tridimensional uniformsowing seeding grain yield was higher than the conventional drilling, with the increase rate of 6.1%, 12.7%, 6.6%, and8.4%, respectively. Under a certain sowing method, the number of ears per unit area and 1000-grain weight increasedwith the increase of nitrogen application amount, and the kernels per spike was N3>N1>N2>N0. Under the conditionof tridimensional uniform sowing, the nitrogen level was 300 kg/hm~2, the plant height, spike length and spikelet numberall reached the maximum. In the late stage of grouting, SPAD value and net photosynthetic rate of flag leaves decreasedrapidly, which was significantly different from that of 240 kg/hm~2 and 300 kg/hm~2. Based on the comprehensiveconsideration of the final grain yield and its constituent elements, it is believed that under the condition of three-dimensional uniform sowing, the nitrogen application level of 240 kg/hm~2 can better meet the need of nitrogen fertilizerduring wheat filling period, and is conducive to the ultimate realization of wheat high yield.
This study is to explore the nitrogen fertilizer operation that is compatible with the tridimensional uniformsowing in demand with the development of modern agriculture. In the field conditions, two sowing methods were used:tridimensional uniform sowing and conventional drilling; Four fertilizer treatments were used: 0(N0), 180(N1), 240(N2), and 300 kg/hm~2(N3) to explore the effect of mutual antagonistic wheat yield and physiological characteristics.The results showed that under the condition of the same nitrogen application amount, the tridimensional uniformsowing seeding grain yield was higher than the conventional drilling, with the increase rate of 6.1%, 12.7%, 6.6%, and8.4%, respectively. Under a certain sowing method, the number of ears per unit area and 1000-grain weight increasedwith the increase of nitrogen application amount, and the kernels per spike was N3>N1>N2>N0. Under the conditionof tridimensional uniform sowing, the nitrogen level was 300 kg/hm~2, the plant height, spike length and spikelet numberall reached the maximum. In the late stage of grouting, SPAD value and net photosynthetic rate of flag leaves decreasedrapidly, which was significantly different from that of 240 kg/hm~2 and 300 kg/hm~2. Based on the comprehensiveconsideration of the final grain yield and its constituent elements, it is believed that under the condition of three-dimensional uniform sowing, the nitrogen application level of 240 kg/hm~2 can better meet the need of nitrogen fertilizerduring wheat filling period, and is conducive to the ultimate realization of wheat high yield.
引文
[1]赵广才,常旭虹,王德梅,等.小麦生产概况及其发展.作物杂志,2018(4):1-7.
[2]冯伟,管涛,冯晓,等.行距对两种穗型冬小麦品种碳氮运转及籽粒氮素输入特征的影响.华北农学报,2011,26(1):181-186.
[3]刘建华,李俊杰,罗家传.不同行距及两组三段栽培对小麦经济性状的影响.安徽农业科学,2001,29(5):569-570,572.
[4]张保军,由海霞,海江波.种植方式对小麦产量及品质影响的研究.陕西农业科学,2002(4):1-2.
[5]赵凯男,常旭虹,张赵星.地膜覆盖对小麦土壤水热状况及灌浆特性的影响.麦类作物学报,2018,38(10):1237-1245.
[6]王月福,于振文,李尚霞,等.不同土壤肥力下强筋小麦适宜施氮量的研究.山东农业科学,2001(4):14-15.
[7]蒋会利,温晓霞,廖允成.施氮量对冬小麦产量的影响及土壤硝态氮运转特性.植物营养与肥料学报,2010,16(1):237-241.
[8]李升东,王法宏,司纪升,等.氮肥管理对小麦产量和氮肥利用效率的影响.核农学报,2012,26(2):403-407.
[9]赵广才,常旭虹,刘利华,等.施氮量对不同强筋小麦产量和加工品质的影响.作物学报,2006,32(5):723-727.
[10]李姗姗,赵广才,常旭虹,等.追氮时期对强筋小麦产量、品质及其相关生理指标的影响.麦类作物学报,2008,28(3):461-465.
[11]李淑文,文宏达,薛宝民,等.小麦高效吸收利用氮素的生理生化特性研究进展.麦类作物学报,2003,23(4):131-135.
[12]赵广才.小麦立体匀播技术绿色节本高产高效.农民科技培训,2016(1):42-44.
[13]赵广才,郝德有,常旭虹,等.小麦立体匀播技术.农业科技通讯,2015(7):184-186.
[14]张永平,刘克礼,高聚林,等.旱作春小麦优化栽培农艺措施与产量关系模型的研究.麦类作物学报,2003(4):79-81.
[15]Sweeney D W,Granade G V,Eversmeyer M G,et al. Phosphorus,potassium,chloride,and fungicide effects on wheat yield and leafrust severity. Journal of Plant Nutrition,2000,23(9):1267-1281.
[16]郭明明,赵广才,郭文善,等.施氮量和行距对冬小麦产量及生理特性的影响.核农学报,2016,30(4):805-812.
[17]李裕元,郭永杰,邵明安.施肥对丘陵旱地冬小麦生长发育和水分利用的影响.干旱地区农业研究,2000,18(1):15-21.
[18]詹其厚,张效朴,王泽新,等.氮肥对小麦产量和品质的影响及其肥效研究.安徽农业科学,2003,31(4):544-545.
[19]周顺利,张福锁,王兴仁.土壤硝态氮时空变异与土壤氮素表观盈亏研究Ⅰ.冬小麦.生态学报,2001,21(11):1782-1789.
[20]张锦熙,刘锡山,阎润涛.小麦冬春品种类型及各生育阶段主茎叶数与穗分化进程变异规律的研究.中国农业科学,1986(2):27-35.
[21]赵广才,常旭虹,杨玉双.氮磷钾运筹对不同小麦品种产量和品质的调节效应.麦类作物学报,2011,31(1):106-112.
[22]Hussain M L,Shan S H,Sajjad H,et al. Growth,yield and qualityresponse of three wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)varieties to differentlevels of N,P and K. International Journal of Agriculture andBiology,2002,4(3):362-364.
[23]康国章,郭天财,朱云集,等.不同生育时期追氮对超高产小麦生育后期光合特性及产量的影响.河南农业大学学报,2000,34(2):103-106.
[24]郭天财,宋晓,马冬云,等.施氮水平对冬小麦旗叶光合特性的调控效应.作物学报,2007(12):1977-1981.
[25]孙旭生,林琪,刘义国,等.施氮量对超高产小麦开花期旗叶光合功能的影响.植物营养与肥料学报,2009,15(4):771-777.
[26]王贺正,张均,吴金芝,等.不同氮素水平对小麦旗叶生理特性和产量的影响.草业学报,2013,22(4):69-75.
[2]冯伟,管涛,冯晓,等.行距对两种穗型冬小麦品种碳氮运转及籽粒氮素输入特征的影响.华北农学报,2011,26(1):181-186.
[3]刘建华,李俊杰,罗家传.不同行距及两组三段栽培对小麦经济性状的影响.安徽农业科学,2001,29(5):569-570,572.
[4]张保军,由海霞,海江波.种植方式对小麦产量及品质影响的研究.陕西农业科学,2002(4):1-2.
[5]赵凯男,常旭虹,张赵星.地膜覆盖对小麦土壤水热状况及灌浆特性的影响.麦类作物学报,2018,38(10):1237-1245.
[6]王月福,于振文,李尚霞,等.不同土壤肥力下强筋小麦适宜施氮量的研究.山东农业科学,2001(4):14-15.
[7]蒋会利,温晓霞,廖允成.施氮量对冬小麦产量的影响及土壤硝态氮运转特性.植物营养与肥料学报,2010,16(1):237-241.
[8]李升东,王法宏,司纪升,等.氮肥管理对小麦产量和氮肥利用效率的影响.核农学报,2012,26(2):403-407.
[9]赵广才,常旭虹,刘利华,等.施氮量对不同强筋小麦产量和加工品质的影响.作物学报,2006,32(5):723-727.
[10]李姗姗,赵广才,常旭虹,等.追氮时期对强筋小麦产量、品质及其相关生理指标的影响.麦类作物学报,2008,28(3):461-465.
[11]李淑文,文宏达,薛宝民,等.小麦高效吸收利用氮素的生理生化特性研究进展.麦类作物学报,2003,23(4):131-135.
[12]赵广才.小麦立体匀播技术绿色节本高产高效.农民科技培训,2016(1):42-44.
[13]赵广才,郝德有,常旭虹,等.小麦立体匀播技术.农业科技通讯,2015(7):184-186.
[14]张永平,刘克礼,高聚林,等.旱作春小麦优化栽培农艺措施与产量关系模型的研究.麦类作物学报,2003(4):79-81.
[15]Sweeney D W,Granade G V,Eversmeyer M G,et al. Phosphorus,potassium,chloride,and fungicide effects on wheat yield and leafrust severity. Journal of Plant Nutrition,2000,23(9):1267-1281.
[16]郭明明,赵广才,郭文善,等.施氮量和行距对冬小麦产量及生理特性的影响.核农学报,2016,30(4):805-812.
[17]李裕元,郭永杰,邵明安.施肥对丘陵旱地冬小麦生长发育和水分利用的影响.干旱地区农业研究,2000,18(1):15-21.
[18]詹其厚,张效朴,王泽新,等.氮肥对小麦产量和品质的影响及其肥效研究.安徽农业科学,2003,31(4):544-545.
[19]周顺利,张福锁,王兴仁.土壤硝态氮时空变异与土壤氮素表观盈亏研究Ⅰ.冬小麦.生态学报,2001,21(11):1782-1789.
[20]张锦熙,刘锡山,阎润涛.小麦冬春品种类型及各生育阶段主茎叶数与穗分化进程变异规律的研究.中国农业科学,1986(2):27-35.
[21]赵广才,常旭虹,杨玉双.氮磷钾运筹对不同小麦品种产量和品质的调节效应.麦类作物学报,2011,31(1):106-112.
[22]Hussain M L,Shan S H,Sajjad H,et al. Growth,yield and qualityresponse of three wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)varieties to differentlevels of N,P and K. International Journal of Agriculture andBiology,2002,4(3):362-364.
[23]康国章,郭天财,朱云集,等.不同生育时期追氮对超高产小麦生育后期光合特性及产量的影响.河南农业大学学报,2000,34(2):103-106.
[24]郭天财,宋晓,马冬云,等.施氮水平对冬小麦旗叶光合特性的调控效应.作物学报,2007(12):1977-1981.
[25]孙旭生,林琪,刘义国,等.施氮量对超高产小麦开花期旗叶光合功能的影响.植物营养与肥料学报,2009,15(4):771-777.
[26]王贺正,张均,吴金芝,等.不同氮素水平对小麦旗叶生理特性和产量的影响.草业学报,2013,22(4):69-75.
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