含高光伏渗透配电网最优潮流的分散式鞍点动态求解
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摘要
在高比例光伏接入配电网的情况下,研究其最优潮流问题愈加重要。基于鞍点动态法,提出一种解决高光伏渗透率配电网最优潮流问题的分散式优化方法。该算法从动态系统控制的角度出发,将凸优化问题寻优的过程转化为动态系统渐进稳定的过程。首先,将潮流方程进行线性化,建立包含网络损耗和弃光惩罚的二次规划模型,保证算法最终稳定在全局最优解。然后,将电力网络和各个光伏逆变器分别视为独立可控的单元,将集中式最优潮流模型转化为可分散式求解的模型。网络和各个光伏逆变器之间仅需要交换节点注入功率信息,各个光伏逆变器之间相互独立,保密性好,各单元的优化求解可同时进行,并具有即插即用的特点。最后,通过仿真计算验证潮流方程线性化模型的准确性和所提算法的有效性。
With high penetration of photovoltaic generation in distribution networks, the research on optimal power flow(OPF) becomes much more significant. Based on distributed saddle-point dynamics(DSPD) approach, a decentralized method for solving the OPF problem for distribution networks with high photovoltaic(PV) penetration was developed. From the viewpoint of the dynamic system control, this novel approach transforms the convex optimization problem into the asymptotically stable of dynamic systems. First, by leveraging a linear approximation of power flow equations, a quadratic programming(QP) model with the objective of minimizing real-power losses and the punishment for curtailed active power were formulate, so that a global optimal solution can be guaranteed. Then a decentralized model was obtained by regarding the electric network and photovoltaic inverters as independently controllable units. The decentralized approach can run in parallel pattern as the electric network and photovoltaic inverters just need to exchange nodal injection power, while keep completely independent and private among photovoltaic inverters. Furthermore, the proposed approach possesses the plug-and-play feature. Numerical simulations verify the accuracy of the linearized power flow equations, and demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
With high penetration of photovoltaic generation in distribution networks, the research on optimal power flow(OPF) becomes much more significant. Based on distributed saddle-point dynamics(DSPD) approach, a decentralized method for solving the OPF problem for distribution networks with high photovoltaic(PV) penetration was developed. From the viewpoint of the dynamic system control, this novel approach transforms the convex optimization problem into the asymptotically stable of dynamic systems. First, by leveraging a linear approximation of power flow equations, a quadratic programming(QP) model with the objective of minimizing real-power losses and the punishment for curtailed active power were formulate, so that a global optimal solution can be guaranteed. Then a decentralized model was obtained by regarding the electric network and photovoltaic inverters as independently controllable units. The decentralized approach can run in parallel pattern as the electric network and photovoltaic inverters just need to exchange nodal injection power, while keep completely independent and private among photovoltaic inverters. Furthermore, the proposed approach possesses the plug-and-play feature. Numerical simulations verify the accuracy of the linearized power flow equations, and demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
引文
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[15]Zheng Weiye,Wu Wenchuan,Zhang Boming,et al.Fully distributed multi-area economic dispatch method for active distribution networks[J].IET Generation,Transmission&Distribution,2015,9(12):1341-1351.
[16]Zheng Weiye,Wu Wenchuan,Zhang Boming,et al.Afully distributed reactive power optimization and control method for active distribution networks[J].IEEETransactions on Smart Grid,2016,7(2):1021-1033.
[17]蒲天骄,刘威,陈乃仕,等.基于一致性算法的主动配电网分布式优化调度[J].中国电机工程学报,2017,37(6):1579-1589.Pu Tianjiao,Liu Wei,Chen Naishi,et al.Distributed optimal dispatching of active distribution network based on consensus algorithm[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2017,37(6):1579-1589(in Chinese).
[18]Feijer D,Paganini F.Stability of primal-dual gradient dynamics and applications to network optimization[J].Automatica,2010,46(12):1974-1981.
[19]Ma Xu,Elia N.A sufficient saddle point characterization for the Lagrangian associated with general OPF problems[C]//Proceedings of the 53rd IEEE Conference on Decision and Control.Los Angeles,California,USA:IEEE,2014.
[20]Xu Ma,Elia N.Convergence analysis for the primal-dual gradient dynamics associated with optimal power flow problems[C]//2015 European Control Conference.Linz,Austria:IEEE,2015.
[21]Richert D,Cortes J.Robust distributed linear programming[J].IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control,2015,60(10):2567-2582.
[22]Guggilam S S,Dall’Anese E,Chen Y C,et al.Scalable optimization methods for distribution networks with high PV integration[J].IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid,2016,7(4):2061-2070.
[23]蒋金山,何春雄,潘少华.最优化计算方法[M].广州:华南理工大学出版社,2007:170-171.Jiang Jinshan,He Chunxiong,Pan Shaohua.Optimization algorithms and methods[M].Guangzhou:South China University of Technology Press,2007:170-171(in Chinese).
[24]Baran M E,Wu F F.Network reconfiguration in distribution systems for loss reduction and load balancing[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,1989,4(2):1401-1407.
[25]Bolognani S,Zampieri S.On the existence and linear approximation of the power flow solution in power distribution networks[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,2016,31(1):163-172.
[26]Tonkoski R,Lopes L A C,El-Fouly T H M.Coordinated active power curtailment of grid connected PV inverters for overvoltage prevention[J].IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy,2011,2(2):139-147.
[2]舒印彪,张智刚,郭剑波,等.新能源消纳关键因素分析及解决措施研究[J].中国电机工程学报,2017,37(1):1-8.Shu Yinbiao,Zhang Zhigang,Guo Jianbo,et al.Study on key factors and solution of renewable energy accommodation[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2017,37(1):1-8(in Chinese).
[3]丁明,王伟胜,王秀丽,等.大规模光伏发电对电力系统影响综述[J].中国电机工程学报,2014,34(1):1-14.Ding Ming,Wang Weisheng,Wang Xiuli,et al.A review on the effect of large-scale PV generation on power systems[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2014,34(1):1-14(in Chinese).
[4]徐志成,赵波,丁明,等.基于电压灵敏度的配电网光伏消纳能力随机场景模拟及逆变器控制参数优化整定[J].中国电机工程学报,2016,36(6):1578-1587.Xu Zhicheng,Zhao Bo,Ding Ming,et al.Photovoltaic hosting capacity evaluation of distribution networks and inverter parameters optimization based on node voltage sensitivity[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2016,36(6):1578-1587(in Chinese).
[5]蔡永翔,张璐,唐巍,等.考虑逆变器无功充裕性的含高比例户用光伏低压配电网电压控制策略[J].电网技术,2017,41(9):2799-2807.Cai Yongxiang,Zhang Lu,Tang Wei,et al.A voltage control strategy for LV distribution network with high proportion residential PVs considering reactive power adequacy of PV inverters[J].Power System Technology,2017,41(9):2799-2807(in Chinese).
[6]Farivar M,Neal R,Clarke C,et al.Optimal inverter VARcontrol in distribution systems with high PV penetration[C]//Power and Energy Society General Meeting.San Diego,CA,USA:IEEE,2011.
[7]Liu Junyong,Gao Hongjun,Ma Zhao,et al.Review and prospect of active distribution system planning[J].Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy,2015,3(4):457-467.
[8]刘斌,刘锋,梅生伟,等.基于二阶锥优化的含有载调压变压器主动配电网最优潮流[J].电力系统自动化,2015,39(19):40-47.Liu Bin,Liu Feng,Mei Shengwei,et al.Optimal power flow in active distribution networks with on-load tap changer based on second-order cone programming[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2015,39(19):40-47(in Chinese).
[9]高红均,刘俊勇,沈晓东,等.主动配电网最优潮流研究及其应用实例[J].中国电机工程学报,2017,37(6):1634-1644.Gao Hongjun,Liu Junyong,Shen Xiaodong,et al.Optimal power flow research in active distribution network and its application examples[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2017,37(6):1634-1644(in Chinese).
[10]Dall'Anese E,Dhople S V,Giannakis G B.Optimal dispatch of photovoltaic inverters in residential distribution systems[J].IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy,2014,5(2):487-497.
[11]Shi Wenbo,Xie Xiaorong,Chu Chicheng,et al.Distributed optimal energy management in microgrids[J].IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid,2015,6(3):1137-1146.
[12]Dall'Anese E,Dhople S V,Johnson B B,et al.Decentralized optimal dispatch of photovoltaic inverters in residential distribution systems[J].IEEETransactions on Energy Conversion,2014,29(4):957-967.
[13]Dall'Anese E,Zhu Hao,Giannakis G B.Distributed optimal power flow for smart microgrids[J].IEEETransactions on Smart Grid,2013,4(3):1464-1475.
[14]欧阳聪,刘明波,林舜江,等.采用同步型交替方向乘子法的微电网分散式动态经济调度算法[J].电工技术学报,2017,32(5):134-142.Ouyang Cong,Liu Mingbo,Lin Shunjiang,et al.Decentralized dynamic economic dispatch algorithm of microgrids using synchronous alternating direction method of multipliers[J].Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society,2017,32(5):134-142(in Chinese).
[15]Zheng Weiye,Wu Wenchuan,Zhang Boming,et al.Fully distributed multi-area economic dispatch method for active distribution networks[J].IET Generation,Transmission&Distribution,2015,9(12):1341-1351.
[16]Zheng Weiye,Wu Wenchuan,Zhang Boming,et al.Afully distributed reactive power optimization and control method for active distribution networks[J].IEEETransactions on Smart Grid,2016,7(2):1021-1033.
[17]蒲天骄,刘威,陈乃仕,等.基于一致性算法的主动配电网分布式优化调度[J].中国电机工程学报,2017,37(6):1579-1589.Pu Tianjiao,Liu Wei,Chen Naishi,et al.Distributed optimal dispatching of active distribution network based on consensus algorithm[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2017,37(6):1579-1589(in Chinese).
[18]Feijer D,Paganini F.Stability of primal-dual gradient dynamics and applications to network optimization[J].Automatica,2010,46(12):1974-1981.
[19]Ma Xu,Elia N.A sufficient saddle point characterization for the Lagrangian associated with general OPF problems[C]//Proceedings of the 53rd IEEE Conference on Decision and Control.Los Angeles,California,USA:IEEE,2014.
[20]Xu Ma,Elia N.Convergence analysis for the primal-dual gradient dynamics associated with optimal power flow problems[C]//2015 European Control Conference.Linz,Austria:IEEE,2015.
[21]Richert D,Cortes J.Robust distributed linear programming[J].IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control,2015,60(10):2567-2582.
[22]Guggilam S S,Dall’Anese E,Chen Y C,et al.Scalable optimization methods for distribution networks with high PV integration[J].IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid,2016,7(4):2061-2070.
[23]蒋金山,何春雄,潘少华.最优化计算方法[M].广州:华南理工大学出版社,2007:170-171.Jiang Jinshan,He Chunxiong,Pan Shaohua.Optimization algorithms and methods[M].Guangzhou:South China University of Technology Press,2007:170-171(in Chinese).
[24]Baran M E,Wu F F.Network reconfiguration in distribution systems for loss reduction and load balancing[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,1989,4(2):1401-1407.
[25]Bolognani S,Zampieri S.On the existence and linear approximation of the power flow solution in power distribution networks[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,2016,31(1):163-172.
[26]Tonkoski R,Lopes L A C,El-Fouly T H M.Coordinated active power curtailment of grid connected PV inverters for overvoltage prevention[J].IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy,2011,2(2):139-147.
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