基于庞特里亚金极小值原理满意优化的燃料电池混合动力系统分层能量管理方法
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摘要
针对燃料电池混合动力系统的燃料经济性和耐久性兼顾问题,文中提出一种基于庞特里亚金极小值原理满意优化的分层能量管理方法。该方法以燃料经济性和耐久性为优化目标,采用一级硬性约束、二级满意优化和三级最优控制的分层能量管理,实现对负荷功率的有效分配。通过基于实测工况的实验测试,并与传统基于庞特里亚金极小值原理的能量管理方法进行对比分析,证明了所提出能量管理方法能够有效维持氢耗量较低水平,并能够降低燃料电池发电系统的输出功率波动率,有效提高其耐久性,延长其服役寿命。
For striking a balance between fuel economy and durability of fuel cell hybrid power systems, this paper presents a layered energy management method based on Pontryagin Minimum Principle and the satisfactory optimization theory. Aiming at optimizing fuel economy and durability, the proposed method designs layered energy management with hard constraints on the first-level, satisfactory optimization on the second-level and optimal control on the third-level to achieve effective distribution of load power. Through the simulation test under the real driving cycle, the comparison with the traditional energy management method based on Pontryagin Minimum Principle proves that the proposed energy management method can effectively maintain the low level of hydrogen consumption, and can reduce the output power fluctuation rate of the fuel cell power generation system, which(results) in effectively improves fuel cell durability and prolongs its service life.
For striking a balance between fuel economy and durability of fuel cell hybrid power systems, this paper presents a layered energy management method based on Pontryagin Minimum Principle and the satisfactory optimization theory. Aiming at optimizing fuel economy and durability, the proposed method designs layered energy management with hard constraints on the first-level, satisfactory optimization on the second-level and optimal control on the third-level to achieve effective distribution of load power. Through the simulation test under the real driving cycle, the comparison with the traditional energy management method based on Pontryagin Minimum Principle proves that the proposed energy management method can effectively maintain the low level of hydrogen consumption, and can reduce the output power fluctuation rate of the fuel cell power generation system, which(results) in effectively improves fuel cell durability and prolongs its service life.
引文
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[17]García P,Torreglosa J P,Fernández L M,et al.Viability study of a FC-battery-SC tramway controlled by equivalent consumption minimization strategy[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,2012,37(11):9368-9382.
[18]Xu Liangfei,Ouyang Minggao,Li Jianqiu,et al.Application of pontryagin's minimal principle to the energy management strategy of plugin fuel cell electric vehicles[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,2013,38(24):10104-10115.
[19]秦大同,曾育平,苏岭,等.基于近似极小值原理的插电式混合动力汽车实时控制策略[J].机械工程学报,2015,51(2):134-140.Qin Datong,Zeng Yuping,Su Ling,et al.Plug-in hybrid vehicle's real-time control strategy based on approximate pontryagin's minimum principle[J].Journal of Mechanical Engineering,2015,51(2):134-140(in Chinese).
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[22]谭国俊,曹晓冬,王从刚,等.基于满意优化的三电平PWM整流器瞬时开关频率抑制方法[J].中国电机工程学报,2014,34(24):4057-4067.Tan Guojun,Cao Xiaodong,Wang Conggang,et al.Instantaneous switching frequency suppression method for three-level PWM rectifier based on satisfactory optimization[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2014,34(24):4057-4067(in Chinese).
[23]贾永基,王长军.基于满意优化的多目标车辆调度问题模型与算法[J].东华大学学报:自然科学版,2009,35(3):351-354.Jia Yongji,Wang Changjun.Model and algorithm of multi-objective vehicle scheduling problem based on satisfactory optimization[J].Journal of Donghua University:Natural Science,2009,35(3):351-354(in Chinese).
[24]吴翔,谭国俊,叶宗彬,等.三相电压源型逆变器的多目标满意优化脉宽调制策略[J].中国电机工程学报,2016,36(6):1674-1685.Wu Xiang,Tan Guojun,Ye Zongbin,et al.Pulse width modulation strategy for three-phase voltage source inverters based on multi-objective satisfactory optimization[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2016,36(6):1674-1685(in Chinese).
[25]Liu Jianxing,Gao Yabin,Su Xiaojie,et al.Disturbance-observer-based control for air management of PEM fuel cell systems via sliding mode technique[J].IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology,2018,doi:10.1109/TCST.2018.2802467.
[26]卫东,郑东,郑恩辉.空冷型质子交换膜燃料电池堆温湿度特性自适应模糊建模与输出控制[J].中国电机工程学报,2010,30(23):114-120.Wei Dong,Zheng Dong,Zheng Enhui.Temperaturehumidity characteristics modeling and output control based on adaptive fuzzy method for proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2010,30(23):114-120(in Chinese).
[27]Yang Y P,Liu Zhaowei,Wang Fucheng.An application of indirect model reference adaptive control to a low-power proton exchange membrane fuel cell[J].Journal of Power Sources,2008,179(2):618-630.
[28]Laghrouche S,Liu Jianxing,Ahmed F S,et al.Adaptive second-order sliding mode observer-based fault reconstruction for PEM fuel cell air-feed system[J].IEEETransactions on Control Systems Technology,2015,23(3):1098-1109.
[29]戴朝华,史青,陈维荣,等.质子交换膜燃料电池单体电压均衡性研究综述[J].中国电机工程学报,2016,36(5):1289-1302.Dai Chaohua,Shi Qing,Chen Weirong,et al.A review of the single cell voltage uniformity in proton exchange membrane fuel cells[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2016,36(5):1289-1302(in Chinese).
[30]林歆悠,孙冬野,邓涛.基于极小值原理的混联混合动力客车能量管理策略优化[J].汽车工程,2012,34(10):865-870.Lin Xinyou,Sun Dongye,Deng Tao.Energy management strategy optimization for a series-parallel hybrid electric bus based on pontryagin's minimum principle[J].Automotive Engineering,2012,34(10):865-870(in Chinese).
[2]赵思臣,王奔,谢玉洪,等.无外增湿质子交换膜燃料电池线性温度扫描实验[J].中国电机工程学报,2014,34(26):4528-4533.Zhao Sichen,Wang Ben,Xie Yuhong,et al.Linear temperature sweep experimental study on proton exchange membrane fuel cell without external humidification[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2014,34(26):4528-4533(in Chinese).
[3]Han Ying,Li Qi,Wang Tianhong,et al.Multisource coordination energy management strategy based on SOCconsensus for a PEMFC-battery-supercapacitor hybrid tramway[J].IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology,2018,67(1):296-305.
[4]汪殿龙,王军,胡云岩,等.燃料电池车用大功率DC-DC变换器复合输入输出特性控制系统[J].中国电机工程学报,2009,29(18):60-64.Wang Dianlong,Wang Jun,Hu Yunyan,et al.Compound input and output feature control system of high power DC-DC converter for fuel cell electric vehicles[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2009,29(18):60-64(in Chinese).
[5]Liu Jianxing,Luo Wensheng,Yang Xiaozhan,et al.Robust model-based fault diagnosis for PEM fuel cell air-feed system[J].IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics,2016,63(5):3261-3270.
[6]Hong Ling,Chen Jian,Liu Zhiyang,et al.A nonlinear control strategy for fuel delivery in PEM fuel cells considering nitrogen permeation[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,2017,42(2):1565-1576.
[7]李曦,曹广益,朱新坚.质子交换膜燃料电池电堆温度特性的模糊建模[J].上海交通大学学报,2005,39(S1):187-188.Li Xi,Cao Guangyi,Zhu Xinjian.Fuzzy modeling for PEMFC stack temperature characteristic[J].Journal of Shanghai Jiaotong University,2005,39(S1):187-188(in Chinese).
[8]陈维荣,刘嘉蔚,李奇,等.质子交换膜燃料电池故障诊断方法综述及展望[J].中国电机工程学报,2017,37(16):4712-4721.Chen Weirong,Liu Jiawei,Li Qi,et al.Review and prospect of fault diagnosis methods for proton exchange membrane fuel cell[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2017,37(16):4712-4721(in Chinese).
[9]欧阳明高.中国新能源汽车的研发及展望[J].科技导报,2016,34(6):13-20.Ouyang Minggao.New energy vehicle research and development in China[J].Science&Technology Review,2016,34(6):13-20(in Chinese).
[10]尹良震,李奇,洪志湖,等.PEMFC发电系统FFRLS在线辨识和实时最优温度广义预测控制方法[J].中国电机工程学报,2017,37(11):3223-3235.Yin Liangzhen,Li Qi,Hong Zhihu,et al.FFRLS online identification and real-time optimal temperature generalized predictive control method of PEMFC power generation system[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2017,37(11):3223-3235(in Chinese).
[11]Garcia P,Fernandez L M,Garcia C A,et al.Energy management system of fuel-cell-BATtery hybrid tramway[J].IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics,2010,57(12):4013-4023.
[12]Li Qi,Chen Weirong,Li Yankun,et al.Energy management strategy for fuel cell/BATtery/ultracapacitor hybrid vehicle based on fuzzy logic[J].International Journal of Electrical Power&Energy Systems,2012,43(1):514-525.
[13]李熙,谢勇波,宋超,等.基于T-S模糊控制的燃料电池客车能量管理策略及仿真分析[J].客车技术与研究,2017,39(4):5-8,39.Li Xi,Xie Yongbo,Song Chao,et al.Management strategy and simulation analysis on fuel cell bus energy based on T-S fuzzy control[J].Bus&Coach Technology and Research,2017,39(4):5-8,39(in Chinese).
[14]张炳力,代康伟,赵韩,等.基于随机动态规划的燃料电池城市客车能量管理策略优化[J].系统仿真学报,2008,20(17):4664-4667.Zhang Bingli,Dai Kangwei,Zhao Han,et al.Optimized energy management strategy for fuel cell city bus based on stochastic dynamic programming[J].Journal of System Simulation,2008,20(17):4664-4667(in Chinese).
[15]金振华,欧阳明高,卢青春,等.燃料电池混合动力系统优化控制策略[J].清华大学学报:自然科学版,2009,49(2):273-276.Jin Zhenhua,Ouyang Minggao,Lu Qingchun,et al.Optimal control strategy for a fuel cell hybrid powertrain[J].Journal of Tsinghua University:Science and Technology,2009,49(2):273-276(in Chinese).
[16]徐梁飞,华剑锋,包磊,等.燃料电池混合动力客车等效氢耗优化策略[J].中国公路学报,2009,22(1):104-108.Xu Liangfei,Hua Jianfeng,Bao Lei,et al.Optimized strategy on equivalent hydrogen consumption for fuel cell hybrid electric bus[J].China Journal of Highway and Transport,2009,22(1):104-108(in Chinese).
[17]García P,Torreglosa J P,Fernández L M,et al.Viability study of a FC-battery-SC tramway controlled by equivalent consumption minimization strategy[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,2012,37(11):9368-9382.
[18]Xu Liangfei,Ouyang Minggao,Li Jianqiu,et al.Application of pontryagin's minimal principle to the energy management strategy of plugin fuel cell electric vehicles[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,2013,38(24):10104-10115.
[19]秦大同,曾育平,苏岭,等.基于近似极小值原理的插电式混合动力汽车实时控制策略[J].机械工程学报,2015,51(2):134-140.Qin Datong,Zeng Yuping,Su Ling,et al.Plug-in hybrid vehicle's real-time control strategy based on approximate pontryagin's minimum principle[J].Journal of Mechanical Engineering,2015,51(2):134-140(in Chinese).
[20]张承宁,周维,李军求,等.基于极小值原理的增程式电动车辆在线能量管理控制策略[J].北京理工大学学报,2015,35(9):931-935.Zhang Chengning,Zhou Wei,Li Junqiu,et al.An online energy management strategy for extended range electric vehicles based on pontryagin's minimum principle[J].Transactions of Beijing Institute of Technology,2015,35(9):931-935(in Chinese).
[21]Xu Liangfei,Li Jianqiu,Ouyang Minggao,et al.Multi-mode control strategy for fuel cell electric vehicles regarding fuel economy and durability[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,2014,39(5):2374-2389.
[22]谭国俊,曹晓冬,王从刚,等.基于满意优化的三电平PWM整流器瞬时开关频率抑制方法[J].中国电机工程学报,2014,34(24):4057-4067.Tan Guojun,Cao Xiaodong,Wang Conggang,et al.Instantaneous switching frequency suppression method for three-level PWM rectifier based on satisfactory optimization[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2014,34(24):4057-4067(in Chinese).
[23]贾永基,王长军.基于满意优化的多目标车辆调度问题模型与算法[J].东华大学学报:自然科学版,2009,35(3):351-354.Jia Yongji,Wang Changjun.Model and algorithm of multi-objective vehicle scheduling problem based on satisfactory optimization[J].Journal of Donghua University:Natural Science,2009,35(3):351-354(in Chinese).
[24]吴翔,谭国俊,叶宗彬,等.三相电压源型逆变器的多目标满意优化脉宽调制策略[J].中国电机工程学报,2016,36(6):1674-1685.Wu Xiang,Tan Guojun,Ye Zongbin,et al.Pulse width modulation strategy for three-phase voltage source inverters based on multi-objective satisfactory optimization[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2016,36(6):1674-1685(in Chinese).
[25]Liu Jianxing,Gao Yabin,Su Xiaojie,et al.Disturbance-observer-based control for air management of PEM fuel cell systems via sliding mode technique[J].IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology,2018,doi:10.1109/TCST.2018.2802467.
[26]卫东,郑东,郑恩辉.空冷型质子交换膜燃料电池堆温湿度特性自适应模糊建模与输出控制[J].中国电机工程学报,2010,30(23):114-120.Wei Dong,Zheng Dong,Zheng Enhui.Temperaturehumidity characteristics modeling and output control based on adaptive fuzzy method for proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2010,30(23):114-120(in Chinese).
[27]Yang Y P,Liu Zhaowei,Wang Fucheng.An application of indirect model reference adaptive control to a low-power proton exchange membrane fuel cell[J].Journal of Power Sources,2008,179(2):618-630.
[28]Laghrouche S,Liu Jianxing,Ahmed F S,et al.Adaptive second-order sliding mode observer-based fault reconstruction for PEM fuel cell air-feed system[J].IEEETransactions on Control Systems Technology,2015,23(3):1098-1109.
[29]戴朝华,史青,陈维荣,等.质子交换膜燃料电池单体电压均衡性研究综述[J].中国电机工程学报,2016,36(5):1289-1302.Dai Chaohua,Shi Qing,Chen Weirong,et al.A review of the single cell voltage uniformity in proton exchange membrane fuel cells[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2016,36(5):1289-1302(in Chinese).
[30]林歆悠,孙冬野,邓涛.基于极小值原理的混联混合动力客车能量管理策略优化[J].汽车工程,2012,34(10):865-870.Lin Xinyou,Sun Dongye,Deng Tao.Energy management strategy optimization for a series-parallel hybrid electric bus based on pontryagin's minimum principle[J].Automotive Engineering,2012,34(10):865-870(in Chinese).
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