裂隙充填型天然气水合物储层的各向异性饱和度新估算及其裂隙定量评价
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摘要
天然气水合物有时会以结核状、层状、脉状或块状等裂隙形态发育在深水盆地的细粒泥质沉积物中,该类型天然气水合物被称为裂隙充填型.与孔隙充填型不同,裂隙充填型天然气水合物储层由于裂隙的出现,在测井速度、电阻率和地震数据上会呈现明显的各向异性特征.本文利用细层层状介质模型和有效介质理论(EMT)新估算出印度克里希纳—戈达瓦里(K-G)盆地NGHP-01-10A和10D孔裂隙充填型水合物储层的各向异性饱和度,纵波(V_p)和垂直极化横波(V_(sv))测井速度估算的平均饱和约为20%,明显优于水平极化横波(V_(sh))估算结果,且与压力取心估算结果更为一致.倾角随深度变化曲线和不同角度估算的水合物饱和度结果都表明10A孔浅部以高倾角裂隙为主,深部出现低倾角裂隙;10D孔以垂直裂隙为主,这说明两口相距10 m的孔中裂隙在空间上延伸长度较小;而10B-08Y岩心的X射线成像定量评价结果显示水平裂隙倾角位于0°～21°,高倾角裂隙倾角位于68°～89°,裂隙尺度为厘米级,最大高度、宽度和纵横比分别为27.66 cm、6.71 cm和170.此外,水合物饱和度估算的影响因素分析表明,地层岩性和方程计算参数对饱和度估算的准确与否至关重要,与简化三相方程相比,有效介质理论计算参数的物理意义明确,参数选择简易,因此计算也更为准确与便捷.
In the deepwater basin,gas hydrates are sometimes developed in the form of nodular,veins,layers or massive of pure gas hydrate within the fine-grained sediments,which we called fracture-filling gas hydrate. Fracture-filling gas hydrate is distinguished from pore-filling gas hydrate because velocity, resistivity and seismic data always appear to be anisotropy in the fractured reservoir. Based on the layered medium model, the effective medium theory was used to newly estimate anisotropic saturation in the fracture-filling gas hydrate reservoir for the two holes of NGHP-01-10 A and-10 D,Krishna-Godavari Basin,India. The average anisotropic hydrate saturations estimated from P-wave velocity and vertical polarized S-wave velocity are consistent with those estimated from pressures cores with the value of 20%. Dip curve and anisotropic saturations show that fractures in shallow sediments has remained predominantly with high angles and fractures with small angles appear in deep sediments while only vertical fractures exist in the hole 10 D,which illustrates the extent of gas hydrate filled fractures is short between the two holes with 10 m apart. X-ray image shows the dip of fractures with centimeter scale are concentrated at 0° to 21° and 68° to 89° and the maximum height,width,and aspect ratio of fractures are 27. 66 cm,6. 71 cm,and170,respectively. In addition,the analysis of influencing factors shows that both sediment lithology and calculation parameters of equation are very important to accurately estimate the gas hydrate saturation. Compared with the three-phase simplified equation,the calculation of effective medium theory is more accurate and convenient because of its explicit physical meaning and simple calculation parameters.
In the deepwater basin,gas hydrates are sometimes developed in the form of nodular,veins,layers or massive of pure gas hydrate within the fine-grained sediments,which we called fracture-filling gas hydrate. Fracture-filling gas hydrate is distinguished from pore-filling gas hydrate because velocity, resistivity and seismic data always appear to be anisotropy in the fractured reservoir. Based on the layered medium model, the effective medium theory was used to newly estimate anisotropic saturation in the fracture-filling gas hydrate reservoir for the two holes of NGHP-01-10 A and-10 D,Krishna-Godavari Basin,India. The average anisotropic hydrate saturations estimated from P-wave velocity and vertical polarized S-wave velocity are consistent with those estimated from pressures cores with the value of 20%. Dip curve and anisotropic saturations show that fractures in shallow sediments has remained predominantly with high angles and fractures with small angles appear in deep sediments while only vertical fractures exist in the hole 10 D,which illustrates the extent of gas hydrate filled fractures is short between the two holes with 10 m apart. X-ray image shows the dip of fractures with centimeter scale are concentrated at 0° to 21° and 68° to 89° and the maximum height,width,and aspect ratio of fractures are 27. 66 cm,6. 71 cm,and170,respectively. In addition,the analysis of influencing factors shows that both sediment lithology and calculation parameters of equation are very important to accurately estimate the gas hydrate saturation. Compared with the three-phase simplified equation,the calculation of effective medium theory is more accurate and convenient because of its explicit physical meaning and simple calculation parameters.
引文
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Cook A E,Goldberg D. 2008a. Extent of gas hydrate filled fracture planes: Implications for in situ methanogenesis and resource potential [J]. Geophy. Res. Lett.,35(15): L15302.
Cook A E,Goldberg D. 2008b. Stress and gas hydrate-filled fracture distribution,Krishna-Godavari Basin,India [J]. Proceeding of the 6th International Conference on Gas Hydrate,Vancouver,Canada.
Dewangan P,Striam G,Ramprasad T,et al. 2009. Rock physics modeling of shallow marine sediments in the eastern continental margin of India [J]. Proceedings of the Eighth ISOPE Ocean Mining Symposium,34-36.
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Ecker C,Dvorkin J,Nur A M. 2000. Estimating the amount of gas hydrate and free gas from marine seismic data [J]. Geophysics,65(2): 565-573.
Gao H Y,Zhong G F,Liang J Q,et al. 2012. Estimation of gas hydrate saturation with modified Biot-Gassmann theory: a case from northern South China Sea [J]. Marine geology & quaternary geology (in Chinese),32(4): 83-89.高红艳,钟广法,梁金强,等. 2012. 应用改进的Biot-Gassmann模型估算天然气水合物的饱和度[J]. 海洋地质与第四纪地质,32(4): 83-89.
Ghosh R,Sain K,Ojha M. 2010. Effective medium modeling of gas hydrate-filled fractures using the sonic log in the Krishna-Godavari basin,offshore eastern India [J]. J Geophys. Res.,115(B6): B06101.
He T,Lu H L,Lin J Q,et al. 2017. Geophysical techniques of reservoir monitoring for marine gas hydrate exploitation [J]. Earth Science Frontiers (in Chinese),24(5): 368-382.何涛,卢海龙,林进清,等. 2017. 海域天然气水合物开发的地球物理监测[J]. 地学前缘,24(5): 368-382.
Holland M,Schultheiss P,Roberts J,et al. 2008. Observed gas hydrate morphologies in marine sediments [J]. Proceedings of the 6th international conference on gas hydrates (ICGH6-2008),Vancouver,Canada.
Hu G W,Li C F,Ye Y G,et al. 2014. Observation of gas hydrate distribution in sediment pore space [J]. Chinese J. Geophys. (in Chinese),57(5): 1675-1682,doi: 10.6038/cjg20140530.胡高伟,李承峰,业渝光,等. 2014. 沉积物孔隙空间天然气水合物微观分布观测[J]. 地球物理学报,57(5): 1675-1682,doi: 10.6038/cjg20140530.
Jiang G L,Wu Q B,Pu Y B,et al. 2005. Computerized tomography identifying and its imaging characteristics incombination and dissociation process of methane hydrate [J]. Natural Gas Geoscience (in Chinese),16(6): 814-817.蒋观利,吴青柏,蒲毅彬,等. 2005. 甲烷水合物形成过程的CT识别原理和成像特征[J]. 天然气地球科学,16(6): 814-817.
Kim G Y,Yi B Y,Yoo D G,et al. 2011. Evidence of gas hydrate from downhole logging data in the Ulleung Basin,East Sea [J]. Mar. Petrol. Geol.,28(10): 1979-1985.
Lee M W,Collett T S. 2009. Gas hydrate saturations estimated from fractured reservoir at Site NGHP- 01-10,Krishna-Godavari Basin,India [J]. J. Geophys. Res.: Solid Earth,114(B7),B07102.
Lee M W,Collett T S. 2012. Pore- and fracture-filling gas hydrate reservoirs in the Gulf of Mexico Gas Hydrate Joint Industry Project Leg II Green Canyon 955 H well [J]. Mar. Petrol. Geol.,34(1): 62-71.
Lee M W,Collett T S. 2013. Characteristics and interpretation of fracture-filled gas hydrate—An example from the Ulleung Basin,East Sea of Korea [J]. Mar. Petrol. Geol.,47: 168-181.
Lee M W,Collett T S,Lewis K A. 2012. Anisotropic models to account for large borehole washouts to estimate gas hydrate saturations in the Gulf of Mexico Gas Hydrate Joint Industry Project Leg II Alaminos Canyon 21B well [J]. Mar. Petrol. Geol.,34(1): 85-95.
Lee M W,Waite W F. 2008. Estimating pore-space gas hydrate saturations from well log acoustic data [J]. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst.,9(7),Q07008.
Li C F,Hu G W,Liu C L,et al. 2012. Application of X-ray computed tomography in natural gas hydrate research [J]. Journal of Tropical Oceanography (in Chinese),31(5): 93-99.李承峰,胡高伟,刘昌岭,等. 2012. X射线计算机断层扫描在天然气水合物研究中的应用[J]. 热带海洋学报,31(5): 93-99.
Li L Z. 2009. Application of dipole shear wave logging in evaluation of fracturing effect [J]. Tuha Oil & Gas (in Chinese),14(2): 133-136.李留中. 2009. 偶极子横波测井在压裂效果评价中的应用[J]. 吐哈油气,14(2): 133-136.
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