英西地区湖相碳酸盐岩角砾岩成因机制与勘探意义
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摘要
为探究英西地区古近系下干柴沟组上段湖相碳酸盐岩高产稳产储集层类型及分布规律,明确下步高效勘探有利方向,通过对区内大量钻井岩心、薄片、岩矿测试及井-震资料综合分析,对区内碳酸盐岩角砾岩的成因机制及勘探意义进行了研究。英西地区碳酸盐岩角砾岩按成因可分为3类:(1)沉积角砾岩,为早期弱固结的碳酸盐岩受短期高能量的水体改造等地质作用影响,在洼中古低隆陡坡带发生事件性的滑塌破碎再沉积而形成;(2)成岩角砾岩,具似角砾结构特征,为准同生期弱固结的泥质碳酸盐岩内部自形、结晶粗大的膏盐类矿物结晶生长,造成围岩撑开变形或被切割而形成;(3)构造角砾岩,根据产状特征进一步区分为断层角砾岩和层间滑动角砾岩两种,均与狮子沟大型区域断层活动密切相关,两类构造角砾岩发育大量角砾间半充填孔洞和裂缝系统,是英西地区深层高产稳产储集层,在邻近区域厚层膏盐岩滑脱层之下可连片成带大规模发育,是下步高效勘探重要领域。从寻找规模碳酸盐岩储集体角度,沉积角砾岩和成岩角砾岩具有良好的指相意义。
To examine the reservoir type and distribution regularity of high-and stable-yield lacustrine carbonates in the upper Member of Paleogene Xiaganchaigou Formation of Yingxi region and to determine the high-efficiency hydrocarbon exploration direction, the origin and significance of carbonate breccia in this area were investigated based on comprehensive analysis of a large number of well cores, thin sections, rock and mineral testing and log-seismic data. The study reveals that the carbonate breccia has three origins:(1) Sedimentary breccia, formed by the event-related collapse, fragmentation and re-deposition of the early weakly consolidated carbonate rock in the steep slope of submarine paleohighs due to short-term high-energy water body reformation and other geological processes.(2) Diagenetic breccia, with breccia-like structure, formed by deformation or breaking of host rock due to growth of idiomorphic and coarse crystalline gypsum-salt minerals in the weakly consolidated argillaceous carbonate rock of the penecontemporaneous period.(3) Tectonic breccia, can be further divided into fault breccia and interlayer-slide breccia according to their occurrence characteristics, both of which are closely related to the activity of large-scale regional Shizigou Fault. With a large number of partially filled pores, vugs and fractures between breccia, the two types of tectonic breccia are high-and stable-yield reservoirs in deep Yingxi region, and may occur extensively under gypsum-salt detachment layers of adjacent areas, so they are the exploration targets in the next step. Sedimentary breccia and diagenetic breccia are of great significance in searching for large-scale carbonate reservoirs.
To examine the reservoir type and distribution regularity of high-and stable-yield lacustrine carbonates in the upper Member of Paleogene Xiaganchaigou Formation of Yingxi region and to determine the high-efficiency hydrocarbon exploration direction, the origin and significance of carbonate breccia in this area were investigated based on comprehensive analysis of a large number of well cores, thin sections, rock and mineral testing and log-seismic data. The study reveals that the carbonate breccia has three origins:(1) Sedimentary breccia, formed by the event-related collapse, fragmentation and re-deposition of the early weakly consolidated carbonate rock in the steep slope of submarine paleohighs due to short-term high-energy water body reformation and other geological processes.(2) Diagenetic breccia, with breccia-like structure, formed by deformation or breaking of host rock due to growth of idiomorphic and coarse crystalline gypsum-salt minerals in the weakly consolidated argillaceous carbonate rock of the penecontemporaneous period.(3) Tectonic breccia, can be further divided into fault breccia and interlayer-slide breccia according to their occurrence characteristics, both of which are closely related to the activity of large-scale regional Shizigou Fault. With a large number of partially filled pores, vugs and fractures between breccia, the two types of tectonic breccia are high-and stable-yield reservoirs in deep Yingxi region, and may occur extensively under gypsum-salt detachment layers of adjacent areas, so they are the exploration targets in the next step. Sedimentary breccia and diagenetic breccia are of great significance in searching for large-scale carbonate reservoirs.
引文
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[13]刘宏,马腾,谭秀成,等.表生岩溶系统中浅埋藏构造-热液白云岩成因:以四川盆地中部中二叠统茅口组为例[J].石油勘探与开发,2016,43(6):1000-1012.LIU Hong,MA Teng,TAN Xiucheng,et al.Origin of structurally controlled hydrothermal dolomite in epigenetic karst system during shallow burial:An example from Middle Permian Maokou Formation,central Sichuan Basin,SW China[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2016,43(6):1000-1012.
[14]李文科,张研,张宝民,等.川中震旦系-二叠系古岩溶塌陷体成因、特征及意义[J].石油勘探与开发,2014,41(5):513-522.LI Wenke,ZHANG Yan,ZHANG Baomin,et al.Origin,characteristics and significance of collapsed-paleocave systems in Sinian to Permian carbonate strata in Central Sichuan Basin,SWChina[J]Petroleum Exploration and Development,2014,41(5):513-522.
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[16]TARASEWICZ J P T,WOODCOCK N H,DICKSON J A D.Carbonate dilation breccias:Examples from the damage zone to the Dent Fault,northwest England[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,2005,117(5):6722-6723.
[17]赵文智,沈安江,胡素云,等.中国碳酸盐岩储集层大型化发育的地质条件与分布特征[J].石油勘探与开发,2012,39(1):1-12.ZHAO Wenzhi,SHEN Anjiang,HU Suyun,et al.Geological conditions and distributional features of large-scale carbonate reservoirs onshore China[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2012,39(1):1-12.
[18]刘伟,孟庆阳,张光亚,等.古老碳酸盐岩层系油气储层地质特征[J].海相油气地质,2010,15(1):15-20.LIU Wei,MENG Qingyang,ZHANG Guangya,et al.Geologic characteristics of oil and gas reservoirs in old lower Paleozoic and Sinian Carbonate rocks[J].Marine Origin Petroleum Geology,2010,15(1):15-20.
[19]李元奎,铁占元,王波,等.柴达木盆地狮子沟构造N1-E1+2裂缝性储层评价及油气富集控制因素[J].青海石油,2010,28(2):1-6.LI Yuankui,TIE Zhanyuan,WANG Bo,et al.N1-E1+2 fractured reservoir evaluation and control factors of petroleum accumulation in Shizigou Structure,Qaidam Basin[J].Qinghai Petroleum,2010,28(2):1-6.
[20]李海,汤达祯,许浩,等.柴达木盆地狮子沟油田古近系油气成藏期次[J].油气地质与采收率,2013,20(3):30-32.LI Hai,TANG Dazhen,XU Hao,et al.Analysis of hydrocarbon accumulation period in Paleogene reservoirs,Shizigou oilfield of Qaidam Basin[J].Petroleum Geology&Recovery Efficiency,2013,20(3):30-32.
[21]陈登钱,沈晓双,崔俊,等.柴达木盆地英西地区深部混积岩储层特征及控制因素[J].岩性油气藏,2015,27(5):211-217.CHEN Dengqian,SHEN Xiaoshuang,CUI Jun,et al.Reservoir characteristics and controlling factors of deep diamictite in Yingxi area,Qaidam Basin[J].Lithologic Reservoirs,2015,27(5):211-217.
[22]黄成刚,关新,倪祥龙,等.柴达木盆地英西地区E32咸化湖盆白云岩储集层特征及发育主控因素[J].天然气地球科学,2017,28(2):219-231.HUANG Chenggang,GUAN Xin,NI Xianglong,et al.The characteristics and major factors controlling on the E32 dolomite reservoirs in saline lacustrine basin in the Yingxi area of Qaidam Basin[J].Natural Gas Geoscience,2017,28(2):219-231.
[23]刘占国,朱超,李森明,等.柴达木盆地西部地区致密油地质特征及勘探领域[J].石油勘探与开发,2017,44(2):196-204.LIU Zhanguo,ZHU Chao,LI Senming,et al.Geological features and exploration fields of tight oil in the Cenozoic of western Qaidam Basin,NW China[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2017,44(2):196-204.
[24]邓宏文,钱凯.沉积地球化学与环境分析[M].兰州:甘肃科学出版社,1993.DENG Hongwen,QIAN Kai.Sedimentary geochemistry and environmental analysis[M].Lanzhou:Gansu Science Press,1993.
[25]陈能贵,王艳清,徐峰,等.柴达木盆地新生界湖盆咸化特征及沉积响应[J].古地理学报,2015,17(3):371-380.CHEN Nenggui,WANG Yanqing,XU Feng,et al.Palaeo-salinity and its sedimentary response to the Cenozoic salt water lacustrine deposition in Qaidam Basin[J].Journal of Palaeogeography,2015,17(3):371-380.
[26]夏志远,刘占国,李森明,等.岩盐成因与发育模式:以柴达木盆地英西地区古近系下干柴沟组为例[J].石油学报,2017,38(1):55-66.XIA Zhiyuan,LIU Zhanguo,LI Senming,et al.Origin and developing model of rock salt:A case study of Lower Ganchaigou Formation of Paleogene in the west of Yingxiong ridge,Qaidam Basin[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2017,38(1):55-66.
[2]RYU I C,DOH S J,CHOI S G.Carbonate breccias in the lower-middle Ordovician Maggol limestone(Taebacksan Basin,South Korea):Implications for regional tectonism[J].Facies,2002,46(1):35-56.
[3]FRéDéRIC B,MICHEL S,ALEXIS M.Coarse carbonate breccias as a result of water-wave cyclic loading(uppermost Jurassic-South-East Basin,France)[J].Sedimentology,2001,48(4):767-789.
[4]SEGURET M,MOUSSINE-POUCHKINE A,GABAGLIA G R,et al.Storm deposits and storm-generated coarse carbonate breccias on a pelagic outer shelf(South-East Basin,France)[J].Sedimentology,2001,48(2):231-254.
[5]PAYROS A,PUJALTE V,ORUE-ETXEBARRIA X.The South Pyrenean Eocene carbonate megabreccias revisited:New interpretation based on evidence from the Pamplona Basin[J].Sedimentary Geology,1999,125(3):165-194.
[6]洪庆玉.滇黔桂交界区碳酸盐岩重力流沉积物[J].西南石油学院学报,1982,4(1):1-11.HONG Qingyu.The carbonate gravity flow sediments in the juncture of Yunnan,Guizhou and Guangxi[J].Journal of Southwest Petroleum Institute,1982,4(1):1-11.
[7]梅志超,陈景维,卢焕勇,等.陕西富平中奥陶统平凉组的深水碳酸盐碎屑流[J].石油与天然气地质,1982,3(1):49-56.MEI Zhichao,CHEN Jingwei,LU Huanyong,et al.Deep water carbonate debris flow in the middle Ordovician Pingliang formation of Fuping,Shaanxi[J].Oil and Gas Geology,1982,3(1):49-56.
[8]西南石油学院碳酸盐岩研究室.南盘江地区二、三迭纪深水碳酸盐角砾岩[J].西南石油学院学报,1982,4(3):1-26.Carbonate Rock Research Office.Deep water carbonate brecclas in the Nanpan river area during the Permian and Triassic periods[J].Journal of Southwest Petroleum Institute,1982,4(3):1-26.
[9]罗祖虞.滇黔桂地区晚古生代、三叠纪生物礁沉积相及含油性初步研究[J].石油实验地质,1983,5(1):18-28.LUO Zuyu.Preliminary study on Triassic and late Paleoxoic reef facies in Yunnan-Guizhou-Guangxi region and their Petroleum prospect[J].Experimental Petroleum Geology,1983,5(1):18-28.
[10]杜叶龙,李双应,贾志海,等.再论安徽沿江地区中二叠统栖霞组砾屑灰岩的成因[J].地质论评,2012,58(3):426-433.DU Yelong,LI Shuangying,JIA Zhihai,et al.Re-discussion on the origin of the rudstone in Middle Permian Qixia Formation along Lower Yangtze River of Anhui Province[J].Geological Review,2012,58(3):426-433.
[11]BLOUNT D N,MOORE C H.Depositional and non-depositional carbonate breccias,Chiantla Quadrangle,Guatemala[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,1969,80(3):429-442.
[12]MORROW D W.Descriptive field classification of sedimentary and diagenetic breccia fabrics in carbonate rocks[J].Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology,1982,30(3):227-229.
[13]刘宏,马腾,谭秀成,等.表生岩溶系统中浅埋藏构造-热液白云岩成因:以四川盆地中部中二叠统茅口组为例[J].石油勘探与开发,2016,43(6):1000-1012.LIU Hong,MA Teng,TAN Xiucheng,et al.Origin of structurally controlled hydrothermal dolomite in epigenetic karst system during shallow burial:An example from Middle Permian Maokou Formation,central Sichuan Basin,SW China[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2016,43(6):1000-1012.
[14]李文科,张研,张宝民,等.川中震旦系-二叠系古岩溶塌陷体成因、特征及意义[J].石油勘探与开发,2014,41(5):513-522.LI Wenke,ZHANG Yan,ZHANG Baomin,et al.Origin,characteristics and significance of collapsed-paleocave systems in Sinian to Permian carbonate strata in Central Sichuan Basin,SWChina[J]Petroleum Exploration and Development,2014,41(5):513-522.
[15]WILSHIRE H G,HOWARD K A,OFFIELD T W.Impact breccias in carbonate rocks,Sierra Madera,Texas[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,1971,82(4):1009-1017.
[16]TARASEWICZ J P T,WOODCOCK N H,DICKSON J A D.Carbonate dilation breccias:Examples from the damage zone to the Dent Fault,northwest England[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,2005,117(5):6722-6723.
[17]赵文智,沈安江,胡素云,等.中国碳酸盐岩储集层大型化发育的地质条件与分布特征[J].石油勘探与开发,2012,39(1):1-12.ZHAO Wenzhi,SHEN Anjiang,HU Suyun,et al.Geological conditions and distributional features of large-scale carbonate reservoirs onshore China[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2012,39(1):1-12.
[18]刘伟,孟庆阳,张光亚,等.古老碳酸盐岩层系油气储层地质特征[J].海相油气地质,2010,15(1):15-20.LIU Wei,MENG Qingyang,ZHANG Guangya,et al.Geologic characteristics of oil and gas reservoirs in old lower Paleozoic and Sinian Carbonate rocks[J].Marine Origin Petroleum Geology,2010,15(1):15-20.
[19]李元奎,铁占元,王波,等.柴达木盆地狮子沟构造N1-E1+2裂缝性储层评价及油气富集控制因素[J].青海石油,2010,28(2):1-6.LI Yuankui,TIE Zhanyuan,WANG Bo,et al.N1-E1+2 fractured reservoir evaluation and control factors of petroleum accumulation in Shizigou Structure,Qaidam Basin[J].Qinghai Petroleum,2010,28(2):1-6.
[20]李海,汤达祯,许浩,等.柴达木盆地狮子沟油田古近系油气成藏期次[J].油气地质与采收率,2013,20(3):30-32.LI Hai,TANG Dazhen,XU Hao,et al.Analysis of hydrocarbon accumulation period in Paleogene reservoirs,Shizigou oilfield of Qaidam Basin[J].Petroleum Geology&Recovery Efficiency,2013,20(3):30-32.
[21]陈登钱,沈晓双,崔俊,等.柴达木盆地英西地区深部混积岩储层特征及控制因素[J].岩性油气藏,2015,27(5):211-217.CHEN Dengqian,SHEN Xiaoshuang,CUI Jun,et al.Reservoir characteristics and controlling factors of deep diamictite in Yingxi area,Qaidam Basin[J].Lithologic Reservoirs,2015,27(5):211-217.
[22]黄成刚,关新,倪祥龙,等.柴达木盆地英西地区E32咸化湖盆白云岩储集层特征及发育主控因素[J].天然气地球科学,2017,28(2):219-231.HUANG Chenggang,GUAN Xin,NI Xianglong,et al.The characteristics and major factors controlling on the E32 dolomite reservoirs in saline lacustrine basin in the Yingxi area of Qaidam Basin[J].Natural Gas Geoscience,2017,28(2):219-231.
[23]刘占国,朱超,李森明,等.柴达木盆地西部地区致密油地质特征及勘探领域[J].石油勘探与开发,2017,44(2):196-204.LIU Zhanguo,ZHU Chao,LI Senming,et al.Geological features and exploration fields of tight oil in the Cenozoic of western Qaidam Basin,NW China[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2017,44(2):196-204.
[24]邓宏文,钱凯.沉积地球化学与环境分析[M].兰州:甘肃科学出版社,1993.DENG Hongwen,QIAN Kai.Sedimentary geochemistry and environmental analysis[M].Lanzhou:Gansu Science Press,1993.
[25]陈能贵,王艳清,徐峰,等.柴达木盆地新生界湖盆咸化特征及沉积响应[J].古地理学报,2015,17(3):371-380.CHEN Nenggui,WANG Yanqing,XU Feng,et al.Palaeo-salinity and its sedimentary response to the Cenozoic salt water lacustrine deposition in Qaidam Basin[J].Journal of Palaeogeography,2015,17(3):371-380.
[26]夏志远,刘占国,李森明,等.岩盐成因与发育模式:以柴达木盆地英西地区古近系下干柴沟组为例[J].石油学报,2017,38(1):55-66.XIA Zhiyuan,LIU Zhanguo,LI Senming,et al.Origin and developing model of rock salt:A case study of Lower Ganchaigou Formation of Paleogene in the west of Yingxiong ridge,Qaidam Basin[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2017,38(1):55-66.
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