尼龙粉末在SLS预热温度下的离散元模型参数确定及其流动特性分析
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摘要
尼龙粉末是增材制造中常用的粉体材料,温度对其流动性有重要影响.探索尼龙粉末增材制造预热温度下的流动性是研究选择性激光烧结(selective laser sintering, SLS)工艺中粉体铺展成形的基础.选取SLS技术中的尼龙粉末为原材料,采用离散元数值方法,研究尼龙粉末的流动行为,是增材制造工艺数值模拟和铺粉工艺优化的研究热点.以Hertz-Mindlin模型为基础,基于Hamaker理论模型和库伦定律,在尼龙粉末的接触动力学模型中引入范德华力和静电力,建立预热温度下尼龙粉末流动的离散元模型(discrete element method,DEM),通过对比相应实验结果,标定了该模型的参数.对加热旋转圆筒中尼龙粉末流动过程进行了DEM数值模拟,校核了所建模型的正确性,并研究了粉体粒径分布对尼龙粉末流动特性的影响规律.研究表明,尼龙粉末黏附力是静电力与范德华力的共同作用结果;随着粉体粒径的增大,尼龙粉末崩塌角增大,流动性增强;相对于高斯粒径分布,粒径均匀分布的尼龙粉末颗粒流动性更强.研究结果可指导SLS中铺粉工艺的优化.
Nylon powder is a commonly used powder material in Additive Manufacturing whose fluidity is closely related to temperature. Exploring powder fluidity at preheating temperature in Additive Manufacturing is the basis for studying the fluidity and spreading properties of powder in selective laser sintering(SLS) process. Choosing nylon powder in SLS technology as a raw material and the flow behavior of nylon powder is studied by discrete element method(DEM),which is a hot topic of numerical simulation and powder spreading process optimization in Additive Manufacturing.Based on Hertz-Mindlin model, Hamaker theory model and Coulomb's law, Van der Waals and electrostatic force are introduced to describe the contact dynamics of nylon powder at preheating temperature. The DEM model of nylon powder at preheating temperature was established based on the mechanical parameters and the rationality of the model was verified by comparing with the experimental results. The flow process of nylon powder in a heated rotating roller was simulated by DEM which checked the correctness of the model. The effects of particle size and particle size distribution on the flow characteristics of nylon powder were studied. The results show that the adhesion force of nylon powder is the result of the interaction of electrostatic force and van der Waals force. With the increase of particle size, the collapse angle of nylon powder decreases and the fluidity of nylon powder increases. And the nylon powder fluidity with uniform particle size distribution is stronger than that of Gaussian particle size distribution. The results can guide the optimization of powder spreading process in SLS.
Nylon powder is a commonly used powder material in Additive Manufacturing whose fluidity is closely related to temperature. Exploring powder fluidity at preheating temperature in Additive Manufacturing is the basis for studying the fluidity and spreading properties of powder in selective laser sintering(SLS) process. Choosing nylon powder in SLS technology as a raw material and the flow behavior of nylon powder is studied by discrete element method(DEM),which is a hot topic of numerical simulation and powder spreading process optimization in Additive Manufacturing.Based on Hertz-Mindlin model, Hamaker theory model and Coulomb's law, Van der Waals and electrostatic force are introduced to describe the contact dynamics of nylon powder at preheating temperature. The DEM model of nylon powder at preheating temperature was established based on the mechanical parameters and the rationality of the model was verified by comparing with the experimental results. The flow process of nylon powder in a heated rotating roller was simulated by DEM which checked the correctness of the model. The effects of particle size and particle size distribution on the flow characteristics of nylon powder were studied. The results show that the adhesion force of nylon powder is the result of the interaction of electrostatic force and van der Waals force. With the increase of particle size, the collapse angle of nylon powder decreases and the fluidity of nylon powder increases. And the nylon powder fluidity with uniform particle size distribution is stronger than that of Gaussian particle size distribution. The results can guide the optimization of powder spreading process in SLS.
引文
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8 Maarup C,Hjuler K,Dam-Johansen K.High temperature cement raw meal flowability.Powder Technology,2014,253:686-690
9 Krantz M,Zhang H,Zhu J.Characterization of powder flow:Static and dynamic testing.Powder Technology,2009,194(3):239-245
10季顺迎,孙珊珊,陈晓东.颗粒材料剪切流动状态转变的环剪试验研究.力学学报,2016,48(5):1061-1072(Ji Shunying,Sun Shanshan,Chen Xiaodong.Shear cell test on transition of shear flow states of granular materials.Chinese Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics,2016,48(5):1061-1072(in Chinese))
11 Goodridge RD,Tuck CJ,Hague RJM.Laser sintering of polyamides and other polymers.Progress in Materials Science,2012,57(2):229-267
12 Yang RY,Zou RP,Yu AB.Computer simulation of the packing of fine particles.Phys Rev E Stat Phys Plasmas Fluids Relat Interdiscip Topics,2000,62(3):3900-3908
13 Li Q,Rudolph V,Weigl B,et al.Interparticle van der Waals force in powder flowability and compactibility.International Journal of Pharmaceutics,2004,280(1):77-93
14 Steuben JC,Iliopoulos AP,Michopoulos J G.Discrete element modeling of particle-based additive manufacturing processes.Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics&Engineering,2016,305:537-561
15 Ganeriwala R,Zohdi T I.Multiphysics modeling and simulation of selective laser sintering manufacturing processes.Procedia Cirp,2014,14:299-304
16 Tan YQ,Zheng JH,Gao W,et al.The effect of powder flowability in the selective laser sintering process.Springer Proceedings in Physics,2016,188:629-636
17 Chen H,Wei Q,Wen S,et al.Flow behavior of powder particles in layering process of selective laser melting:Numerical modeling and experimental verification based on discrete element method.International Journal of Machine Tools&Manufacture,2017,123:146-159
18向召伟,殷鸣,邓珍波等.增材制造技术粉床的数值模拟与分析.四川大学学报(工程科学版),2016,48(2):191-197(Xiang Zhaowei,Yin Ming,Deng Zhenbo,et al.Simulation and analysis of powder bed for additive manufacturing.Journal of Sichan University(Engineering Science Edition),2016,48(2):191-197(in Chinese))
19 Parteli EJR,P¨oschel T.Particle-based simulation of powder application in additive manufacturing.Powder Technology,2016,288:96-102
20 Gady B,Schleef D,Reifenberger R,et al.Identification of electrostatic and van der Waals interaction forces between a micrometersize sphere and a flat substrate.Physical Review B Condensed Matter,1996,53(12):8065-8070
21 Jia T,Zhang Y,Chen JK,et al.Dynamic simulation of granular packing of fine cohesive particles with different size distributions.Powder Technology,2012,218(1):76-85
22 Hamaker HC.The London-van der Waals attraction between spherical particles.Physica,1937,4(10):1058-1072
23 Greason WD.Investigation of a test methodology for triboelectrification.Electrical overstress/electrostatic Discharge Symposium Proceedings.IEEE,2000,49:344-351
24 Hughes FJ.Electrostatics:Principles,problems and applications.Physics Bulletin,1987,38(11):424-424
25 Jiang P,Bi H,Liang SC,et al.Hydrodynamic behavior of circulating fluidized bed with polymeric particles.Aiche Journal,1994,40(2):193-206
26魏征,孙岩,王再冉等.轻敲模式下原子力显微镜的能量耗散.力学学报,2017,49(6):1301-1311(Wei Zheng,Sun Yan,Wang Zairan,et al.Energy dissipation in tapping mode atomic force microscopy.Chinese Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics,2017,49(6):1301-1311(in Chinese))
27 Argento C,French RH.Parametric tip model and force-distance relation for hamaker constant determination from atomic force microscopy.Journal of Applied Physics,1996,80(11):6081-6090
28肖湘武.考虑细观作用力的尼龙粉末选择性激光烧结铺粉工艺研究.[博士论文].湘潭:湘潭大学,2018(Xiao Xiangwu.Research on Paving Process of Nylon Powder Considering Mesoscopic forces in Selective Laser Sintering.[PhD Thesis].Xiangtan:Xiangtan University,2018(in Chinese))
29 Pei C,Wu CY,Adams M.DEM-CFD analysis of contact electrification and electrostatic interactions during fluidization.Powder Technology,2016,304:208-217
30 Pei C,Wu CY,England D,et al.Numerical analysis of contact electrification using DEM-CFD.Powder Technology,2013,248(2):34-43
31 Spierings AB,Voegtlin M,Bauer T,et al.Powder flowability characterisation methodology for powder-bed-based metal additive manufacturing.Progress in Additive Manufacturing,2016,1(1-2):9-20
32 Xiao X,Tan Y,Zhang H,et al.Experimental and DEM studies on the particle mixing performance in rotating drums:Effect of area ratio.Powder Technology,2017,314:182-194
33闫明,段文山,陈琼等.不同形状混合器中二元颗粒的分聚与混合研究.力学学报,2016,48(1):64-75(Yan Ming,Duan Wenshan,Chen Qiong,et al.The segregation and mixing of binary granular systems in rotating mixer with different cross-sections.Chinese Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics,2016,48(1):64-75(in Chinese))
2 Kruth JP,Wang X,Laoui T,et al.Lasers and materials in selective laser sintering.Assembly Automation,2013,23(4):357-371
3 Olakanmi EO,Cochrane RF,Dalgarno KW.A review on selective laser sintering/melting(SLS/SLM)of aluminium alloy powders:Processing,microstructure,and properties.Progress in Materials Science,2015,74:401-477
4卢秉恒,李涤尘.增材制造(3D打印)技术发展.机械制造与自动化,2013,42(4):99-101(Lu Bingheng,Li Dichen,et al.Development of the additive manufacturing(3D printing)technology.Machine Building and Automation,20013,42(4):99-101(in Chinese))
5刘景博,刘世锋,刘全明等.选区激光烧结用粉末材料研究进展.兵器材料科学与工程,2018,41(4):111-116(Liu Jingbo,Liu Shifeng,Liu Quanming,et al.Research progress in powder materials for selective laser sintering.Ordnance Material Science and Engineering,2018,41(4):111-116(in Chinese))
6李湘生,黄树槐,黎建军等.激光选区烧结中铺粉过程分析.现代制造工程,2008(2):99-101(Li Xiangshen,Huang Shuhuai,Li Jianjun,et al.Investigation on powder paving process of SLS.Modern Manufacturing Engineering,2008(2):99-101(in Chinese))
7李湘生,史玉升,黄树槐.激光选区烧结成形机的粉末预热研究.机械工程学报,2002,38(3):94-94(Li Xiangsheng,Shi Yusheng,Huang Shuhuai.Study on powder preheating of selective sintering laser.Journal of Mechanical Engineering,2002,38(3):94-94(in Chinese))
8 Maarup C,Hjuler K,Dam-Johansen K.High temperature cement raw meal flowability.Powder Technology,2014,253:686-690
9 Krantz M,Zhang H,Zhu J.Characterization of powder flow:Static and dynamic testing.Powder Technology,2009,194(3):239-245
10季顺迎,孙珊珊,陈晓东.颗粒材料剪切流动状态转变的环剪试验研究.力学学报,2016,48(5):1061-1072(Ji Shunying,Sun Shanshan,Chen Xiaodong.Shear cell test on transition of shear flow states of granular materials.Chinese Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics,2016,48(5):1061-1072(in Chinese))
11 Goodridge RD,Tuck CJ,Hague RJM.Laser sintering of polyamides and other polymers.Progress in Materials Science,2012,57(2):229-267
12 Yang RY,Zou RP,Yu AB.Computer simulation of the packing of fine particles.Phys Rev E Stat Phys Plasmas Fluids Relat Interdiscip Topics,2000,62(3):3900-3908
13 Li Q,Rudolph V,Weigl B,et al.Interparticle van der Waals force in powder flowability and compactibility.International Journal of Pharmaceutics,2004,280(1):77-93
14 Steuben JC,Iliopoulos AP,Michopoulos J G.Discrete element modeling of particle-based additive manufacturing processes.Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics&Engineering,2016,305:537-561
15 Ganeriwala R,Zohdi T I.Multiphysics modeling and simulation of selective laser sintering manufacturing processes.Procedia Cirp,2014,14:299-304
16 Tan YQ,Zheng JH,Gao W,et al.The effect of powder flowability in the selective laser sintering process.Springer Proceedings in Physics,2016,188:629-636
17 Chen H,Wei Q,Wen S,et al.Flow behavior of powder particles in layering process of selective laser melting:Numerical modeling and experimental verification based on discrete element method.International Journal of Machine Tools&Manufacture,2017,123:146-159
18向召伟,殷鸣,邓珍波等.增材制造技术粉床的数值模拟与分析.四川大学学报(工程科学版),2016,48(2):191-197(Xiang Zhaowei,Yin Ming,Deng Zhenbo,et al.Simulation and analysis of powder bed for additive manufacturing.Journal of Sichan University(Engineering Science Edition),2016,48(2):191-197(in Chinese))
19 Parteli EJR,P¨oschel T.Particle-based simulation of powder application in additive manufacturing.Powder Technology,2016,288:96-102
20 Gady B,Schleef D,Reifenberger R,et al.Identification of electrostatic and van der Waals interaction forces between a micrometersize sphere and a flat substrate.Physical Review B Condensed Matter,1996,53(12):8065-8070
21 Jia T,Zhang Y,Chen JK,et al.Dynamic simulation of granular packing of fine cohesive particles with different size distributions.Powder Technology,2012,218(1):76-85
22 Hamaker HC.The London-van der Waals attraction between spherical particles.Physica,1937,4(10):1058-1072
23 Greason WD.Investigation of a test methodology for triboelectrification.Electrical overstress/electrostatic Discharge Symposium Proceedings.IEEE,2000,49:344-351
24 Hughes FJ.Electrostatics:Principles,problems and applications.Physics Bulletin,1987,38(11):424-424
25 Jiang P,Bi H,Liang SC,et al.Hydrodynamic behavior of circulating fluidized bed with polymeric particles.Aiche Journal,1994,40(2):193-206
26魏征,孙岩,王再冉等.轻敲模式下原子力显微镜的能量耗散.力学学报,2017,49(6):1301-1311(Wei Zheng,Sun Yan,Wang Zairan,et al.Energy dissipation in tapping mode atomic force microscopy.Chinese Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics,2017,49(6):1301-1311(in Chinese))
27 Argento C,French RH.Parametric tip model and force-distance relation for hamaker constant determination from atomic force microscopy.Journal of Applied Physics,1996,80(11):6081-6090
28肖湘武.考虑细观作用力的尼龙粉末选择性激光烧结铺粉工艺研究.[博士论文].湘潭:湘潭大学,2018(Xiao Xiangwu.Research on Paving Process of Nylon Powder Considering Mesoscopic forces in Selective Laser Sintering.[PhD Thesis].Xiangtan:Xiangtan University,2018(in Chinese))
29 Pei C,Wu CY,Adams M.DEM-CFD analysis of contact electrification and electrostatic interactions during fluidization.Powder Technology,2016,304:208-217
30 Pei C,Wu CY,England D,et al.Numerical analysis of contact electrification using DEM-CFD.Powder Technology,2013,248(2):34-43
31 Spierings AB,Voegtlin M,Bauer T,et al.Powder flowability characterisation methodology for powder-bed-based metal additive manufacturing.Progress in Additive Manufacturing,2016,1(1-2):9-20
32 Xiao X,Tan Y,Zhang H,et al.Experimental and DEM studies on the particle mixing performance in rotating drums:Effect of area ratio.Powder Technology,2017,314:182-194
33闫明,段文山,陈琼等.不同形状混合器中二元颗粒的分聚与混合研究.力学学报,2016,48(1):64-75(Yan Ming,Duan Wenshan,Chen Qiong,et al.The segregation and mixing of binary granular systems in rotating mixer with different cross-sections.Chinese Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics,2016,48(1):64-75(in Chinese))
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