水位变化对正倒锥体冰载荷影响的离散元分析
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摘要
在海冰与锥体海洋结构的相互作用过程中,潮汐水位变化时海冰作用于锥体结构的位置改变对冰载荷具有显著影响.本文采用具有粘结破碎功能的离散元方法计算海冰与锥体作用的破坏过程.同时考虑海冰上下表面温度差异对海冰强度的影响,将离散元计算冰载荷及海冰破坏模式与渤海现场实测数据进行对比验证.离散元结果表明,海冰与正锥和倒锥碰撞时均发生弯曲破坏,且冰载荷均随水线处锥径的增大而增大.在水线处锥径相同的情况下,正锥冰载荷大于倒锥冰载荷,而正锥作用下海冰的断裂长度则较小.基于离散元计算结果和渤海现场观测资料分析了海冰与正锥、倒锥作用时冰载荷和断裂长度差异的主要原因.海冰与正倒锥交界线处作用时,一般发生弯曲破坏.当冰层中心高度与正倒锥交界线的高度相同时,海冰才会发生局部挤压破碎,但冰荷载并没有明显升高.由此可见,倒锥体结构可有效降低冰载荷从而具有较好的抗冰性能.以上研究表明离散元方法可确定海冰与锥体结构作用时的海冰破碎规律和冰载荷特性,为海洋工程结构的抗冰设计提供参考依据.
During the interaction between the sea ice and the conical structure, the ice load is affected by the position of the sea ice acting on the conical structure when the tidal water level changes. In this study, the discrete element method(DEM) with the bond and failure model is adopted to simulate the breaking process of sea ice acting on the conical structure. In DEM simulations, the influence of the ice temperature at the top and bottom surface of ice cover on the ice strength is considered. The ice load and the failure mode of ice cover simulated with DEM are compared well with the field data in the Bohai Sea. The DEM results indicate that the bending failure of ice cover occurs when it acts on the upward or downward cone. For both of the upward and downward cone, the ice load increases with the increase of the cone diameter at water level, but the ice load on upward cone is larger than that of downward cone. Meanwhile, the breaking length of ice cover on upward cone is smaller than that on the downward cone. The reasons for the differenceof ice load and breaking length between upward cone and downward cone are analyzed based on the DEM results and the filed observation in the Bohai Sea. Moreover, when the sea ice interacts with the interface of upward and downward cone, bending damage generally occurs. When the height of the ice cover center is very close to the height of the upwarddownward cone interface, the local ice crushing occurs, but the ice load does not increase significantly. Therefore, the downward conical structure has better performance of ice resistance with effectively reducing the ice load. The DEM can be adopted to understand the mechanism of ice cover failure process, and provide reference for the anti-ice design of structures in cold ocean engineering.
During the interaction between the sea ice and the conical structure, the ice load is affected by the position of the sea ice acting on the conical structure when the tidal water level changes. In this study, the discrete element method(DEM) with the bond and failure model is adopted to simulate the breaking process of sea ice acting on the conical structure. In DEM simulations, the influence of the ice temperature at the top and bottom surface of ice cover on the ice strength is considered. The ice load and the failure mode of ice cover simulated with DEM are compared well with the field data in the Bohai Sea. The DEM results indicate that the bending failure of ice cover occurs when it acts on the upward or downward cone. For both of the upward and downward cone, the ice load increases with the increase of the cone diameter at water level, but the ice load on upward cone is larger than that of downward cone. Meanwhile, the breaking length of ice cover on upward cone is smaller than that on the downward cone. The reasons for the differenceof ice load and breaking length between upward cone and downward cone are analyzed based on the DEM results and the filed observation in the Bohai Sea. Moreover, when the sea ice interacts with the interface of upward and downward cone, bending damage generally occurs. When the height of the ice cover center is very close to the height of the upwarddownward cone interface, the local ice crushing occurs, but the ice load does not increase significantly. Therefore, the downward conical structure has better performance of ice resistance with effectively reducing the ice load. The DEM can be adopted to understand the mechanism of ice cover failure process, and provide reference for the anti-ice design of structures in cold ocean engineering.
引文
1 Yue Q,Bi X.Ice-induced jacket structure vibrations in Bohai Sea.Journal of Cold Regions Engineering,2000,14(2):81-92
2 Timco GW,Wright BD,Barker A,et al.Ice damage zone around the Molikpaq:Implications for evacuation systems.Cold Regions Science and Technology,2006,44(1):67-85
3 Brown TG,M¨a¨att¨anen M.Comparison of Kemi-I and Confederation Bridge cone ice load measurement results.Cold Regions Science and Technology,2009,55(1):3-13
4季顺迎,王安良,苏洁等.环渤海海冰弯曲强度的试验测试及特性分析.水科学进展,2011,22(2):266-272(Ji Shunying,Wang Anliang,Su Jie,et al.Experimental studies and characteristics analysis of sea ice flexural strength around the Bohai Sea,Advances in Water Science,2011,22(2):266-272(in Chinese))
5 Ji S,Di S,Liu S.Analysis of ice load on conical structure with discrete element method.Engineering Computations,2015,32(4):1121-1134
6季顺迎,王安良,车啸飞等.锥体导管架海洋平台冰激结构振动响应分析.海洋工程,2011,29(2):32-38(Ji Shunying,Wang Anliang,Che Xiaofei,et al.Analysis of ice-induced structure vibration of offshore jacket platform with ice breaking cone.The Ocean Engineering,2011,29(2):32-38(in Chinese))
7关湃,黄焱,万军等.基于模型试验的导管架平台抗冰锥体优化设计.中国海洋平台,2017,32(4):7-13(Guan Pai,Huang Yan,Wan Jun,et al.,Optimal design of jacket platforms’anti-iceing conical structures based on model tests.China Offshore Platform,2017,32(4):7-13(in Chinese))
8单仁亮,白瑶,黄鹏程等.三向受力条件下淡水冰破坏准则研究.力学学报,2017,49(2):467-477(Shan Renliang,Bai Yao,Huang Pengcheng,et al.Experimental research on failure criteria of freshwater ice under triaxial compressive stress.Chinese Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics,2017,49(2):467-477(in Chinese))
9 Polojrvi A,Tuhkuri J.On modeling cohesive ridge keel punch through tests with a combined finite-discrete element method.Cold Regions Science and Technology,2013,85:191-205
10吴汶洁,刘文光,范道安.海洋平台基于隔振锥体装置的减振效应研究.海洋工程,2015,33(5):89-96(Wu Wenjie,Liu Wenguang,Fan Daoan.Effectiveness analysis of vibration suppression for offshore structures with vibration isolation cone.The Ocean Engineering,2015,33(5):89-96(in Chinese))
11 Croasdale KR.Ice rubbling and ice interaction with offshore facilities.Cold Regions Science and Technology,2012,76-77(1):37-43
12李紫麟,刘煜,孙珊珊等.船舶在碎冰区航行的离散元模型及冰载荷分析.力学学报,2013,45(6):868-877(Li Zilin,Liu Yu,Sun Shanshan,et al.Analysis of ship maneuvering performances and ice loads and ship hull with discrete element model in broken-ice fields.Chinese Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics,2013,45(6):868-877(in Chinese))
13刘璐,龙雪,季顺迎.基于扩展多面体的离散单元法及其作用于圆桩的冰载荷计算.力学学报,2015,47(6):1046-1057(Liu Lu,Long Xue,Ji Shunying.Dilated polyhedral based discrete element method and its application of ice load on cylindrical pile.Chinese Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics,2015,47(6):1046-1057(in Chinese))
14岳前进,毕祥军,于晓等.锥体结构的冰激振动与冰力函数.土木工程学报,2003,36(2):16-19(Yue Qianjin,Bi Xiangjun,Yu Xiao,et al.Ice-induced vibration and ice force function of conical structure.China Civil Engineering Journal,2003,36(2):16-19(in Chinese))
15屈衍,岳前进,Casey B.冰与锥体作用破碎周期及破碎长度分析.冰川冻土,2003,25(s2):126-129(Qu Yan,Yue Qianjin,Casey B.Analysis of ice sheet break period and length on the ice breaking cone.Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2003,25(s2):126-129(in Chinese))
16 Qu Y,Yue Q,Bi X,et al.A random ice force model for narrow conical structures.Cold Regions Science and Technology,2006,45:148-157
17 Xu N,Yue Q,Bi X,et al.Experimental study of dynamic conical ice force.Cold Regions Science and Technology,2015,120:21-29
18 Tian Y,Huang Y.The dynamic ice loads on conical structures.Ocean Engineering,2013,59:37-46
19曲月霞,李广伟,李志军等.正倒锥体结构上冰力谱分析实验研究.海洋工程,2001,19(3):38-42(Qu Yuexia,Li Guangwei,Li Zhijun,et al.,Analysis of ice force spectrum in physical experiments.The Ocean Engineering,2001,19(3):38-42(in Chinese))
20史庆增,黄焱,宋安等.锥体冰力的实验研究.海洋工程,2004,22(1):88-92(Shi Qingzeng,Huang Yan,Song An,et al.,Experimental study of ice force on conical structures.The Ocean Engineering,2004,22(1):88-92(in Chinese))
21黄焱,袁光奇,马健钧.海冰弯曲破坏下的破坏准则数值模拟方法研究.数学的实践与认识,2014,44(23):115-126(Huang Yan,Yuan Guangqi,Ma Jianjun.Methodology research on the numerical simulation of the bending failure of sea ice.Mathematics in Practice and Theory,2014,44(23):115-126(in Chinese))
22 Polojrvi A,Tuhkuri J,Pustogvar A.DEM simulations of direct shear box experiments of ice rubble:Force chains and peak loads.Cold Regions Science and Technology,2015,116:12-23
23韩雷,李锋,岳前进.冰-锥相互作用破坏全过程的有限元模拟.中国海洋平台,2007,22(2):22-27(Han Lei,Li Feng,Yue Qianjin.Simulation of the whole failure process by FEM during ice-conical structures interaction.China Offshore Platform,2007,22(2):22-27(in Chinese))
24刘亚男,李辉,刘煜文等.基于SPH方法的连续式破冰数值模拟.船舶力学,2017(s1):321-327(Liu Yanan,Li Hui,Liu Yuwen,et al.Numerical simulation of the continuous ice breaking based on SPH method.Journal of Ship Mechanics,2017(s1):321-327(in Chinese))
25 Liu M,Wang Q,Lu W.Peridynamic simulation of brittle-ice crushed by a vertical structure.International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering,2016,9(2):1-10
26 Cundall PA,Strack ODL.A discrete numerical model for granular assemblies.Geotechnique,1979,29(1):47-65
27孙其诚,王光谦.颗粒流动力学及其离散模型评述.力学进展,2008,38(2):87-100(Sun Qicheng,Wang Guangqian.Review on granular flow dynamics and its discrete element method.Advances in Mechanics,2008,38(2):87-100(in Chinese))
28王嗣强,季顺迎.考虑等效曲率的超二次曲面单元非线性接触模型.力学学报,2018,50(5):1081-1092(Wang Siqiang,Ji Shunying.Non-linear contact model for super-quadric element considering the equivalent radius of curvature.Chinese Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics,2018,50(5):1081-1092(in Chinese))
29冯春,李世海,刘晓宇.基于颗粒离散元法的连接键应变软化模型及其应用.力学学报,2016,48(1):76-85(Feng Chun,Li Shihai,Liu Xiaoyu.Particle-DEM based linked bar strain softening model and its application.Chinese Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics,2016,48(1):76-85(in Chinese))
30熊迅,李天密,马棋棋等.石英玻璃圆环高速膨胀碎裂过程的离散元模拟.力学学报,2018,50(3):622-632(Xiong Xun,Li Tianmi,Ma Qiqi,et al.Discrete element simulations of the high velocity expension and fragmentation of qartz glass rings.Chinese Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics,2018,50(3):622-632(in Chinese))
31 Hopkins MA.Onshore ice pile-up:A comparison between experiments and simulations.Cold Regions Science and Technology,1997,26(3):205-214
32 Paavilainen J,Tuhkuri J.Pressure distributions and force chains during simulated ice rubbling against sloped structures.Cold Regions Science and Technology,2013,85:157-174
33 Lau M,Lawrence KP,Rothenburg L.Discrete element analysis of ice loads on ships and structures.Ships and Offshore Structures,2011,6(3):211-221
34狄少丞,季顺迎.海冰自升式海洋平台相互作用的GPU离散元模拟.力学学报,2014,46(4):561-571(Di Shaocheng,Ji Shunying.GPU-based discreate element modelling of of interaction between sea ice and jack-up platform structure.Chinese Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics,2014,46(4):561-571(in Chinese))
35龙雪,季顺迎,王跃方.红沿河核电站取水口海冰堆积特性的离散元分析.海洋工程,2018,36(3):51-58(Long Xue,Ji Shunying,Wang Yuefang.Analysis of sea ice pile-up features in water intakes of nuclear power station by discrete element method.The Ocean Engineering,2018,36(3):51-58(in Chinese))
36狄少丞,季顺迎,薛彦卓.船舶在平整冰区行进过程的离散元分析.海洋工程,2017,35(3):59-69(Di Shaocheng,Ji Shunying,Xue Yanzhuo.Analysis of ship navigation in level ice-covered regions with discrete element method.The Ocean Engineering,2017,35(3):59-69(in Chinese))
37 Potyondy DO,Cundall PA.A bonded-particle model for rock.International Journal of Rock Mechanics and mining Sciences,2004,41:1329-1364
38 Wang Y,Tonon F.Calibration of a discrete element model for intact rock up to its peak strength.International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics,2010,34(5):447-469
39 Long X,Ji SY,Wang Y.Validation of microparameters in discrete element modeling of sea ice failure process.Particulate Science and Technology,2018,DOI:10.1080/02726351.2017.1404515
40 Sodhi DS,Haehnel RB.Crushing ice forces on structures.Journal of Cold Regions Engineering,2003,17(4),153-170
41 Jordaan I,Bruce J,Dan M,et al.Local ice pressures for multiyear ice accounting for exposure.Cold Regions Science and Technology,2010,61(2-3):97-106
42 Kuutti J,Kolari K,Marjavaara P.Simulation of ice crushing experiments with cohesive surface methodology.Cold Regions Science and Technology,2013,92(92):17-28
2 Timco GW,Wright BD,Barker A,et al.Ice damage zone around the Molikpaq:Implications for evacuation systems.Cold Regions Science and Technology,2006,44(1):67-85
3 Brown TG,M¨a¨att¨anen M.Comparison of Kemi-I and Confederation Bridge cone ice load measurement results.Cold Regions Science and Technology,2009,55(1):3-13
4季顺迎,王安良,苏洁等.环渤海海冰弯曲强度的试验测试及特性分析.水科学进展,2011,22(2):266-272(Ji Shunying,Wang Anliang,Su Jie,et al.Experimental studies and characteristics analysis of sea ice flexural strength around the Bohai Sea,Advances in Water Science,2011,22(2):266-272(in Chinese))
5 Ji S,Di S,Liu S.Analysis of ice load on conical structure with discrete element method.Engineering Computations,2015,32(4):1121-1134
6季顺迎,王安良,车啸飞等.锥体导管架海洋平台冰激结构振动响应分析.海洋工程,2011,29(2):32-38(Ji Shunying,Wang Anliang,Che Xiaofei,et al.Analysis of ice-induced structure vibration of offshore jacket platform with ice breaking cone.The Ocean Engineering,2011,29(2):32-38(in Chinese))
7关湃,黄焱,万军等.基于模型试验的导管架平台抗冰锥体优化设计.中国海洋平台,2017,32(4):7-13(Guan Pai,Huang Yan,Wan Jun,et al.,Optimal design of jacket platforms’anti-iceing conical structures based on model tests.China Offshore Platform,2017,32(4):7-13(in Chinese))
8单仁亮,白瑶,黄鹏程等.三向受力条件下淡水冰破坏准则研究.力学学报,2017,49(2):467-477(Shan Renliang,Bai Yao,Huang Pengcheng,et al.Experimental research on failure criteria of freshwater ice under triaxial compressive stress.Chinese Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics,2017,49(2):467-477(in Chinese))
9 Polojrvi A,Tuhkuri J.On modeling cohesive ridge keel punch through tests with a combined finite-discrete element method.Cold Regions Science and Technology,2013,85:191-205
10吴汶洁,刘文光,范道安.海洋平台基于隔振锥体装置的减振效应研究.海洋工程,2015,33(5):89-96(Wu Wenjie,Liu Wenguang,Fan Daoan.Effectiveness analysis of vibration suppression for offshore structures with vibration isolation cone.The Ocean Engineering,2015,33(5):89-96(in Chinese))
11 Croasdale KR.Ice rubbling and ice interaction with offshore facilities.Cold Regions Science and Technology,2012,76-77(1):37-43
12李紫麟,刘煜,孙珊珊等.船舶在碎冰区航行的离散元模型及冰载荷分析.力学学报,2013,45(6):868-877(Li Zilin,Liu Yu,Sun Shanshan,et al.Analysis of ship maneuvering performances and ice loads and ship hull with discrete element model in broken-ice fields.Chinese Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics,2013,45(6):868-877(in Chinese))
13刘璐,龙雪,季顺迎.基于扩展多面体的离散单元法及其作用于圆桩的冰载荷计算.力学学报,2015,47(6):1046-1057(Liu Lu,Long Xue,Ji Shunying.Dilated polyhedral based discrete element method and its application of ice load on cylindrical pile.Chinese Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics,2015,47(6):1046-1057(in Chinese))
14岳前进,毕祥军,于晓等.锥体结构的冰激振动与冰力函数.土木工程学报,2003,36(2):16-19(Yue Qianjin,Bi Xiangjun,Yu Xiao,et al.Ice-induced vibration and ice force function of conical structure.China Civil Engineering Journal,2003,36(2):16-19(in Chinese))
15屈衍,岳前进,Casey B.冰与锥体作用破碎周期及破碎长度分析.冰川冻土,2003,25(s2):126-129(Qu Yan,Yue Qianjin,Casey B.Analysis of ice sheet break period and length on the ice breaking cone.Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2003,25(s2):126-129(in Chinese))
16 Qu Y,Yue Q,Bi X,et al.A random ice force model for narrow conical structures.Cold Regions Science and Technology,2006,45:148-157
17 Xu N,Yue Q,Bi X,et al.Experimental study of dynamic conical ice force.Cold Regions Science and Technology,2015,120:21-29
18 Tian Y,Huang Y.The dynamic ice loads on conical structures.Ocean Engineering,2013,59:37-46
19曲月霞,李广伟,李志军等.正倒锥体结构上冰力谱分析实验研究.海洋工程,2001,19(3):38-42(Qu Yuexia,Li Guangwei,Li Zhijun,et al.,Analysis of ice force spectrum in physical experiments.The Ocean Engineering,2001,19(3):38-42(in Chinese))
20史庆增,黄焱,宋安等.锥体冰力的实验研究.海洋工程,2004,22(1):88-92(Shi Qingzeng,Huang Yan,Song An,et al.,Experimental study of ice force on conical structures.The Ocean Engineering,2004,22(1):88-92(in Chinese))
21黄焱,袁光奇,马健钧.海冰弯曲破坏下的破坏准则数值模拟方法研究.数学的实践与认识,2014,44(23):115-126(Huang Yan,Yuan Guangqi,Ma Jianjun.Methodology research on the numerical simulation of the bending failure of sea ice.Mathematics in Practice and Theory,2014,44(23):115-126(in Chinese))
22 Polojrvi A,Tuhkuri J,Pustogvar A.DEM simulations of direct shear box experiments of ice rubble:Force chains and peak loads.Cold Regions Science and Technology,2015,116:12-23
23韩雷,李锋,岳前进.冰-锥相互作用破坏全过程的有限元模拟.中国海洋平台,2007,22(2):22-27(Han Lei,Li Feng,Yue Qianjin.Simulation of the whole failure process by FEM during ice-conical structures interaction.China Offshore Platform,2007,22(2):22-27(in Chinese))
24刘亚男,李辉,刘煜文等.基于SPH方法的连续式破冰数值模拟.船舶力学,2017(s1):321-327(Liu Yanan,Li Hui,Liu Yuwen,et al.Numerical simulation of the continuous ice breaking based on SPH method.Journal of Ship Mechanics,2017(s1):321-327(in Chinese))
25 Liu M,Wang Q,Lu W.Peridynamic simulation of brittle-ice crushed by a vertical structure.International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering,2016,9(2):1-10
26 Cundall PA,Strack ODL.A discrete numerical model for granular assemblies.Geotechnique,1979,29(1):47-65
27孙其诚,王光谦.颗粒流动力学及其离散模型评述.力学进展,2008,38(2):87-100(Sun Qicheng,Wang Guangqian.Review on granular flow dynamics and its discrete element method.Advances in Mechanics,2008,38(2):87-100(in Chinese))
28王嗣强,季顺迎.考虑等效曲率的超二次曲面单元非线性接触模型.力学学报,2018,50(5):1081-1092(Wang Siqiang,Ji Shunying.Non-linear contact model for super-quadric element considering the equivalent radius of curvature.Chinese Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics,2018,50(5):1081-1092(in Chinese))
29冯春,李世海,刘晓宇.基于颗粒离散元法的连接键应变软化模型及其应用.力学学报,2016,48(1):76-85(Feng Chun,Li Shihai,Liu Xiaoyu.Particle-DEM based linked bar strain softening model and its application.Chinese Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics,2016,48(1):76-85(in Chinese))
30熊迅,李天密,马棋棋等.石英玻璃圆环高速膨胀碎裂过程的离散元模拟.力学学报,2018,50(3):622-632(Xiong Xun,Li Tianmi,Ma Qiqi,et al.Discrete element simulations of the high velocity expension and fragmentation of qartz glass rings.Chinese Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics,2018,50(3):622-632(in Chinese))
31 Hopkins MA.Onshore ice pile-up:A comparison between experiments and simulations.Cold Regions Science and Technology,1997,26(3):205-214
32 Paavilainen J,Tuhkuri J.Pressure distributions and force chains during simulated ice rubbling against sloped structures.Cold Regions Science and Technology,2013,85:157-174
33 Lau M,Lawrence KP,Rothenburg L.Discrete element analysis of ice loads on ships and structures.Ships and Offshore Structures,2011,6(3):211-221
34狄少丞,季顺迎.海冰自升式海洋平台相互作用的GPU离散元模拟.力学学报,2014,46(4):561-571(Di Shaocheng,Ji Shunying.GPU-based discreate element modelling of of interaction between sea ice and jack-up platform structure.Chinese Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics,2014,46(4):561-571(in Chinese))
35龙雪,季顺迎,王跃方.红沿河核电站取水口海冰堆积特性的离散元分析.海洋工程,2018,36(3):51-58(Long Xue,Ji Shunying,Wang Yuefang.Analysis of sea ice pile-up features in water intakes of nuclear power station by discrete element method.The Ocean Engineering,2018,36(3):51-58(in Chinese))
36狄少丞,季顺迎,薛彦卓.船舶在平整冰区行进过程的离散元分析.海洋工程,2017,35(3):59-69(Di Shaocheng,Ji Shunying,Xue Yanzhuo.Analysis of ship navigation in level ice-covered regions with discrete element method.The Ocean Engineering,2017,35(3):59-69(in Chinese))
37 Potyondy DO,Cundall PA.A bonded-particle model for rock.International Journal of Rock Mechanics and mining Sciences,2004,41:1329-1364
38 Wang Y,Tonon F.Calibration of a discrete element model for intact rock up to its peak strength.International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics,2010,34(5):447-469
39 Long X,Ji SY,Wang Y.Validation of microparameters in discrete element modeling of sea ice failure process.Particulate Science and Technology,2018,DOI:10.1080/02726351.2017.1404515
40 Sodhi DS,Haehnel RB.Crushing ice forces on structures.Journal of Cold Regions Engineering,2003,17(4),153-170
41 Jordaan I,Bruce J,Dan M,et al.Local ice pressures for multiyear ice accounting for exposure.Cold Regions Science and Technology,2010,61(2-3):97-106
42 Kuutti J,Kolari K,Marjavaara P.Simulation of ice crushing experiments with cohesive surface methodology.Cold Regions Science and Technology,2013,92(92):17-28
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