黄土旱塬区土壤水分状况与作物生长、降水的关系
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摘要
土壤水分研究是统筹农业生产和生态环境建设的关键环节.本研究结合4年田间定位试验,通过对黄土高原南部长武旱塬冬小麦和春玉米2012—2015年土壤水分状况的研究,分析农田土壤干层形成情况、土壤水分对作物生长的影响、降水对土壤水库的影响以及作物对土壤水分状况的影响.结果表明:降水年型是冬小麦地土壤干层形成的主导因素,年内降水分布不均是春玉米地土壤干层形成的主导因素.长武旱塬区冬小麦和春玉米一年一季的种植制度不会导致永久性干层的产生;相较于春玉米,冬小麦根系生长习性更符合黄土旱塬区土壤水分循环特征,黄土旱塬区土壤水分有效性可保证作物产量稳定;降水作用下,冬小麦土壤水库充、放水过程呈现收获期、休闲期和苗期连续充水、缓慢消耗期和大量消耗期连续失水相互交替的特点.0～300和300～600 cm土层土壤水库不一致性现象明显,以最大根深作为野外监测试验中土壤含水量的取样深度时,由于深层土壤水库负反馈作用,不同降水年型下,休闲期和苗期的蒸散均会被高估,缓慢消耗期和大量消耗期的蒸散均会被低估.冬小麦田间过渡层存在的范围为140～360 cm;作物生长的时间跨度影响土壤水库效应的发挥,土壤水库对冬小麦供水表现为年际间的调节作用,土壤水库对春玉米供水表现为季节间的调节作用.
Studying soil water dynamics is critical to agricultural production and ecological environment construction. Based on a 4-year field experiment,we measured soil moisture in both winter wheat and spring corn fields in rain-fed Changwu Tableland of the Loess Plateau from 2012 to 2015,explored soil desiccation and analyzed the effects of soil moisture on crop growth,the effect of pre-cipitation on soil reservoir,and the effect of crop on soil water dynamics. The results showed that the dominant factor for the formation of dried soil layer was yearly precipitation pattern in winter wheat field and was uneven distribution of precipitation among months in each year in spring corn field. Permanent dried soil layer did not occur in both winter wheat and spring corn under the planting system of one crop a year in rain-fed Changwu Tableland. Due to the characteristics of soil water circulation in the Loess Tableland,planting winter wheat was more suitable for this region compared to spring corn. Soil water availability in the Loess Tableland area could ensure the stability of crop yield. Under the influence of precipitation, soil reservoir in winter wheat was consecutively recharged from harvest period to fallow period to seedling period,while from slow consumption period to large consumption period,soil reservoir was consecutively consumed. Soil reservoir in the depth of 0-300 and 300-600 cm was inconsistent. If the maximum root depth was used as sampling depth when measuring soil moisture,evapotranspiration would be overestimated in the fallow period and the seedling period,but would be underestimated in the large consumption period and slow consumption period. This was mainly due to the negative feedbacks of deep soil reservoir. In winter wheat field,transition layer existed and ranged from 140-360 cm. Crop growth at different stages had an effect on soil reservoir. Soil reservoir showed inter-annual regulation effect on the water supply to winter wheat and intra-annual regulation effect on spring corn.
Studying soil water dynamics is critical to agricultural production and ecological environment construction. Based on a 4-year field experiment,we measured soil moisture in both winter wheat and spring corn fields in rain-fed Changwu Tableland of the Loess Plateau from 2012 to 2015,explored soil desiccation and analyzed the effects of soil moisture on crop growth,the effect of pre-cipitation on soil reservoir,and the effect of crop on soil water dynamics. The results showed that the dominant factor for the formation of dried soil layer was yearly precipitation pattern in winter wheat field and was uneven distribution of precipitation among months in each year in spring corn field. Permanent dried soil layer did not occur in both winter wheat and spring corn under the planting system of one crop a year in rain-fed Changwu Tableland. Due to the characteristics of soil water circulation in the Loess Tableland,planting winter wheat was more suitable for this region compared to spring corn. Soil water availability in the Loess Tableland area could ensure the stability of crop yield. Under the influence of precipitation, soil reservoir in winter wheat was consecutively recharged from harvest period to fallow period to seedling period,while from slow consumption period to large consumption period,soil reservoir was consecutively consumed. Soil reservoir in the depth of 0-300 and 300-600 cm was inconsistent. If the maximum root depth was used as sampling depth when measuring soil moisture,evapotranspiration would be overestimated in the fallow period and the seedling period,but would be underestimated in the large consumption period and slow consumption period. This was mainly due to the negative feedbacks of deep soil reservoir. In winter wheat field,transition layer existed and ranged from 140-360 cm. Crop growth at different stages had an effect on soil reservoir. Soil reservoir showed inter-annual regulation effect on the water supply to winter wheat and intra-annual regulation effect on spring corn.
引文
[1]Hu L-J(胡良军),Shao M-A(邵明安).Review on water eco-environment in vegetation restoration in Loess Plateau.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2002,13(8):1045-1048(in Chinese)
[2]Shao M-A(邵明安),Jia X-X(贾小旭),Wang Y-Q(王云强),et al.A review of studies on dried soil layers in the Loess Plateau.Advances in Earth Science(地球科学进展),2016,31(1):14-22(in Chinese)
[3]Wang L(王力),Shao M-A(邵明安),Wang Q-J(王全九),et al.Review of research on soil desiccation in the Loess Plateau.Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(农业工程学报),2004,20(5):27-31(in Chinese)
[4]Li Y-S(李玉山).The properties of water cycle in soil and their effect on water cycle for land in the loess region.Acta Ecologica Sinica(生态学报),1983,3(2):91-101(in Chinese)
[5]Chen H-S(陈洪松),Shao M-A(邵明安).Standards for assessing desiccation of deep soil layer on Loess Plateau.Journal of Soil and Water Conservation(水土保持学报),2004,18(3):164-166(in Chinese)
[6]Chen H-S(陈洪松),Shao M-A(邵明安),Wang K-L(王克林).Numerical simulation of soil water balance of grassland on the Loess Plateau.Acta Pedologica Sinica(土壤学报),2005,42(3):353-359(in Chinese)
[7]Yang W-Z(杨文治),Tian J-L(田均良).Essential exploration of soil aridization in Loess Plateau.Acta Pedologica Sinica(土壤学报),2004,41(1):1-6(in Chinese)
[8]Zhang C-C(张晨成),Shao M-A(邵明安),Wang Y-Q(王云强).Spatial distribution of dried soil layers under different vegetation types at slope scale in loess region.Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(农业工程学报),2012,28(17):102-108(in Chinese)
[9]Li Y-S(李玉山).Fluctuation of yield on high-yield field and desiccation of the soil on dryland.Acta Pedologica Sinica(土壤学报),2001,38(3):353-356(in Chinese)
[10]Wang Y-P(王艳萍),Wang L(王力),Han X(韩雪),et al.Dynamics of soil moisture depletion and replenishment in different land use types of the Loess Tableland.Acta Ecologica Sinica(生态学报),2015,35(22):7571-7579(in Chinese)
[11]Li J(李军),Chen B(陈兵),Li X-F(李小芳),et al.Effects of deep soil desiccations on alfalfa grasslands in different rainfall areas of the Loess Plateau of China.Acta Ecologica Sinica(生态学报),2007,21(1):75-89(in Chinese)
[12]Cao Y(曹裕),Li J(李军),Zhang S-H(张社红),et al.Characteristics of deep soil desiccation of apple orchards in different weather and landform zones of Loess Plateau in China.Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(农业工程学报),2012,28(15):72-79(in Chinese)
[13]Fu B-J(傅伯杰),Zhao W-W(赵文武),Chen L-D(陈利顶).Progress and perspective of geographicalecological processes.Acta Geographica Sinica(地理学报),2006,61(11):1123-1131(in Chinese)
[14]Shao M-A(邵明安),Jia X-X(贾小旭),Zhu Y-J(朱元骏).A review of studies on dried soil layers in the Loess Plateau.Advances in Earth Science(地球科学进展),2016,31(1):14-22(in Chinese)
[15]Wang S-Y(王石言),Wang L(王力),Zhang J(张静),et al.Comparison of soil hydrological characteristics for main cropland and orchard in dry highland of the Loess Tableland.Science of Soil and Water Conservation(中国水土保持科学),2016,14(3):10-18(in Chinese)
[16]Li Y-S(李玉山),Shi Z-Y(史竹叶),Zhang X-Z(张孝中),et al.Influence factors and distribution characteristics of soil moisture in the small watershed of Changwu Wangdong gully.Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation(水土保持通报),1990,10(6):1-6(in Chinese)
[17]Wang Y-Q(王云强),Shao M-A(邵明安),Liu Z-P(刘志鹏).Spatial variability of soil moisture at a regional scale in the Loess Plateau.Advances in Water Science(水科学进展),2012,23(3):310-316(in Chinese)
[18]Zhang X-Z(张孝中),Han S-F(韩仕峰),Li Y-S(李玉山).The laws of soil water behaviours on Weibei rain-fed highland.Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas(干旱地区农业研究),1990(4):27-35(in Chinese)
[19]Li K-Y(李开元),Han S-F(韩仕峰),Li Y-S(李玉山),et al.Field water cycle and soil water ecological environment of crops in the loess hilly region.Colloquium of Northwestern Institute of Soil and Water Conservancy,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources(中国科学院水利部西北水土保持研究所集刊),1991(1):83-93(in Chinese)
[20]Wang Y,Shao MA,Liu ZP,et al.Characteristics of dried soil layers under apple orchards of different ages and their applications in soil water managements on the Loess Plateau of China.Pedosphere,2015,25:546-554
[21]Xie J-H(谢军红),Chai Q(柴强),Li L-L(李玲玲),et al.The time loading limitation of continuous cropping maize yield under different plastic film mulching modes in semi-arid region of Loess Plateau of China.Scientia Agricultura Sinica(中国农业科学),2015,48(8):1558-1568(in Chinese)
[22]Cheng L-P(程立平),Liu W-Z(刘文兆).Contribution of soil water at various depths to water consumption of rainfed winter wheat in the Loess Tableland,China.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2017,28(7):2285-2291(in Chinese)
[23]Li P-Z(李鹏展),Wang L(王力),Wang D(王棣).Dynamics of soil reservoir of wheat field in rain-fed area of the Loess Tableland,China.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2017,28(11):3653-3662(in Chinese)
[24]Yang L-S(杨林山),Li C-B(李常斌),Wang S-B(王帅兵),et al.Water balance within soil water reservoir in the Loess Tableland by means of combination of SWAT model and remote sensing:A case study in the Dongzhi Loess Tableland of eastern Gansu.Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology(冰川冻土),2014,36(3):691-698(in Chinese)
[25]Tang M(唐敏),Zhao X-N(赵西宁),Gao X-D(高晓东),et al.Characteristics of soil moisture variation in different land use types in the hilly region of the Loess Plateau,China.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2018,29(3):765-774(in Chinese)
[26]Guo H-Y(郭海英),Wan X(万信),Yang X-G(杨兴国),et al.Water resource distribution and its impact on agricultural production in the east of Gansu province.Chinese Journal of Soil Science(土壤通报),2008,39(5):977-981(in Chinese)
[27]Li K-Y(李开元),Li Y-S(李玉山),Shao M-A(邵明安).A review of studies on soil capability of preserving moisture and soil water availability.Colloquium of Northwestern Institute of Soil and Water Conservancy,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources(中国科学院水利部西北水土保持研究所集刊),1991(1):94-104(in Chinese)
[28]Shao M-A(邵明安),Yang W-Z(杨文治),Li Y-S(李玉山).A study on the soil moisture availability to plants in the loess region.Journal of Hydraulic Engineering(水利学报),1987(8):38-44(in Chinese)
[2]Shao M-A(邵明安),Jia X-X(贾小旭),Wang Y-Q(王云强),et al.A review of studies on dried soil layers in the Loess Plateau.Advances in Earth Science(地球科学进展),2016,31(1):14-22(in Chinese)
[3]Wang L(王力),Shao M-A(邵明安),Wang Q-J(王全九),et al.Review of research on soil desiccation in the Loess Plateau.Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(农业工程学报),2004,20(5):27-31(in Chinese)
[4]Li Y-S(李玉山).The properties of water cycle in soil and their effect on water cycle for land in the loess region.Acta Ecologica Sinica(生态学报),1983,3(2):91-101(in Chinese)
[5]Chen H-S(陈洪松),Shao M-A(邵明安).Standards for assessing desiccation of deep soil layer on Loess Plateau.Journal of Soil and Water Conservation(水土保持学报),2004,18(3):164-166(in Chinese)
[6]Chen H-S(陈洪松),Shao M-A(邵明安),Wang K-L(王克林).Numerical simulation of soil water balance of grassland on the Loess Plateau.Acta Pedologica Sinica(土壤学报),2005,42(3):353-359(in Chinese)
[7]Yang W-Z(杨文治),Tian J-L(田均良).Essential exploration of soil aridization in Loess Plateau.Acta Pedologica Sinica(土壤学报),2004,41(1):1-6(in Chinese)
[8]Zhang C-C(张晨成),Shao M-A(邵明安),Wang Y-Q(王云强).Spatial distribution of dried soil layers under different vegetation types at slope scale in loess region.Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(农业工程学报),2012,28(17):102-108(in Chinese)
[9]Li Y-S(李玉山).Fluctuation of yield on high-yield field and desiccation of the soil on dryland.Acta Pedologica Sinica(土壤学报),2001,38(3):353-356(in Chinese)
[10]Wang Y-P(王艳萍),Wang L(王力),Han X(韩雪),et al.Dynamics of soil moisture depletion and replenishment in different land use types of the Loess Tableland.Acta Ecologica Sinica(生态学报),2015,35(22):7571-7579(in Chinese)
[11]Li J(李军),Chen B(陈兵),Li X-F(李小芳),et al.Effects of deep soil desiccations on alfalfa grasslands in different rainfall areas of the Loess Plateau of China.Acta Ecologica Sinica(生态学报),2007,21(1):75-89(in Chinese)
[12]Cao Y(曹裕),Li J(李军),Zhang S-H(张社红),et al.Characteristics of deep soil desiccation of apple orchards in different weather and landform zones of Loess Plateau in China.Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(农业工程学报),2012,28(15):72-79(in Chinese)
[13]Fu B-J(傅伯杰),Zhao W-W(赵文武),Chen L-D(陈利顶).Progress and perspective of geographicalecological processes.Acta Geographica Sinica(地理学报),2006,61(11):1123-1131(in Chinese)
[14]Shao M-A(邵明安),Jia X-X(贾小旭),Zhu Y-J(朱元骏).A review of studies on dried soil layers in the Loess Plateau.Advances in Earth Science(地球科学进展),2016,31(1):14-22(in Chinese)
[15]Wang S-Y(王石言),Wang L(王力),Zhang J(张静),et al.Comparison of soil hydrological characteristics for main cropland and orchard in dry highland of the Loess Tableland.Science of Soil and Water Conservation(中国水土保持科学),2016,14(3):10-18(in Chinese)
[16]Li Y-S(李玉山),Shi Z-Y(史竹叶),Zhang X-Z(张孝中),et al.Influence factors and distribution characteristics of soil moisture in the small watershed of Changwu Wangdong gully.Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation(水土保持通报),1990,10(6):1-6(in Chinese)
[17]Wang Y-Q(王云强),Shao M-A(邵明安),Liu Z-P(刘志鹏).Spatial variability of soil moisture at a regional scale in the Loess Plateau.Advances in Water Science(水科学进展),2012,23(3):310-316(in Chinese)
[18]Zhang X-Z(张孝中),Han S-F(韩仕峰),Li Y-S(李玉山).The laws of soil water behaviours on Weibei rain-fed highland.Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas(干旱地区农业研究),1990(4):27-35(in Chinese)
[19]Li K-Y(李开元),Han S-F(韩仕峰),Li Y-S(李玉山),et al.Field water cycle and soil water ecological environment of crops in the loess hilly region.Colloquium of Northwestern Institute of Soil and Water Conservancy,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources(中国科学院水利部西北水土保持研究所集刊),1991(1):83-93(in Chinese)
[20]Wang Y,Shao MA,Liu ZP,et al.Characteristics of dried soil layers under apple orchards of different ages and their applications in soil water managements on the Loess Plateau of China.Pedosphere,2015,25:546-554
[21]Xie J-H(谢军红),Chai Q(柴强),Li L-L(李玲玲),et al.The time loading limitation of continuous cropping maize yield under different plastic film mulching modes in semi-arid region of Loess Plateau of China.Scientia Agricultura Sinica(中国农业科学),2015,48(8):1558-1568(in Chinese)
[22]Cheng L-P(程立平),Liu W-Z(刘文兆).Contribution of soil water at various depths to water consumption of rainfed winter wheat in the Loess Tableland,China.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2017,28(7):2285-2291(in Chinese)
[23]Li P-Z(李鹏展),Wang L(王力),Wang D(王棣).Dynamics of soil reservoir of wheat field in rain-fed area of the Loess Tableland,China.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2017,28(11):3653-3662(in Chinese)
[24]Yang L-S(杨林山),Li C-B(李常斌),Wang S-B(王帅兵),et al.Water balance within soil water reservoir in the Loess Tableland by means of combination of SWAT model and remote sensing:A case study in the Dongzhi Loess Tableland of eastern Gansu.Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology(冰川冻土),2014,36(3):691-698(in Chinese)
[25]Tang M(唐敏),Zhao X-N(赵西宁),Gao X-D(高晓东),et al.Characteristics of soil moisture variation in different land use types in the hilly region of the Loess Plateau,China.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2018,29(3):765-774(in Chinese)
[26]Guo H-Y(郭海英),Wan X(万信),Yang X-G(杨兴国),et al.Water resource distribution and its impact on agricultural production in the east of Gansu province.Chinese Journal of Soil Science(土壤通报),2008,39(5):977-981(in Chinese)
[27]Li K-Y(李开元),Li Y-S(李玉山),Shao M-A(邵明安).A review of studies on soil capability of preserving moisture and soil water availability.Colloquium of Northwestern Institute of Soil and Water Conservancy,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources(中国科学院水利部西北水土保持研究所集刊),1991(1):94-104(in Chinese)
[28]Shao M-A(邵明安),Yang W-Z(杨文治),Li Y-S(李玉山).A study on the soil moisture availability to plants in the loess region.Journal of Hydraulic Engineering(水利学报),1987(8):38-44(in Chinese)
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