南流江河口水下三角洲表层沉积物端元分析及其沉积动力环境意义
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摘要
沉积物粒度分布特征可揭示沉积动力环境。基于广西南流江河口水下三角洲的粒度分析数据,采用Folk分类法进行分类,应用端元分析对其粒度数据进行分解,探讨了南流江河口水下三角洲的物源和现代沉积动力环境。结果表明,研究区表层沉积物可划分为9类,其中含砾沉积物5类,不含砾沉积物4类,沉积物类型与河口环境动力特征相吻合。端元分析结果显示,研究区有5个不同类型的端元,分别代表着5种类型的沉积物动力环境:端元1反映了风浪和潮流对表层沉积物的动力作用;端元2指示了外海涌浪对表层沉积物的作用过程;端元3代表了南流江冲淡水引起的表层沉积物的输运;端元4代表了大陆架残留沉积物;端元5为干扰端元,可能是由于工程建设等人类活动所引起的。利用端元分析探讨复杂环境(如小型山溪性河口)下的沉积动力环境时,一方面需要综合考虑研究区域的物源与环境动力特征;另一方面可以结合参数拟合、粒径趋势分析等研究手段。
The sediment grain size distribution can be used to reveal sediment dynamic environments. Based on the grain size analysis of the surficial sediment collected from the Nanliujiang River subaqueous delta,Guangxi province,we identified the sediment sources and discussed associated sediment dynamic environments of the study area using end-member analysis and Folk classification. The analyzed results indicate that the surficial sediment can be divided into 9 types,including 5 types of sediment with gravel and 4 types of sediment with no gravel. The spatial distribution of the surficial sediment type is coincidental with environmental dynamic characteristics near the estuarine environment. According to end-member analysis,there are 5 distinguishable end-members( EM1-5),which represent 5 types of sediment dynamic environments. EM1 reflects the dynamic effects of wind waves and tidal currents on surficial sediments; EM2 indicates the dynamic process of surges on surficial sediments; EM3 reveals the effects of diluted Nanliujiang River water on surficial sediment transport processes; EM4 represents the relict sediment in the inner continental shelf; and EM5 is an end member disturbed by some noise,which may be induced by anthropogenic activities,such as coastal engineering construction. Based on our study results,if we try to use end-member analysis to study the sediment dynamic environment in an area with complex environments( e. g. small mountainous river estuary-shelf systems),we need to note two aspects:( 1) we should take into consideration sediment sources and environmental dynamic characteristics in the study area; and( 2) we can also combine other methods for mutual corroboration,such as parametric curve-fitting,and grain size trend analysis( GSTA).
The sediment grain size distribution can be used to reveal sediment dynamic environments. Based on the grain size analysis of the surficial sediment collected from the Nanliujiang River subaqueous delta,Guangxi province,we identified the sediment sources and discussed associated sediment dynamic environments of the study area using end-member analysis and Folk classification. The analyzed results indicate that the surficial sediment can be divided into 9 types,including 5 types of sediment with gravel and 4 types of sediment with no gravel. The spatial distribution of the surficial sediment type is coincidental with environmental dynamic characteristics near the estuarine environment. According to end-member analysis,there are 5 distinguishable end-members( EM1-5),which represent 5 types of sediment dynamic environments. EM1 reflects the dynamic effects of wind waves and tidal currents on surficial sediments; EM2 indicates the dynamic process of surges on surficial sediments; EM3 reveals the effects of diluted Nanliujiang River water on surficial sediment transport processes; EM4 represents the relict sediment in the inner continental shelf; and EM5 is an end member disturbed by some noise,which may be induced by anthropogenic activities,such as coastal engineering construction. Based on our study results,if we try to use end-member analysis to study the sediment dynamic environment in an area with complex environments( e. g. small mountainous river estuary-shelf systems),we need to note two aspects:( 1) we should take into consideration sediment sources and environmental dynamic characteristics in the study area; and( 2) we can also combine other methods for mutual corroboration,such as parametric curve-fitting,and grain size trend analysis( GSTA).
引文
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[3] Folk R L. The distinction between grain size and mineral composition in sedimentary-rock nomenclature[J]. The Journal of Geology,1954,62(4):344-359.
[4] Mc Laren P,Bowles D. The effects of sediment transport on grainsize distributions[J]. Journal of Sedimentary Research,1985,55(4):457-470.
[5] Gao S,Collins M,Mc Laren P,et al. A critique of the"Mc Laren Method"for defining sediment transport paths; discussion and reply[J]. Journal of Sedimentary Research,1991,61(1):143-147.
[6] Gao S,Collins M. Net sediment transport patterns inferred from grain-size trends,based upon definition of“transport vectors”[J].Sedimentary Geology,1992,81(1/2):47-60.
[7] Gao S,Collins M B,Lanckneus J,et al. Grain size trends associated with net sediment transport patterns:an example from the Belgian continental shelf[J]. Marine Geology,1994,121(3/4):171-185.
[8]汪亚平,高抒,贾建军.胶州湾及邻近海域沉积物分布特征和运移趋势[J].地理学报,2000,55(4):449-458.[Wang Yaping,Gao Shu,Jia Jianjun. Sediment distribution and transport patterns in Jiaozhou Bay and adjoining areas[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica,2000,55(4):449-458.]
[9]王爱军,汪亚平,杨旸.江苏王港潮间带表层沉积物特征及输运趋势[J].沉积学报,2004,22(1):124-129.[Wang Aijun,Wang Yaping,Yang Yang. Surface sediment characteristics and transport trends on the Wanggang intertidal flat,Jiangsu province[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,2004,22(1):124-129.]
[10]徐志伟,汪亚平,李炎,等.多元统计及物源分析支持的北部湾东部海域沉积物输运趋势[J].海洋学报,2010,32(3):67-78.[Xu Zhiwei,Wang Yaping,Li Yan,et al. Sediment transport patterns in the eastern Beibu Gulf based on grain-size multivariate statistics and provenance analysis[J]. Acta Oceanologica Sinica,2010,32(3):67-78.]
[11] Weltje G J. End-member modeling of compositional data:numerical-statistical algorithms for solving the explicit mixing problem[J].Mathematical Geology,1997,29(4):503-549.
[12] Prins M A,Bouwer L M,Beets C J,et al. Ocean circulation and iceberg discharge in the glacial North Atlantic:inferences from unmixing of sediment size distributions[J]. Geology,2002,30(6):555-558.
[13] Kuijpers A,Troelstra S R,Prins M A,et al. Late Quaternary sedimentary processes and ocean circulation changes at the Southeast Greenland margin[J]. Marine Geology,2003,195(1/2/3/4):109-129.
[14] Dietze E,Hartmann K,Diekmann B,et al. An end-member algorithm for deciphering modern detrital processes from lake sediments of Lake Donggi Cona,NE Tibetan Plateau,China[J]. Sedimentary Geology,2012,243-244:169-180.
[15]孙东怀,安芷生,苏瑞侠,等.古环境中沉积物粒度组分分离的数学方法及其应用[J].自然科学进展,2001,11(3):269-276.[Sun Donghuai,An Zhisheng,Su Ruixia,et al. The mathematical method and it’s application of partitioning grain size distribution from the sedimentary components in paleoenvironments[J]. Progress of Natural Sciences,2001,11(3):269-276.]
[16]孙东怀,鹿化煜,Rea D,等.中国黄土粒度的双峰分布及其古气候意义[J].沉积学报,2000,18(3):327-335.[Sun Donghuai,Lu Huayu,Rea D,et al. Bimode grain size distribution of Chinese loess and its paleoclimate implication[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,2000,18(3):327-335.]
[17] Sun D H,Bloemendal J,Rea D K,et al. Grain-size distribution function of polymodal sediments in hydraulic and aeolian environments,and numerical partitioning of the sedimentary components[J]. Sedimentary Geology,2002,152(3/4):263-277.
[18]刘立娜,王维,马玉贞,等.呼伦湖表层沉积物花粉空间分布特征及影响因素探讨[J].沉积学报,2015,33(4):744-753.[Liu Lina,Wang Wei,Ma Yuzhen,et al. Spatial distribution characteristics and environmental influencing factors of pollen assemblage of lake surface sediments from Lake Hulun[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,2015,33(4):744-753.]
[19]何继山,梁杏,李静,等.天津滨海平原区深孔沉积物环境敏感粒度提取及其意义[J].地球科学——中国地质大学学报,2015,40(7):1215-1225.[He Jishan,Liang Xing,Li Jing,et al.Environmentally sensitive grain-size extraction of deep hole sediment from Tianjin Coastal Plain and its significance[J]. Earth Science-Journal of China University of Geosciences,2015,40(7):1215-1225.]
[20]杨阳,高抒,周亮,等.海南新村港潟湖表层沉积物粒度特征及其沉积环境[J].海洋学报,2016,38(1):94-105.[Yang Yang,Gao Shu,Zhou Liang,et al. Grain size distribution of surface sediments and sedimentary environment in the lagoon of Xincun,Hainan Island[J]. Acta Oceanologica Sinica,2016,38(1):94-105.]
[21] Milliman J D,Shen H T,Yang Z S,et al. Transport and deposition of river sediment in the Changjiang estuary and adjacent continental shelf[J]. Continental Shelf Research,1985,4(1/2):37-45.
[22] Palinkas C M,Nittrouer C A,Wheatcroft R A,et al. The use of7Be to identify event and seasonal sedimentation near the Po River delta,Adriatic Sea[J]. Marine Geology,2005,222-223:95-112.
[23]张瑞,潘少明,汪亚平,等.长江河口水下三角洲210Pb分布特征及其沉积速率[J].沉积学报,2009,27(4):704-713.[Zhang Rui,Pan Shaoming,Wang Yaping,et al. Sedimentation rates and characteristics of radionuclide210Pb at the subaqueous delta in Changjiang Estuary[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,2009,27(4):704-713.]
[24] Liquete C,Arnau P,Canals M,et al. Mediterranean river systems of Andalusia,southern Spain,and associated deltas:a source to sink approach[J]. Marine Geology,2005,222-223:471-495.
[25] Plink-Bj9rklund P. Effects of tides on deltaic deposition:causes and responses[J]. Sedimentary Geology,2012,279:107-133.
[26] Carlin J A,Dellapenna T M. Event-driven deltaic sedimentation on a low-gradient,low-energy shelf:the Brazos River subaqueous delta,northwestern Gulf of Mexico[J]. Marine Geology,2014,353:21-30.
[27] Lykousis V,Karageorgis A P,Chronis G T. Delta progradation and sediment fluxes since the last glacial in the Thermaikos Gulf and the Sporades Basin,NW Aegean Sea,Greece[J]. Marine Geology,2005,222-223:381-397.
[28] Yang S L,Milliman J D,Li P,et al. 50,000 dams later:erosion of the Yangtze River and its delta[J]. Global and Planetary Change,2011,75(1/2):14-20.
[29] Xu Y H,Sun Q Q,Yi L,et al. The source of natural and anthropogenic heavy metals in the sediments of the Minjiang River estuary(SE China):implications for historical pollution[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2014,493:729-736.
[30]中国海湾志编纂委员会.中国海湾志:第十四分册[M].北京:海洋出版社,1998. Compiling Council of Chinese Embayment.Chinese embayment:Part 14:Important estuary[M]. Beijing:China Ocean Press,1998.]
[31]蒋磊明,陈波,邱绍芳.廉州湾三角洲泥沙运移与海洋动力条件的关系[J].广西科学院学报,2008,24(1):25-28.[Jiang Leiming,Chen Bo,Qiu Shaofang. The relationship of silt transportation and ocean dynamical condition in delta of Lianzhou Bay[J].Journal of Guangxi Academy of Sciences,2008,24(1):25-28.]
[32]陈波.廉州湾水动力特征的初步分析[J].海岸工程,1988,7(3):33-38.[Chen Bo. Preliminary analysis of features of hydrodynamics in Lianzhou Bay[J]. Coastal Engineering,1988,7(3):33-38.]
[33]刘敬合,黎广钊.廉州湾海底及周边地貌特征[J].广西科学院学报,1992,8(1):68-76.[Liu Jinghe,Li Guangzhao. The geomorphdogic features of the sea bottom and its round area in Lianzhou Bay[J]. Journal of the Guangxi Academy of Sciences,1992,8(1):68-76.]
[34] Mc Manus J. Grain size determination and interpretation[M]//Tucker M E. Techniques in sdimentology. Oxford:Blackwell Scientific Publications,1988.
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