新疆天山自然遗产地景观格局动态演化及其生态健康评价
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摘要
喀拉峻—库尔德宁区域是新疆天山自然遗产地的重要组成部分,其生态健康状况将影响该自然遗产地的突出普遍价值。目前从景观生态学角度,通过景观格局动态演化过程反映自然遗产地生态健康研究较少。以喀拉峻—库尔德宁区域为例,基于多源遥感影像,提取景观信息进行定性与定量分析,并结合景观格局指数,从景观动态特征、类型水平和景观水平分析景观格局演化特征,评价景观健康状况,形成自然遗产地景观数据的获取方法,探索景观格局与生态过程的关系,为相关研究提供借鉴。结果显示:裸地增加,冰雪、针阔混交林等景观减少;类型水平上,针阔混交林受人为干扰严重,中和低覆盖度草地呈破碎化;景观水平上,景观聚集度、连通性、分形状况稳定,景观多样性提升后维持稳定;总体景观生态健康,突出普遍价值(OUV)维持稳定,但对针阔混交林需要进行重点保护。结果可为研究区综合管理和生态健康分析提供有效数据。
Kalajan-Kurderen area is one of the main parts of Tianshan natural heritage in Xinjiang,China. Its outstanding universal value( OUV),the main factor by which it is selected as the world heritage,is heavily affected by the status of ecological health. The landscape pattern is helpful for revealing the dynamic trend of ecological health,however,there are little cases studying the status of ecological health of natural heritage sites in term of landscape patterns. Taking Kalajan-Kurderen area as the study object,we firstly extracted landscape information from multiplesource remotely sensed data during the time period from 1977 to 2017,then we analyzed the dynamic changes of landscape characteristics by metrics obtained at both class and landscape scales. Our results showed that areas of coniferous forest,high-cover grassland and bare land were increased respectively by 39. 94 km2,129. 18 km2 and 133.83 km2; and the areas of snow,tundra,coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest,medium-low cover grassland and water body were decreased respectively by 70. 30 km2,39. 61 km2,83. 29 km2,93. 37 km2,13. 26 km2 and 3. 12km2. At the class scale,coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forests were severely disturbed by humans,and the grasslands with low and moderate cover were fragmented; at the landscape scale,there were no obvious trends for the aggregation,connectivity and fractal of landscape,and the landscape diversity maintained a stable level after a significant increase. Landscape heterogeneity showed no apparent changes. Overall,the landscape ecological condition was healthy,and the OUV of the heritage maintained stable. However,the coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forests needed emphatical protection. Based on the above results,the following basic conclusions have been drawn: In the past40 years,the ice/snow,water,tundra,low-cover grassland have shifted to bare land. The spatial pattern of coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forests is seriously affected by human activities. After severe damage,the internal structure of the landscape changes drastically during natural restoration. In terms of landscape structure complexity: Ice/snow,coniferous forests,coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forests,and water bodies showed a decreasing trend,while other landscapes were increased. The establishment of nature reserves and natural heritage sites has led to regularity and dimensionality of landscapes. Human protection measures can alleviate landscape deterioration to a certain extent. The degree of fragmentation of landscapes is closely related to changes of areas of landscapes; the degree of aggregation and natural connectivity are relatively stable in all landscapes except that coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forests are affected by spontaneous succession. The Interspersion Juxtaposition Index indicates that the study area has the most typical and complete vertical natural zone in temperate arid regions of the world.
Kalajan-Kurderen area is one of the main parts of Tianshan natural heritage in Xinjiang,China. Its outstanding universal value( OUV),the main factor by which it is selected as the world heritage,is heavily affected by the status of ecological health. The landscape pattern is helpful for revealing the dynamic trend of ecological health,however,there are little cases studying the status of ecological health of natural heritage sites in term of landscape patterns. Taking Kalajan-Kurderen area as the study object,we firstly extracted landscape information from multiplesource remotely sensed data during the time period from 1977 to 2017,then we analyzed the dynamic changes of landscape characteristics by metrics obtained at both class and landscape scales. Our results showed that areas of coniferous forest,high-cover grassland and bare land were increased respectively by 39. 94 km2,129. 18 km2 and 133.83 km2; and the areas of snow,tundra,coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest,medium-low cover grassland and water body were decreased respectively by 70. 30 km2,39. 61 km2,83. 29 km2,93. 37 km2,13. 26 km2 and 3. 12km2. At the class scale,coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forests were severely disturbed by humans,and the grasslands with low and moderate cover were fragmented; at the landscape scale,there were no obvious trends for the aggregation,connectivity and fractal of landscape,and the landscape diversity maintained a stable level after a significant increase. Landscape heterogeneity showed no apparent changes. Overall,the landscape ecological condition was healthy,and the OUV of the heritage maintained stable. However,the coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forests needed emphatical protection. Based on the above results,the following basic conclusions have been drawn: In the past40 years,the ice/snow,water,tundra,low-cover grassland have shifted to bare land. The spatial pattern of coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forests is seriously affected by human activities. After severe damage,the internal structure of the landscape changes drastically during natural restoration. In terms of landscape structure complexity: Ice/snow,coniferous forests,coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forests,and water bodies showed a decreasing trend,while other landscapes were increased. The establishment of nature reserves and natural heritage sites has led to regularity and dimensionality of landscapes. Human protection measures can alleviate landscape deterioration to a certain extent. The degree of fragmentation of landscapes is closely related to changes of areas of landscapes; the degree of aggregation and natural connectivity are relatively stable in all landscapes except that coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forests are affected by spontaneous succession. The Interspersion Juxtaposition Index indicates that the study area has the most typical and complete vertical natural zone in temperate arid regions of the world.
引文
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[12]刘华先,杨兆萍,王璀蓉,等.基于GIS的山地自然遗产露营适宜度分析——以新疆天山遗产库尔德宁为例[J].干旱区研究,2016,33(4):843-850.[LIU Huaxian,YANG Zhaoping,WANG Cuirong,et al. Camping suitability of World Natural Heritage based on GIS:A case study in Kurderning a world heritage in the Tianshan Mountains Xinjiang[J]. Arid Zone Research,2016,33(4):843-850.]
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[14]杨兆萍,张小雷,张元明,等.新疆天山世界自然遗产[M].北京:科学出版社,2012:1-319.[YANG Zhaoping,ZHANG Xiaolei,ZHANG Yuanming,et al. World Natural Heritage of Xinjiang Tianshan[M]. Beijing:Science Press,2012:1-284.]
[15]史培军,宫鹏,李晓兵,等.土地利用/覆盖变化研究的方法与实践[M].北京:科学出版社,2000:1-155.[SHI Peijun,GONG Peng,LI Xiaobing,et al. Method and practice of land use/cover change research[M]. Beijing:Science Press,2000:1-155.]
[16]杜清,徐海量,赵新风,等.新疆喀什噶尔河流域1990—2010年土地利用/覆被及景观格局的变化特征[J].冰川冻土,2014,36(6):1548-1555.[DU Qing,XU Hailiang,ZHAO Xinfeng,et al. Changing characteristics of land use/cover and landscape pattern from 1990 to 2010 in the Kaxgar River basin Xinjiang[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2014,36(6):1548-1555.]
[17]周年兴,黄震方,林振山.武陵源世界自然遗产旅游地景观格局变化[J].地理研究,2008,27(4):734-744.[ZHOU Nianxing,HUANG Zhenfang,LIN Zhenshan. Changes in landscape spatial pattern in Wulingyuan World Heritage Site as a tourism destination[J]. Geographical Research,2008,27(4):734-744.]
[18]邓书斌,陈秋锦,杜会建,等. ENVI遥感图像处理方法[M].二版.北京:高等教育出版社,2016:1-475.[DENG Shubin,CHEN Qiujin,DU Huijian,et al. ENVI remote sensing image processing method[M]. 2nded. Beijing:Higher Education Press,2016:1-475.]
[19]汤国安,杨昕. Arc GIS地理信息系统空间分析实验教程[M].北京:科学出版社,2016:1-578.[TANG Guo’an,YANG Xin.Arc GIS experimental tutorial on spatial analysis of geographic information systems[M]. Beijing:Science Press,2016:1-578.]
[20]曹灿,张飞,阿依尼格尔·亚力坤,等.艾比湖区域景观格局与河流水质关系探讨[J].环境科学,2018,39(4):1-14.[CAO Can,ZHANG Fei,YALIKUN Ayinigeer,et al. Relationship between landscape pattern and water quality in Ebinur Lake Region[J]. Environmental Science,2018,39(4):1-14.]
[21]郭连杰,江涛,严立文,等.基于Landsat遥感数据的长岛南部岛群景观格局演化研究[J].海洋科学,2017,41(4):75-81.[GUO Lianjie,JIANG Tao,YAN Liwen,et al. Study on the evolution of landscape patterns in the south of the Changdao Island based on Landsat remote sensing data[J]. Marine Sciences,2017,41(4):75-81.]
[22]陈爱莲,孙然好,陈利顶.传统景观格局指数在城市热岛效应评价中的适用性[J].应用生态学报,2012,23(8):2077-2086.[CHEN Ailian,SUN Ranhao,CHEN Liding. Applicability of traditional landscape metrics in evaluating urban heat island effect[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2012,23(8):2077-2086.]
[23]刘晶,刘学录,侯莉敏.祁连山东段山地景观格局变化及其生态脆弱性分析[J].干旱区地理,2012,35(5):795-805.[LIU Jing,LIU Xuelu,HOU Limin. Changes and ecological vulnerability of landscape pattern in Eastern Qilian Mountain[J]. Arid Land Geography,2012,35(5):795-805.]
[24]郭玉静,王妍,刘云根,等.普者黑岩溶湖泊湿地湖滨带景观格局演变对水质的影响[J].生态学报,2018,(5):1-10.[GUO Yujing,WANG Yan,LIU Yungen,et al. The effects of landscape pattern evolution in Puzhehei Karst lake wetland littoral zone on water quality[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2018,(5):1-10.]
[25]邬建国.景观生态学:格局、过程、尺度与等级[M].二版.北京:高等教育出版社,2007:1-266.[WU Jianguo. Landscape ecology:Patterns,processes,scales and grades[M]. 2nded. Beijing:Higher Education Press,2007:1-266.]
[26]张敏,宫兆宁,赵文吉,等.近30年来白洋淀湿地景观格局变化及其驱动机制[J].生态学报,2016,36(15):4780-4791.[ZHANG Min,GONG Zhaoning,ZHAO Wenji,et al. Landscape pattern change and the driving forces in Baiyangdian wetland from1984 to 2014[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2016,36(15):4780-4791.]
[27]傅伯杰,陈利顶,马克明,等.景观生态学原理及应用[M].北京:科学出版社,2002:1-358.[FU Bojie,CHEN Liding,MA Keming,et al. The principle and application of landscape ecology[M]. Beijing:Science Press,2002:1-358.]
[2] ALLAN James R,VENTER Oscar,MAXWELL Sean,et all. Recent increases in human pressure and forest loss threaten many Natural World Heritage Sites[J]. Biological Conservation,2017,206:47-55.
[3] YOU Weibin,JI Zhirong,WU Liyun,et all. Modeling changes in land use patterns and ecosystem services to explore a potential solution for meeting the management needs of a heritage site at the landscape level[J]. Ecological Indicators,2017,73:68-78.
[4] OKANO Takahiro,MATSUDA Hiroyuki. Biocultural diversity of Yakushima Island:Mountains,beaches,and sea[J]. Journal of Marine and Island Cultures,2013,2:69-77.
[5]时卉,杨兆萍,韩芳,等.新疆天池景区生态安全度时空分异特征与驱动机制[J].地理科学进展,2013,32(3):475-485.[SHI Hui,YANG Zhaoping,HAN Fang,et al. Characteristics of temporal-spatial differences in landscape ecological security and the driving mechanism in Tianchi scenic zone of Xinjiang[J]. Progress in Geography,2013,32(3):475-485.]
[6]时卉,杨兆萍,韩芳,等.自然遗产地生态脆弱性分析与评价——以托木尔区域为例[J].干旱区地理,2013,36(2):318-328.[SHI Hui,YANG Zhaoping,HAN Fang,et al. Assessment and analysis of eco-environment vulnerability in Tomur region of natural heritage site[J]. Arid Land Geography,2013,36(2):318-328.]
[7]游巍斌,何东进,巫丽芸,等.武夷山风景名胜区景观生态安全度时空分异规律[J].生态学报,2011,31(21):6317-6327.[YOU Weibin,HE Dongjin,WU Liyun,et al. Temporal-spatial differentiation and its change in the landscape ecological security of Wuyishan Scenery District[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2011,31(21):6317-6327.]
[8]游巍斌,何东进,覃德华,等.世界双遗产地生态安全预警体系构建及应用——以武夷山风景名胜区为例[J].应用生态学报,2014,25(5):1455-1467.[YOU Weibin,HE Dongjin,QIN Dehua,et al. System construction of early warning for ecological security at cultural and natural heritage mixed sites and its application:A case study of Wuyishan Scenery District[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2014,25(5):1455-1467.]
[9] SHI P,XU G,LI P,et al. Influence of land use and land cover patterns on seasonal water quality at multi-spatial scales[J]. Catena,2017,151:182-190.
[10] FORMAN R. Land Mosaic[M]. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1995:436-439.
[11]陈曦.中国干旱区自然地理[M].北京:科学出版社,2010:70-75.[CHEN Xi. Physical geography of arid land in China[M].Beijing:Science Press,2010:70-75.]
[12]刘华先,杨兆萍,王璀蓉,等.基于GIS的山地自然遗产露营适宜度分析——以新疆天山遗产库尔德宁为例[J].干旱区研究,2016,33(4):843-850.[LIU Huaxian,YANG Zhaoping,WANG Cuirong,et al. Camping suitability of World Natural Heritage based on GIS:A case study in Kurderning a world heritage in the Tianshan Mountains Xinjiang[J]. Arid Zone Research,2016,33(4):843-850.]
[13]王昭国,杨兆萍,曹开军,等.世界自然遗产保护的社区感知差异及其影响因素分析——以喀拉峻世界自然遗产地为例[J].干旱区研究,2016,33(6):1311-1317.[WANG Zhaoguo,YANG Zhaoping,CAO Kaijun,et al. Community cognition on the protection of World Natural Heritage and its affecting factors:A case study in the Kalajun World Natural Heritage Site[J]. Arid Zone Research,2016,33(6):1311-1317.]
[14]杨兆萍,张小雷,张元明,等.新疆天山世界自然遗产[M].北京:科学出版社,2012:1-319.[YANG Zhaoping,ZHANG Xiaolei,ZHANG Yuanming,et al. World Natural Heritage of Xinjiang Tianshan[M]. Beijing:Science Press,2012:1-284.]
[15]史培军,宫鹏,李晓兵,等.土地利用/覆盖变化研究的方法与实践[M].北京:科学出版社,2000:1-155.[SHI Peijun,GONG Peng,LI Xiaobing,et al. Method and practice of land use/cover change research[M]. Beijing:Science Press,2000:1-155.]
[16]杜清,徐海量,赵新风,等.新疆喀什噶尔河流域1990—2010年土地利用/覆被及景观格局的变化特征[J].冰川冻土,2014,36(6):1548-1555.[DU Qing,XU Hailiang,ZHAO Xinfeng,et al. Changing characteristics of land use/cover and landscape pattern from 1990 to 2010 in the Kaxgar River basin Xinjiang[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2014,36(6):1548-1555.]
[17]周年兴,黄震方,林振山.武陵源世界自然遗产旅游地景观格局变化[J].地理研究,2008,27(4):734-744.[ZHOU Nianxing,HUANG Zhenfang,LIN Zhenshan. Changes in landscape spatial pattern in Wulingyuan World Heritage Site as a tourism destination[J]. Geographical Research,2008,27(4):734-744.]
[18]邓书斌,陈秋锦,杜会建,等. ENVI遥感图像处理方法[M].二版.北京:高等教育出版社,2016:1-475.[DENG Shubin,CHEN Qiujin,DU Huijian,et al. ENVI remote sensing image processing method[M]. 2nded. Beijing:Higher Education Press,2016:1-475.]
[19]汤国安,杨昕. Arc GIS地理信息系统空间分析实验教程[M].北京:科学出版社,2016:1-578.[TANG Guo’an,YANG Xin.Arc GIS experimental tutorial on spatial analysis of geographic information systems[M]. Beijing:Science Press,2016:1-578.]
[20]曹灿,张飞,阿依尼格尔·亚力坤,等.艾比湖区域景观格局与河流水质关系探讨[J].环境科学,2018,39(4):1-14.[CAO Can,ZHANG Fei,YALIKUN Ayinigeer,et al. Relationship between landscape pattern and water quality in Ebinur Lake Region[J]. Environmental Science,2018,39(4):1-14.]
[21]郭连杰,江涛,严立文,等.基于Landsat遥感数据的长岛南部岛群景观格局演化研究[J].海洋科学,2017,41(4):75-81.[GUO Lianjie,JIANG Tao,YAN Liwen,et al. Study on the evolution of landscape patterns in the south of the Changdao Island based on Landsat remote sensing data[J]. Marine Sciences,2017,41(4):75-81.]
[22]陈爱莲,孙然好,陈利顶.传统景观格局指数在城市热岛效应评价中的适用性[J].应用生态学报,2012,23(8):2077-2086.[CHEN Ailian,SUN Ranhao,CHEN Liding. Applicability of traditional landscape metrics in evaluating urban heat island effect[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2012,23(8):2077-2086.]
[23]刘晶,刘学录,侯莉敏.祁连山东段山地景观格局变化及其生态脆弱性分析[J].干旱区地理,2012,35(5):795-805.[LIU Jing,LIU Xuelu,HOU Limin. Changes and ecological vulnerability of landscape pattern in Eastern Qilian Mountain[J]. Arid Land Geography,2012,35(5):795-805.]
[24]郭玉静,王妍,刘云根,等.普者黑岩溶湖泊湿地湖滨带景观格局演变对水质的影响[J].生态学报,2018,(5):1-10.[GUO Yujing,WANG Yan,LIU Yungen,et al. The effects of landscape pattern evolution in Puzhehei Karst lake wetland littoral zone on water quality[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2018,(5):1-10.]
[25]邬建国.景观生态学:格局、过程、尺度与等级[M].二版.北京:高等教育出版社,2007:1-266.[WU Jianguo. Landscape ecology:Patterns,processes,scales and grades[M]. 2nded. Beijing:Higher Education Press,2007:1-266.]
[26]张敏,宫兆宁,赵文吉,等.近30年来白洋淀湿地景观格局变化及其驱动机制[J].生态学报,2016,36(15):4780-4791.[ZHANG Min,GONG Zhaoning,ZHAO Wenji,et al. Landscape pattern change and the driving forces in Baiyangdian wetland from1984 to 2014[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2016,36(15):4780-4791.]
[27]傅伯杰,陈利顶,马克明,等.景观生态学原理及应用[M].北京:科学出版社,2002:1-358.[FU Bojie,CHEN Liding,MA Keming,et al. The principle and application of landscape ecology[M]. Beijing:Science Press,2002:1-358.]
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