农村老年父母家庭养老福祉,孰优孰劣?——15年家庭结构变动的追踪研究
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摘要
利用"安徽省农村老年人生活福利状况"15年的追踪调查数据,研究家庭结构变动对老年父母家庭养老福祉的影响。研究发现:家庭结构及家庭养老福祉的发展趋势均无显著性别差异;家庭结构变动为老辈独居及隔代家庭的老年父母其家庭养老福祉均无优劣之分;家庭结构变动为二代直系家庭的老年母亲其家庭养老福祉优于老年父亲,而变动为三代直系家庭的发现则相反。研究体现了"健康选择效应"在家庭结构变动与家庭养老福祉趋势间的作用,揭示了"少来夫妻老来伴"及"合作群体模式"在现行农村尚盛行;尤其在变动为二代直系家庭中的老年父亲与成年儿子间的"代际冲突"和孙辈存在家庭中的老年父亲为家族繁衍、传承及发展做出的重大贡献绝不容忽视。
According to the data over 15 years from the longitudinal survey"the wellbeing of rural elderly in Anhui province ",this research analyzes the influence of household composition changes on rural elderly parents' family support benefits. The study found:1) There is no significant gender difference in the development trend of household composition and family support; 2) When the household composition changes into only elders and skipped-family,elderly parents' family support benefits have no advantages or disadvantages; 3) The family support benefits of elderly mothers whose household composition changes into two-generation family are better than elderly fathers,however,when household composition changes into three-generation family,the result is opposite.The research reflect the effect of "health choice"in the development trend of household composition changes and family support,which reveals that "young couple and old to partner"and "cooperative group model"were still popular in the current rural areas; In particular,the changes associated with "intergenerational conflict"between the elderly father and the adult son in a two-generation family and the great contribution made by the elderly father to the "family reproduction,inheritance and development " in a threegeneration family can't be ignored.
According to the data over 15 years from the longitudinal survey"the wellbeing of rural elderly in Anhui province ",this research analyzes the influence of household composition changes on rural elderly parents' family support benefits. The study found:1) There is no significant gender difference in the development trend of household composition and family support; 2) When the household composition changes into only elders and skipped-family,elderly parents' family support benefits have no advantages or disadvantages; 3) The family support benefits of elderly mothers whose household composition changes into two-generation family are better than elderly fathers,however,when household composition changes into three-generation family,the result is opposite.The research reflect the effect of "health choice"in the development trend of household composition changes and family support,which reveals that "young couple and old to partner"and "cooperative group model"were still popular in the current rural areas; In particular,the changes associated with "intergenerational conflict"between the elderly father and the adult son in a two-generation family and the great contribution made by the elderly father to the "family reproduction,inheritance and development " in a threegeneration family can't be ignored.
引文
[1]蒲新微,王宇超.家庭结构变迁下居民的养老预期及养老方式偏好研究[J].人口学刊,2016(4):60-66.
[2]王天夫,王飞,唐有财.土地集体化与农村传统大家庭的结构转型[J].中国社会科学,2015(2):41-60,203.
[3]王跃生.当代中国城乡家庭结构变动比较[J].中国社会科学,2006(3):118-136,208.
[4]王跃生.当代家庭结构区域比较分析---以2010年人口普查数据为基础[J].人口与经济,2015(1):34-48.
[5]王跃生.中国城乡家庭结构变动分析---基于2010年人口普查数据[J].中国社会科学,2013(12):60-77,205.
[6]慈勤英.家庭养老:农村养老不可能完成的任务[J].武汉大学学报(人文科学版),2016(2):12-15.
[7]费孝通.家庭结构变动中的老年赡养问题---再论中国家庭结构的变化[J].北京大学学报(哲学社会科学版),1983(3):7-16.
[8]杨帆,杨成钢.家庭结构和代际交换对养老意愿的影响[J].人口学刊,2016(1):68-76.
[9]王萍,张雯剑,程亚兰.居住安排对农村老年人日常生活自理能力影响的跟踪研究[J].人口学刊,2018(3):93-102.
[10]XU H,DUPRE M E,GU D,et al.The impact of residential status on cognitive decline among older adults in China:results from a longitudinal study[J].Bmc Geriatrics,2017,17(1):1-11.
[11]王萍,连亚伟,李树茁.居住安排对农村老人认知功能的影响---12年跟踪研究[J].人口学刊,2016(5):92-101.
[12]CHI I,SILVERSTEIN M.Guest editorial:intergenerational family support for Chinese older adults[J].International Journal of Social Welfare,2011,20:1-3.
[13]GUO M,ARANDA M P,SILVERSTEIN M.The impact of out-migration on the inter-generational support and psychological wellbeing of older adults in rural China[J].Ageing&Society,2009,29(7):1085-1104.
[14]宋璐,李亮,李树茁.子女迁移对农村老年人心理福利的影响---基于安徽省的纵贯调查[J].中国人口科学,2015(2):115-125,128.
[15]刘慧君,韩秀华.家庭结构变迁下新农保政策与农村老人生存质量---基于陕西省A市的调查[J].人口与经济,2014(5):76-86.
[16]仇志娟,杜昊.性别视角下的老年人口家庭结构影响因素及养老分析[J].经济问题,2015(1):34-39.
[17]LI Y,CHI I,KROCHALK P C,et al.Widowhood,family support,and self-rated health among older adults in China[J].International Journal of Social Welfare,2011,20(1):72-85.
[18]GUO M,CHI I,SILVERSTEIN M.Family as a context:the influence of family composition and family geographic dispersion on intergenerational relationships among Chinese elderly[J].International Journal of Social Welfare,2011,20(1):18-29.
[19]宋璐,李树茁.农村老年人家庭代际关系及其影响因素---基于性别视角的潜在类别分析[J].人口与经济,2017(6):1-12.
[20]杨胜慧,陈卫.中国的家庭结构转变---来自居住方式与人口因素的作用[J].人口与经济,2017(3):45-54.
[21]胡仕勇,石人炳.代际投入与农村老年人代际经济支持:代际合作与家庭效用[J].人口研究,2016(5):92-103.
[22]郑志丹,郑研辉.社会支持对老年人身体健康和生活满意度的影响---基于代际经济支持内生性视角的再检验[J].人口与经济,2017(4):63-76.
[23]CONG Z,SILVERSTEIN M.Parents’depressive symptoms and support from sons and daughters in rural China[J].International Journal of Social Welfare,2011,20(1):4-17.
[24]王萍,李树茁.代际支持对农村老人生活自理能力的纵向影响[J].人口与经济,2011(2):13-17,22.
[25]孙鹃娟,冀云.家庭“向下”代际支持行为对城乡老年人心理健康的影响---兼论认知评价的调节作用[J].人口研究,2017(6):98-109.
[26]CHEN T C.Intergenerational transfers and well-being in old age in contemporary urban and rural China[J].An International Journal of Animal Bioscience,2013,7(1):19-28.
[27]YI C C,LIN J P.Types of relations between adult children and elderly parents in Taiwan:mechanisms accounting for various relational types[J].Journal of Comparative Family Studies,2009,40(2):305-324.
[28]CHEN F,LIU G.Editor’s choice:the health implications of grandparents caring for grandchildren in China[J].Journals of Gerontology,2012,67(1):99-106.
[29]KATE S,BRANCH L G,BRANSON M H,et al.Active life expectancy[J].New England Journal of Medicine,1983,309(20):1218-1224.
[30]RAUDENBUSH R S,BRYK A.分层线性模型:应用与数据分析方法[M].郭志刚,等译.北京:社会科学文献出版社,2007:37-63.
[31]SILVERSTEIN M,BENGTSON V L.Does intergenerational socical support influence the psychological well-being of older parents?the contingencies of declining health and widowhood[J].Social Science and Medicine,1994,38:943-957.
[32]佘央央,封进.我国老年健康的动态变化及对健康老龄化的含义[J].世界经济文汇,2017(3):1-16.
[33]张震.子女生活照料对老年人健康的影响:促进还是选择[J].中国人口科学,2004(S1):31-38,176.
[34]BECKER G S.A theory of social interactions[J].Journal of Political Economy,1974,82:1063-1093.
[35]BECKER G S,NIGEL T.An equilibruim theory of the distribution of income and intergenerational mobility[J].Journal of Political Economy,1979,87(6):1153-1189.
[36]张友琴.老年人社会支持网的城乡比较研究---厦门市个案研究[J].社会学研究,2001(4):11-21.
[37]卢洪友,余锦亮,杜亦譞.老年父母照料家庭与成年子女劳动供给---基于CFPS微观数据的分析[J].财经研究,2017(12):4-16.
[38]SILVERSTEIN M.Intergenerational time-for-money exchanges in rural China:does reciprocity reduce depressive symptoms of older grandparents[J].Research in Human Development,2008,5(1):6-25.
(1)因研究关注的是家庭结构变动对老年父母家庭养老福祉的影响,为突出性别变量,本研究将数据库分为老年父亲数据库及老年母亲数据库,并分别进行分析操作,最后将结果汇总至表5中,因此此处性别变量并未出现。
[2]王天夫,王飞,唐有财.土地集体化与农村传统大家庭的结构转型[J].中国社会科学,2015(2):41-60,203.
[3]王跃生.当代中国城乡家庭结构变动比较[J].中国社会科学,2006(3):118-136,208.
[4]王跃生.当代家庭结构区域比较分析---以2010年人口普查数据为基础[J].人口与经济,2015(1):34-48.
[5]王跃生.中国城乡家庭结构变动分析---基于2010年人口普查数据[J].中国社会科学,2013(12):60-77,205.
[6]慈勤英.家庭养老:农村养老不可能完成的任务[J].武汉大学学报(人文科学版),2016(2):12-15.
[7]费孝通.家庭结构变动中的老年赡养问题---再论中国家庭结构的变化[J].北京大学学报(哲学社会科学版),1983(3):7-16.
[8]杨帆,杨成钢.家庭结构和代际交换对养老意愿的影响[J].人口学刊,2016(1):68-76.
[9]王萍,张雯剑,程亚兰.居住安排对农村老年人日常生活自理能力影响的跟踪研究[J].人口学刊,2018(3):93-102.
[10]XU H,DUPRE M E,GU D,et al.The impact of residential status on cognitive decline among older adults in China:results from a longitudinal study[J].Bmc Geriatrics,2017,17(1):1-11.
[11]王萍,连亚伟,李树茁.居住安排对农村老人认知功能的影响---12年跟踪研究[J].人口学刊,2016(5):92-101.
[12]CHI I,SILVERSTEIN M.Guest editorial:intergenerational family support for Chinese older adults[J].International Journal of Social Welfare,2011,20:1-3.
[13]GUO M,ARANDA M P,SILVERSTEIN M.The impact of out-migration on the inter-generational support and psychological wellbeing of older adults in rural China[J].Ageing&Society,2009,29(7):1085-1104.
[14]宋璐,李亮,李树茁.子女迁移对农村老年人心理福利的影响---基于安徽省的纵贯调查[J].中国人口科学,2015(2):115-125,128.
[15]刘慧君,韩秀华.家庭结构变迁下新农保政策与农村老人生存质量---基于陕西省A市的调查[J].人口与经济,2014(5):76-86.
[16]仇志娟,杜昊.性别视角下的老年人口家庭结构影响因素及养老分析[J].经济问题,2015(1):34-39.
[17]LI Y,CHI I,KROCHALK P C,et al.Widowhood,family support,and self-rated health among older adults in China[J].International Journal of Social Welfare,2011,20(1):72-85.
[18]GUO M,CHI I,SILVERSTEIN M.Family as a context:the influence of family composition and family geographic dispersion on intergenerational relationships among Chinese elderly[J].International Journal of Social Welfare,2011,20(1):18-29.
[19]宋璐,李树茁.农村老年人家庭代际关系及其影响因素---基于性别视角的潜在类别分析[J].人口与经济,2017(6):1-12.
[20]杨胜慧,陈卫.中国的家庭结构转变---来自居住方式与人口因素的作用[J].人口与经济,2017(3):45-54.
[21]胡仕勇,石人炳.代际投入与农村老年人代际经济支持:代际合作与家庭效用[J].人口研究,2016(5):92-103.
[22]郑志丹,郑研辉.社会支持对老年人身体健康和生活满意度的影响---基于代际经济支持内生性视角的再检验[J].人口与经济,2017(4):63-76.
[23]CONG Z,SILVERSTEIN M.Parents’depressive symptoms and support from sons and daughters in rural China[J].International Journal of Social Welfare,2011,20(1):4-17.
[24]王萍,李树茁.代际支持对农村老人生活自理能力的纵向影响[J].人口与经济,2011(2):13-17,22.
[25]孙鹃娟,冀云.家庭“向下”代际支持行为对城乡老年人心理健康的影响---兼论认知评价的调节作用[J].人口研究,2017(6):98-109.
[26]CHEN T C.Intergenerational transfers and well-being in old age in contemporary urban and rural China[J].An International Journal of Animal Bioscience,2013,7(1):19-28.
[27]YI C C,LIN J P.Types of relations between adult children and elderly parents in Taiwan:mechanisms accounting for various relational types[J].Journal of Comparative Family Studies,2009,40(2):305-324.
[28]CHEN F,LIU G.Editor’s choice:the health implications of grandparents caring for grandchildren in China[J].Journals of Gerontology,2012,67(1):99-106.
[29]KATE S,BRANCH L G,BRANSON M H,et al.Active life expectancy[J].New England Journal of Medicine,1983,309(20):1218-1224.
[30]RAUDENBUSH R S,BRYK A.分层线性模型:应用与数据分析方法[M].郭志刚,等译.北京:社会科学文献出版社,2007:37-63.
[31]SILVERSTEIN M,BENGTSON V L.Does intergenerational socical support influence the psychological well-being of older parents?the contingencies of declining health and widowhood[J].Social Science and Medicine,1994,38:943-957.
[32]佘央央,封进.我国老年健康的动态变化及对健康老龄化的含义[J].世界经济文汇,2017(3):1-16.
[33]张震.子女生活照料对老年人健康的影响:促进还是选择[J].中国人口科学,2004(S1):31-38,176.
[34]BECKER G S.A theory of social interactions[J].Journal of Political Economy,1974,82:1063-1093.
[35]BECKER G S,NIGEL T.An equilibruim theory of the distribution of income and intergenerational mobility[J].Journal of Political Economy,1979,87(6):1153-1189.
[36]张友琴.老年人社会支持网的城乡比较研究---厦门市个案研究[J].社会学研究,2001(4):11-21.
[37]卢洪友,余锦亮,杜亦譞.老年父母照料家庭与成年子女劳动供给---基于CFPS微观数据的分析[J].财经研究,2017(12):4-16.
[38]SILVERSTEIN M.Intergenerational time-for-money exchanges in rural China:does reciprocity reduce depressive symptoms of older grandparents[J].Research in Human Development,2008,5(1):6-25.
(1)因研究关注的是家庭结构变动对老年父母家庭养老福祉的影响,为突出性别变量,本研究将数据库分为老年父亲数据库及老年母亲数据库,并分别进行分析操作,最后将结果汇总至表5中,因此此处性别变量并未出现。
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