基于定向水力压裂增透的大断面瓦斯隧道快速揭煤技术
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摘要
分析了瓦斯隧道揭煤特点,提出多孔割缝定向水力压裂增透方法,研发出射流割缝导向系统装置,在此基础上形成大断面瓦斯隧道揭煤综合防突技术体系,并应用于渝贵高铁特大断面瓦斯隧道揭煤工程。结果表明:(1)水力压裂裂缝的起裂受割缝缝槽导向明显,并始终沿定向孔割缝和水力压裂孔裂缝在煤层中共同形成的连贯塑性区持续扩展;(2)压裂后煤层透气性系数提高了35～187倍,平均瓦斯抽采纯量较本隧道邻近煤层普通压裂和邻近隧道同一煤层普通抽采工艺分别提高了4.28倍和12.73倍,揭煤时间比预期缩短了50%;(3)定向水力压裂有效弱化了高压水对围岩的损伤破坏,隧道拱顶沉降和水平收敛较常规压裂分别减少了18.3%和16.4%。
Based on the analysis of the characteristics of uncovering coal seam in gas tunnel, we propose a method of directional hydraulic fracturing by waterjet slotting, and also develop the waterjet slotting guide device. A rapid elimination technology system is formed for the large cross-section gas tunnel excavated through multiple coal seams, which is further applied to a project of Chongqing-Guizhou high-speed railway. The results show that the fracturing of hydraulic cracks is governed by the waterjet slotting obviously, and always expands along the coherent plastic zone formed by the directional hole cutting and hydraulic fracturing cracks in the coal seam. The permeability of coal seam is increased by 35–187 times, and the average gas extraction efficiency is 4.28 times and 12.73 times higher than that of conventional fracturing in adjacent coal seam of the same tunnel and conventional extraction technology in the same coal seam of adjacent tunnel, respectively, and the time of uncovering coal seam is 50% less than the expected. Directional hydraulic fracturing effectively weakens the damage to the surrounding rock by high-pressure water, and the vault settlement and horizontal convergence of tunnel are reduced by 18.3% and 16.4%, respectively.
Based on the analysis of the characteristics of uncovering coal seam in gas tunnel, we propose a method of directional hydraulic fracturing by waterjet slotting, and also develop the waterjet slotting guide device. A rapid elimination technology system is formed for the large cross-section gas tunnel excavated through multiple coal seams, which is further applied to a project of Chongqing-Guizhou high-speed railway. The results show that the fracturing of hydraulic cracks is governed by the waterjet slotting obviously, and always expands along the coherent plastic zone formed by the directional hole cutting and hydraulic fracturing cracks in the coal seam. The permeability of coal seam is increased by 35–187 times, and the average gas extraction efficiency is 4.28 times and 12.73 times higher than that of conventional fracturing in adjacent coal seam of the same tunnel and conventional extraction technology in the same coal seam of adjacent tunnel, respectively, and the time of uncovering coal seam is 50% less than the expected. Directional hydraulic fracturing effectively weakens the damage to the surrounding rock by high-pressure water, and the vault settlement and horizontal convergence of tunnel are reduced by 18.3% and 16.4%, respectively.
引文
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[15]卢义玉,刘勇,夏彬伟,等.石门揭煤钻孔布置优化分析及应用[J].煤炭学报,2011,36(3):283-288.LU Yi-yu,LIU Yong,XIA Bin-wei,et al.The novel technology of drilling arrangement of rock cross-cut coal uncovering basing on theoretical analysis[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2011,36(3):283-288.
[16]林柏泉,孟杰,宁俊,等.含瓦斯煤体水力压裂动态变化特征研究[J].采矿与安全工程学报,2012,29(1):106-110.LIN Bai-quan,MENG Jie,NING Jun,et al.Research on dynamic characteristics of hydraulic fracturing in coal body containing gas[J].Journal of Mining&Safety Engineering,2012,29(1):106-110.
[2]姜德义,刘春,张广洋,等.公路隧道全断面揭煤防突技术[J].岩土力学,2005,26(6):906-909.JIANG De-yi,LIU Chun,ZHANG Guang-yang,et al.Technologies of whole cutting through coal seam and preventing collapse in highway tunnels[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2005,26(6):906-909.
[3]王国斌,利奕年.某公路瓦斯隧道综合勘察技术应用[J].岩土力学,2011,32(4):1273-1277.WANG Guo-bin,LI Yi-nian.Application of comprehensive survey technique to gas tunnel of highway[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2011,32(4):1273-1277.
[4]程亮,卢义玉,葛兆龙,等.倾斜煤层水力压裂起裂压力计算模型及判断准则[J].岩土力学,2015,36(2):444-450.CHENG Liang,LU Yi-yu,GE Zhao-long,et al.Initiation pressure calculation model and judgment criterion for hydraulic fracturing of inclined coal seam[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2015,36(2):444-450.
[5]卢义玉,贾云中,汤积仁,等.非均匀孔隙压力场导向水压裂纹扩展机制[J].东北大学学报(自然科学版),2016,37(7):1028-1033.LU Yi-yu,JIA Yun-zhong,TANG Ji-ren,et al.Mechanism of hydro fracture propagation control by no uniform pore pressure field[J].Journal of Northeastern University(Natural Science),2016,37(7):1028-1033.
[6]冯彦军,康红普.水力压裂起裂与扩展分析[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2013,32(增刊2):3169-3179.FENG Yan-jun,KANG Hong-pu.Hydraulic fracturing initiation and propagation[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2013,32(Supp.2):3169-3179.
[7]王耀锋,何学秋,王恩元,等.水力化煤层增透技术研究进展及发展趋势[J].煤炭学报,2014,39(10):1945-1955.WANG Yao-feng,HE Xue-qiu,WANG En-yuan,et al.Research progress and development tendency of the hydraulic technology for increasing the permeability of coal seams[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2014,39(10):1945-1955.
[8]中华人民共和国铁道部.TB10120-2002铁路瓦斯隧道技术规范[S].北京:中国铁道出版社,2003.Ministry of Railways of the People’s Republic of China TB10120-2002 Technical code for railway tunnel with gas[S].Beijing:China Railway Publishing House,2003.
[9]李晓红,卢义玉,赵瑜.高压脉冲水射流提高松软煤层透气性的研究[J].煤炭学报,2008,33(2):1386-1390.LI Xiao-hong,LU Yi-yu,ZHAO Yu.Study on improving the permeability of soft coal seam with high pressure pulsed water jet[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2008,33(12):1386-1390.
[10]李晓红,李栋,卢义玉,等.复杂煤层瓦斯抽采及消除煤与瓦斯突出理论与技术[C]//中国工程院/国家能源局首届能源论坛论文集.北京:化学工业出版社,2010:127-133.LI Xiao-hong,LI Dong,LU Yi-yu,et al.Theoretical and technical analysis of gas extraction and outburst elimination regionally of complex coal seam[C]//Chinese Academy of Engineering/National Energy Board The First Energy Forum Proceedings.Beijing:Chemical Industry Press,2010:127-133.
[11]刘勇,卢义玉,李晓红.高压脉冲水射流顶底板钻孔提高煤层瓦斯抽采率的应用研究[J].煤炭学报,2010,35(7):1115-1119.LIU Yong,LU Yi-yu,LI Xiao-hong.Application of drilling in roof or floor with high pulse pressure water jet to improve gas drainage[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2010,35(7):1115-1119.
[12]吕爱钟,张路青.地下隧洞力学分析的复变函数方法[M].北京:科学出版社,2007.LüAi-zhong,ZHANG Lu-qing.Functional function method for mechanical analysis of underground tunnels[M].Beijing:Science Press,2007.
[13]郭佳奇,乔春生.椭圆孔口塑性区及其在岩溶隧道工程中的应用[J].铁道学报,2013,35(3):108-115.GUO Jia-qi,QIAO Chun-sheng.Plastic zone around elliptical hole portal and its application in karst tunnel[J].Journal of the China Railway Society,2013,35(3):108-115.
[14]蔡美峰.岩石力学与工程[M].北京:科学出版社,2006.CAI Mei-feng.Rock mechanics and engineering[M].Beijing:Science Press,2006.
[15]卢义玉,刘勇,夏彬伟,等.石门揭煤钻孔布置优化分析及应用[J].煤炭学报,2011,36(3):283-288.LU Yi-yu,LIU Yong,XIA Bin-wei,et al.The novel technology of drilling arrangement of rock cross-cut coal uncovering basing on theoretical analysis[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2011,36(3):283-288.
[16]林柏泉,孟杰,宁俊,等.含瓦斯煤体水力压裂动态变化特征研究[J].采矿与安全工程学报,2012,29(1):106-110.LIN Bai-quan,MENG Jie,NING Jun,et al.Research on dynamic characteristics of hydraulic fracturing in coal body containing gas[J].Journal of Mining&Safety Engineering,2012,29(1):106-110.
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