不同施肥处理对农田土壤有机氮组分及其矿化的影响
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摘要
有机氮作为土壤中氮的主要存在形式,其各组分对氮矿化贡献程度不同,因此了解有机氮组分及其对氮矿化贡献成为土壤供氮研究的重点。本文通过室内恒温培养法,采用Bremner法测定不同时间土壤中无机氮和有机氮各组分变化,研究不同施肥处理对典型农田土壤有机氮组分及其氮矿化贡献的影响。研究发现,施加尿素促进土壤有机氮矿化,并随着添加量增加矿化作用越强。施加有机粪肥并未显著改变土壤氮的矿化。施加秸秆改变土壤氮素转化的方向,使得固定作用大于矿化作用,土壤出现氮的净固定,并随着添加量增加固定作用越强。通过对有机氮各组分与矿化累积量相关关系分析发现,尿素处理中酸解氨态氮是矿化作用的主要贡献组分,而秸秆处理中酸解未知态氮成为氮矿化的主体。造成有机氮组分对氮矿化贡献的差异主要原因是施肥种类和肥料与土壤的相互作用。综上所述,在实际农业施肥过程中,采用化学肥料与外源有机肥料配施可以有效地提高土壤肥力和改善作物产量。
Soil organic nitrogen(SON)in agricultural soils is the dominant form of nitrogen(N),and the different response of their fractions mineralization play a key role in N supply.Therefore,our study aimed to investigate the effects of different fertilizers(urea;manure;straw)on SON fractions and their N mineralization by laboratory incubation experiment in agricultural soils.The SON fractions were determined at different incubation time by the Bremner's method.The results showed that the effects of three fertilizers on SON fractions and their mineralization were completely different.Urea application facilitated SON mineralization,and the extents of mineralization were enhanced with the increasing application rates.However,adding manure had no significant impact on N mineralization.In addition,straw addition lead to N immobilized,and the extents of immobilization were enhanced with the increasing application rates.Ammonia N was the important substrate of N mineralization in urea-amended soils by correlation analysis between SON fractions and cumulative N mineralization.However,hydrolysable unidentified N became the major N forms in N mineralization with application of straw.The results attributed to the different properties of fertilizers and interactions between soils and fertilizers.Above all,the combination of chemical and organic fertilizers is suggested to be adopted in agricultural practices.
Soil organic nitrogen(SON)in agricultural soils is the dominant form of nitrogen(N),and the different response of their fractions mineralization play a key role in N supply.Therefore,our study aimed to investigate the effects of different fertilizers(urea;manure;straw)on SON fractions and their N mineralization by laboratory incubation experiment in agricultural soils.The SON fractions were determined at different incubation time by the Bremner's method.The results showed that the effects of three fertilizers on SON fractions and their mineralization were completely different.Urea application facilitated SON mineralization,and the extents of mineralization were enhanced with the increasing application rates.However,adding manure had no significant impact on N mineralization.In addition,straw addition lead to N immobilized,and the extents of immobilization were enhanced with the increasing application rates.Ammonia N was the important substrate of N mineralization in urea-amended soils by correlation analysis between SON fractions and cumulative N mineralization.However,hydrolysable unidentified N became the major N forms in N mineralization with application of straw.The results attributed to the different properties of fertilizers and interactions between soils and fertilizers.Above all,the combination of chemical and organic fertilizers is suggested to be adopted in agricultural practices.
引文
[1]朱兆良,张福锁.主要农田生态系统氮素行为与氮肥高效利用的基础研究[M].北京:科学出版社,2010.Zhu Z L,Zhang F S.The Basic Research on Behaviors of Nitrogen and Efficient Use of Fertilizer in Main Agroecosystems[M].Beijng:Science Press,2010.
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[4]王媛,周建斌,杨学云.长期不同培肥处理对土壤有机氮组分及氮素矿化特性的影响[J].中国农业科学,2010,43(6):1173-1180.Wang Y,Zhou J B,Yang X Y.Effects of different long-term fertilization on the fractions of organic nitrogen and nitrogen mineralization in soils[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2010,43(6):1173-1180.
[5] Engelking B,Flessa H,Joergensena R G.Shifts in amino sugar and ergosterol contents after addition of sucrose and cellulose to soil[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2007,39:2111-2118.
[6] Roberts P,Bol R,Jones D L.Free amino sugar reactions in soil in relation to soil carbon and nitrogen cycling[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2007,39:3081-3092.
[7]杨绒,周建斌,赵满兴.土壤中可溶性有机氮含量及其影响因素研究[J].土壤通报,2007,38(1):15-18.Yang R,Zhou J B,Zhao M X.Contents of soluble organic nitrogen in soil and its influencing factors[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2007,38(1):15-18.
[8]李玲玲,李书田.有机肥氮素矿化及影响因素研究进展[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2012,3:749-757.Li L L,Li S T.A review on nitrogen mineralization of organic manure and affecting factors[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2012,3:749-757.
[9] Xu Y C,Shen Q R,Ran W.Content and distribution of forms of organic N in soil and particle size fractions after long-term fertilization[J].Chemosphere,2003,50:739-745.
[10] Liu E,Yan C R,Mei X R,et al.Long-term effect of chemical fertilizer,straw,and manure on soil chemical and biological properties in northwest China[J].Geoderma,2010,158(3):173-180.
[11] Gong W,Yan X Y,Wang J Y,et al.Long-term manure and fertilizer effects on soil organic matter fractions and microbes under a wheat-maize cropping system in northern China[J].Geoderma,2009,149(3-4):318-324.
[12]娄燕宏,诸葛玉平,魏猛,等.外源有机物料对土壤氮矿化的影响[J].土壤通报,2009,40(2):315-320.Lou Y H,Zhuge Y P,Wei M,et al.Effect of extraneous organic materials on the mineralization of nitrogen in soil[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2009,40(2):315-320.
[13]伍玉鹏,邓婵娟,姜炎彬,等.长期施肥对水稻土有机氮组分及氮素矿化特性的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2015,34(10):1958-1964.Wu Y P,Deng C J,Jiang Y B,et al.Effects of long-term different fertilization on fractions and mineralization of organic nitrogen in paddy soils[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2015,34(10):1958-1964.
[14]岳丹,蔡立群,齐鹏,等.小麦和玉米秸秆不同还田量下腐解特征及其养分释放规律[J].干旱区资源与环境,2016,3:80-85.Yue D,Cai L Q,Qi P,et al.The decomposition characteristics and nutrient release laws of wheat and corn straws under different straw-returned amount[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2016,3:80-85.
[15]赵彤,蒋跃利,闫浩,等.土壤氨化过程中微生物作用研究进展[J].应用与环境生物学报,2014,2:315-321.Zhao T,Jiang Y L,Yan H,et al.Research advances on microbial function in soil ammonifying process[J].Chinese Journal of Applied and Environmental Biology,2014,2:315-321.
[16]刘春晓,曹杨,王晓杰,等.小麦秸秆对尿素中养分的吸附研究[J].江西农业学报,2010,22(7):125-127.Liu C X,Cao Y,Wang X J,et al.Research on absorption of wheat straw to nutrient in urea solution[J].Acta Agriculturae Jiangxi,2010,22(7):125-127.
[17]李生秀.中国旱地土壤植物氮素[M].北京:科学出版社,2008.Li S X.Soil and Plant Nitrogen in Dryland Areas of China[M].Beijing:Science Press,2008.
[18]肖巧琳,罗建新,杨琼.烟稻轮作中稻草还田对土壤有机氮各组分的影响[J].土壤,2011,43(2):167-173.Xiao Q L,Luo J X,Yang Q.Effects of rice-straw-returning under tobacco-rice rotation on soil organic nitrogen fractions[J].Soils,2011,43(2):167-173.
[19]丛耀辉,张玉玲,张玉龙,等.黑土区水稻土有机氮组分及其对可矿化氮的贡献[J].土壤学报,2016,3(2):457-467.Cong Y H,Zhang Y L,Zhang Y L,et al.Soil organic nitrogen components and their contributions to mineralizable nitrogen in paddy soil of the black soil region[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2016,3(2):457-467.
[20] Jones D L,Kielland K.Soil amino acid turnover dominates the nitrogen flux in permafrost-dominated taiga forest soils[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2002,34:209-219.
[21]彭银燕,黄运湘,孙梅.长期施肥条件下水稻土有机氮组分及矿化特性研究[J].水土保持学报,2012,26(5):173-181.Peng Y Y,Huang Y X,Sun M.Fractions of organic nitrogen and nitrogen mineralization characteristic under long term fertilization on paddy soil[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2012,26(5):173-181.
[22]闫德智,王德建.添加秸秆对土壤矿质氮量、微生物氮量和氮总矿化速率的影响[J].土壤通报,2012,43(3):631-636.Yan D Z,Wang D J.Nitrogen mineralization of 15Nlabeled straw added into the paddy soils in Tai-hu region[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2012,43(3):631-636.
[23]王敬,程谊,蔡祖聪,等.长期施肥对农田土壤氮素关键转化过程的影响[J].土壤学报,2016,2:292-304.Wang J,Cheng Y,Cai Z C,et al.Effects of long-term fertilization on key processes of soil nitrogen cycling in agricultural soil:A review[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2016,2:292-304.
[24]宗海英,王凯荣,谢小立.长期施肥对红壤性水稻土有机氮组分的影响[J].应用生态学报,2008,19(8):1721-1726.Zong H Y,Wang K R,Xie X L.Effects of long-term fertilization on soil organic nitrogen components in paddy soil[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2008,19(8):1721-1726.
[2] Hoyle F C,Murphy D V,Brookes P C.Microbial response to the addition of glucose in low-fertility soils[J].Biology and Fertility of Soils,2008,44:571-579.
[3]彭令发,郝明德,来路.土壤有机氮组分及其矿化模型研究[J].水土保持研究,2003,10(1):46-49.Peng L F,Hao M D,Lai L.Soil organic nitrogen compounds and the research of its mineralizable models[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2003,10(1):46-49.
[4]王媛,周建斌,杨学云.长期不同培肥处理对土壤有机氮组分及氮素矿化特性的影响[J].中国农业科学,2010,43(6):1173-1180.Wang Y,Zhou J B,Yang X Y.Effects of different long-term fertilization on the fractions of organic nitrogen and nitrogen mineralization in soils[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2010,43(6):1173-1180.
[5] Engelking B,Flessa H,Joergensena R G.Shifts in amino sugar and ergosterol contents after addition of sucrose and cellulose to soil[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2007,39:2111-2118.
[6] Roberts P,Bol R,Jones D L.Free amino sugar reactions in soil in relation to soil carbon and nitrogen cycling[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2007,39:3081-3092.
[7]杨绒,周建斌,赵满兴.土壤中可溶性有机氮含量及其影响因素研究[J].土壤通报,2007,38(1):15-18.Yang R,Zhou J B,Zhao M X.Contents of soluble organic nitrogen in soil and its influencing factors[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2007,38(1):15-18.
[8]李玲玲,李书田.有机肥氮素矿化及影响因素研究进展[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2012,3:749-757.Li L L,Li S T.A review on nitrogen mineralization of organic manure and affecting factors[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2012,3:749-757.
[9] Xu Y C,Shen Q R,Ran W.Content and distribution of forms of organic N in soil and particle size fractions after long-term fertilization[J].Chemosphere,2003,50:739-745.
[10] Liu E,Yan C R,Mei X R,et al.Long-term effect of chemical fertilizer,straw,and manure on soil chemical and biological properties in northwest China[J].Geoderma,2010,158(3):173-180.
[11] Gong W,Yan X Y,Wang J Y,et al.Long-term manure and fertilizer effects on soil organic matter fractions and microbes under a wheat-maize cropping system in northern China[J].Geoderma,2009,149(3-4):318-324.
[12]娄燕宏,诸葛玉平,魏猛,等.外源有机物料对土壤氮矿化的影响[J].土壤通报,2009,40(2):315-320.Lou Y H,Zhuge Y P,Wei M,et al.Effect of extraneous organic materials on the mineralization of nitrogen in soil[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2009,40(2):315-320.
[13]伍玉鹏,邓婵娟,姜炎彬,等.长期施肥对水稻土有机氮组分及氮素矿化特性的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2015,34(10):1958-1964.Wu Y P,Deng C J,Jiang Y B,et al.Effects of long-term different fertilization on fractions and mineralization of organic nitrogen in paddy soils[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2015,34(10):1958-1964.
[14]岳丹,蔡立群,齐鹏,等.小麦和玉米秸秆不同还田量下腐解特征及其养分释放规律[J].干旱区资源与环境,2016,3:80-85.Yue D,Cai L Q,Qi P,et al.The decomposition characteristics and nutrient release laws of wheat and corn straws under different straw-returned amount[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2016,3:80-85.
[15]赵彤,蒋跃利,闫浩,等.土壤氨化过程中微生物作用研究进展[J].应用与环境生物学报,2014,2:315-321.Zhao T,Jiang Y L,Yan H,et al.Research advances on microbial function in soil ammonifying process[J].Chinese Journal of Applied and Environmental Biology,2014,2:315-321.
[16]刘春晓,曹杨,王晓杰,等.小麦秸秆对尿素中养分的吸附研究[J].江西农业学报,2010,22(7):125-127.Liu C X,Cao Y,Wang X J,et al.Research on absorption of wheat straw to nutrient in urea solution[J].Acta Agriculturae Jiangxi,2010,22(7):125-127.
[17]李生秀.中国旱地土壤植物氮素[M].北京:科学出版社,2008.Li S X.Soil and Plant Nitrogen in Dryland Areas of China[M].Beijing:Science Press,2008.
[18]肖巧琳,罗建新,杨琼.烟稻轮作中稻草还田对土壤有机氮各组分的影响[J].土壤,2011,43(2):167-173.Xiao Q L,Luo J X,Yang Q.Effects of rice-straw-returning under tobacco-rice rotation on soil organic nitrogen fractions[J].Soils,2011,43(2):167-173.
[19]丛耀辉,张玉玲,张玉龙,等.黑土区水稻土有机氮组分及其对可矿化氮的贡献[J].土壤学报,2016,3(2):457-467.Cong Y H,Zhang Y L,Zhang Y L,et al.Soil organic nitrogen components and their contributions to mineralizable nitrogen in paddy soil of the black soil region[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2016,3(2):457-467.
[20] Jones D L,Kielland K.Soil amino acid turnover dominates the nitrogen flux in permafrost-dominated taiga forest soils[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2002,34:209-219.
[21]彭银燕,黄运湘,孙梅.长期施肥条件下水稻土有机氮组分及矿化特性研究[J].水土保持学报,2012,26(5):173-181.Peng Y Y,Huang Y X,Sun M.Fractions of organic nitrogen and nitrogen mineralization characteristic under long term fertilization on paddy soil[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2012,26(5):173-181.
[22]闫德智,王德建.添加秸秆对土壤矿质氮量、微生物氮量和氮总矿化速率的影响[J].土壤通报,2012,43(3):631-636.Yan D Z,Wang D J.Nitrogen mineralization of 15Nlabeled straw added into the paddy soils in Tai-hu region[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2012,43(3):631-636.
[23]王敬,程谊,蔡祖聪,等.长期施肥对农田土壤氮素关键转化过程的影响[J].土壤学报,2016,2:292-304.Wang J,Cheng Y,Cai Z C,et al.Effects of long-term fertilization on key processes of soil nitrogen cycling in agricultural soil:A review[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2016,2:292-304.
[24]宗海英,王凯荣,谢小立.长期施肥对红壤性水稻土有机氮组分的影响[J].应用生态学报,2008,19(8):1721-1726.Zong H Y,Wang K R,Xie X L.Effects of long-term fertilization on soil organic nitrogen components in paddy soil[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2008,19(8):1721-1726.
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