基于指示Kriging法的土壤盐渍化与地下水埋深关系研究
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摘要
在北方干旱、半干旱的地下水浅埋区,土壤盐渍化是土地资源退化的主要原因,防治土壤盐渍化是农业和生态环境可持续发展的重要保障。该文以内蒙古河套灌区解放闸灌域为例,运用指示Kriging法绘制并比较了不同阈值下地下水位埋深和土壤表层含盐量的概率分布图,从概率空间分布的角度分析研究了土壤盐渍化与地下水位埋深之间的关系,从而将这方面的研究从通常的农田尺度扩大到灌域尺度。结果表明:1)土壤盐分和地下水位埋深空间变异强度均为中等,且具有中等的空间自相关性,球状模型拟合变异函数的效果较好;2)在灌域尺度上,解放闸灌域4月底土壤表层发生中度、轻度盐渍化时地下水位临界埋深分别为2.0、2.5m,西南及中东部地下水位埋深小于临界埋深的概率较大,是土壤返盐的高风险区;3)3月底地下水位埋深对土壤返盐的影响比4月底更大一些,这表明地下水位埋深对土壤返盐的影响具有一定滞后效应,只有地下水位埋深小于临界深度的状态维持一段时间,才会造成土壤中度或轻度盐渍化。
Soil salinization is the most important land degradation processes in many arid and semi-arid areas with shallow groundwater table depth. Preventing and controlling soil salinization is an important guarantee of the sustainable development of agricultural and ecological environment. Due to an arid and semi-arid continental climate with low rainfall, high evaporation and shallow groundwater table, the Hetao irrigation district(HID), located along the Yellow River in Inner Mongolia, is a typical secondary salinized area in the north of China. In order to understand the relationship between soil salinization and groundwater table at district scale, the Jiefangzha sub-district, the second largest sub-district in HID, was selected as the study area. A total 53 groundwater observation wells and 41 soil salinity monitoring sites were installed in the sub-district. The depth of groundwater level was measured at the ends of March and April in 2012, and the soil salt content was measured at the depths of 0-0.1, 0.1-0.2, 0.2-0.4, 0.4-0.6 m of soil salinity monitoring sites at the end of April in 2012. The probability maps of the critical groundwater table depth and the soil salinity were generated by the indicator Kriging technique with low salinity threshold(2 g/kg), moderate salinity threshold(3 g/kg), and 4 groundwater table depth thresholds of 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0 m. Spatial distributions of the soil salinity probability for each of the thresholds were compared with each of groundwater table depth thresholds, and the relationship between soil salinity and groundwater table depth were evaluated on the basis at the district scale. The results showed as following: 1) Surface soil salinity and groundwater table depth exhibited moderate spatial variability and moderate spatial dependence. The spherical model was the best-fitted model for the indicator semivariograms of soil salt and groundwater depth with different thresholds. 2) The spatial distribution of moderate salinization risk was greatly similar to that of the probability of groundwater depth less than 2.0 m, and the spatial distribution of low salinization risk was greatly similar to that of the probability of groundwater depth less than 2.5 m. Especially, the high salinization risk areas were usually corresponding to that of the high probability areas with groundwater depth less than the critical depth of 2.0 or 2.5 m. Meanwhile, the spatial distribution of the probability of groundwater depth less than 2.0 m was greatly similar to the spatial distributions of soil salinization types based on remote sensing inversion at the end of April in 2001, 2006 and 2012. These indicated that the critical depths of groundwater at the district scale were 2.0 and 2.5 m when the low and moderate salinization occurred on the surface soil in the Jiefangzha sub-district at the end of April, respectively. In the sub-district, the high probability area that the groundwater depth did not exceed the critical values gradually decreased from 2001 to 2012. These soils were mainly located in the area of east central and south west of the sub-district, and were corresponding to the soil of the high salinization risk area. 3) Compared with the probability map of groundwater table depth at the end of April, that at the end of March had higher degree of similarity with the spatial distribution of salinization risk of surface soil, which indicated that there was a certain lag effect of the groundwater table depth on soil salinization, and the low or moderate salinization risk would increase when the groundwater depth was less than the critical depth and maintained for a period of time. These results could be useful for the administrator to control groundwater table depth and prevent soil salinization at the district scale. The article also provides a reference for studying causes and regulation of secondary soil salinization at the district scale.
Soil salinization is the most important land degradation processes in many arid and semi-arid areas with shallow groundwater table depth. Preventing and controlling soil salinization is an important guarantee of the sustainable development of agricultural and ecological environment. Due to an arid and semi-arid continental climate with low rainfall, high evaporation and shallow groundwater table, the Hetao irrigation district(HID), located along the Yellow River in Inner Mongolia, is a typical secondary salinized area in the north of China. In order to understand the relationship between soil salinization and groundwater table at district scale, the Jiefangzha sub-district, the second largest sub-district in HID, was selected as the study area. A total 53 groundwater observation wells and 41 soil salinity monitoring sites were installed in the sub-district. The depth of groundwater level was measured at the ends of March and April in 2012, and the soil salt content was measured at the depths of 0-0.1, 0.1-0.2, 0.2-0.4, 0.4-0.6 m of soil salinity monitoring sites at the end of April in 2012. The probability maps of the critical groundwater table depth and the soil salinity were generated by the indicator Kriging technique with low salinity threshold(2 g/kg), moderate salinity threshold(3 g/kg), and 4 groundwater table depth thresholds of 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0 m. Spatial distributions of the soil salinity probability for each of the thresholds were compared with each of groundwater table depth thresholds, and the relationship between soil salinity and groundwater table depth were evaluated on the basis at the district scale. The results showed as following: 1) Surface soil salinity and groundwater table depth exhibited moderate spatial variability and moderate spatial dependence. The spherical model was the best-fitted model for the indicator semivariograms of soil salt and groundwater depth with different thresholds. 2) The spatial distribution of moderate salinization risk was greatly similar to that of the probability of groundwater depth less than 2.0 m, and the spatial distribution of low salinization risk was greatly similar to that of the probability of groundwater depth less than 2.5 m. Especially, the high salinization risk areas were usually corresponding to that of the high probability areas with groundwater depth less than the critical depth of 2.0 or 2.5 m. Meanwhile, the spatial distribution of the probability of groundwater depth less than 2.0 m was greatly similar to the spatial distributions of soil salinization types based on remote sensing inversion at the end of April in 2001, 2006 and 2012. These indicated that the critical depths of groundwater at the district scale were 2.0 and 2.5 m when the low and moderate salinization occurred on the surface soil in the Jiefangzha sub-district at the end of April, respectively. In the sub-district, the high probability area that the groundwater depth did not exceed the critical values gradually decreased from 2001 to 2012. These soils were mainly located in the area of east central and south west of the sub-district, and were corresponding to the soil of the high salinization risk area. 3) Compared with the probability map of groundwater table depth at the end of April, that at the end of March had higher degree of similarity with the spatial distribution of salinization risk of surface soil, which indicated that there was a certain lag effect of the groundwater table depth on soil salinization, and the low or moderate salinization risk would increase when the groundwater depth was less than the critical depth and maintained for a period of time. These results could be useful for the administrator to control groundwater table depth and prevent soil salinization at the district scale. The article also provides a reference for studying causes and regulation of secondary soil salinization at the district scale.
引文
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[2]Abdel-Kawy W A M,Belal A.Use of satellite data and GISfor soil mapping and monitoring soil productivity of the cultivated land in El-Fayoum depression,Egypt[J].Arab JGeosci,2013,6:723-732.
[3]Ibrahimi M K,Tsuyoshi M,Taku N,et al.Contribution of shallow groundwater rapid fluctuation to soil salinization under arid and semiarid climate[J].Arab J Geosci,2014,7:3901-3911.
[4]Wang Jingzhong,Wu Jinglu,Jia Hongjuan.Analysis of spatial variation of soil salinization using a hydrochemical and stable isotopic method in a semiarid irrigated basin,Hetao plain,Inner Mongolia,North China[J].Environ.Process,2016,3:723-733.
[5]Northey J E,Christen E W,Ayars J E,et al.Occurrence and measurement of salinity stratification in shallow groundwater in the Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area,south-eastern Australia[J].AgricWater Mana,2006,81:23-40.
[6]Wang Yugang,Xiao Duning,Li Yan,et al.Soil salinity evolution and its relationship with dynamics of groundwater in the oasis of inland river basins:Case study from the Fubei region of Xinjiang Province,China[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2008,140:291-302.
[7]Salama R B,Otto C J,Fitzpatrick R W.Contributions of groundwater conditions to soil and water salinization[J].Hydrogeology Journal,1999,7(1):46-64.
[8]Ibrakhimov M,Khamzina A,Forkutsa I,et al.Groundwater table and salinity:Spatial and temporal distribution and influence on soil salinization in Khorezm region(Uzbekistan,Aral Sea Basin)[J].Irrigation and Drainage Systems,2007,12(3):219-236.
[9]赵锁志,孔凡吉,王喜宽,等.地下水临界深度的确定及其意义探讨以河套灌区为例[J].内蒙古农业大学学报(自然科学版),2008,29(4):164-167.Zhao Suozhi,Kong Fanji,Wang Xikuan,et al.Determination of the critical depth of groundwater and its significance discussion take the Hetao Irrigation Area as an example[J].Journal of Inner Mongolia Agricultural University(Natural Science Edition),2008,29(4):164-167.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[10]张蔚榛,张瑜芳.对灌区水盐平衡和控制土壤盐渍化的认识[J].中国农村水利水电,2003,8(16):23-26.Zhang Weizhen,Zhang Yufang.Knowledge of water and salt balance and control of soil saline and water logging in irrigation district[J].China Rural Water and Hydropower,2003,8(16):23-26.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[11]李明,宁立波,卢天梅.土壤盐渍化地区地下水临界深度确定及其水位调控[J].灌溉排水学报,2015,34(5):46-50.Li Ming,Ning Libo,Lu Tianmei.Determination and the control of critical groundwater table in salinization area[J].Journal of Irrigation and Drainage,2015,34(5):46-50.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[12]管孝艳,王少丽,高占义,等.盐渍化灌区土壤盐分的时空变异特征及其与地下水埋深的关系[J].生态学报,2012,32(4):1202-1210.Guan Xiaoyan,Wang Shaoli,Gao Zhanyi,et al.Spatiotemporal variability of soil salinity and its relationship with the depth to groundwater in salinization irrigation district[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2012,32(4):1202-1210.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[13]夏江宝,赵西梅,赵自国,等.不同潜水埋深下土壤水盐运移特征及其交互效应[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(15):93-100.Xia Jiangbao,Zhao Ximei,Zhao Ziguo,et al.Migration characteristics of soil water and salt and their interaction under different groundwater levels[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2015,31(15):93-100.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[14]姚荣江,杨劲松.黄河三角洲典型地区地下水位与土壤盐分空间分布的指示克立格评价[J].农业环境科学报,2007,26(6):2118-2124.Yao Rongjiang,Yang Jingsong.The evaluation of the groundwater level and soil salinity spatial distribution in typical areas of the Yellow River Delta[J].Journal of Agricultural Environmental Sciences,2007,26(6):2118-2124.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[15]周在明,张光辉,王金哲,等.环渤海低平原区土壤盐渍化风险的多元指示克立格评价[J].水利学报,2011,42(10):1144-1151.Zhou Zaiming,Zhang Guanghui,Wang Jinzhe,et al.Multiple indicators of soil salinization risk in the low plain area of the Bohai Sea[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2011,42(10):1144-1151.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[16]Journel A G.Non-parametric estimation of spatial distribution[J].Journal of Mathematical Geology,1983,15(3):445-468.
[17]王遵亲,祝寿泉,俞仁培.中国盐渍土[M].北京:科学出版社,1993.
[18]刘全明,成秋明,王学,等.河套灌区土壤盐渍化微波雷达反演[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(16):109-114.Liu Quanming,Cheng Qiuming,Wang Xue,et al.Soil salinity inversion in Hetao Irrigation district using microwave radar[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2016,32(16):109-114.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[19]童文杰.套灌区作物耐盐性评价及种植制度优化研究[D].北京:中国农业大学,2014.Tong Weijie.Study on Salt Tolerance of Crops and Cropping System Optimization in Hetao Irrigation District[D].Beijing:China Agricultural University,2014.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[20]苏涛.基于遥感的作物产量与土壤水盐分布反演方法研究[D].扬州:扬州大学,2013.Su Tao.Application of Remote Sensing Technology to Determine the Evolution of Soil Salinization in Typical Areas of Inner Mongolia Irrigation Area[D].Yangzhou:Yangzhou University,2013.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[21]徐英,陈亚新,王俊生,等.农田土壤水分和盐分空间分布的指示克立格分析评价[J].水科学进展,2006(4):477-482.Xu Ying,Chen Yaxin,Wang Junsheng,et al.Indicators of the spatial distribution of soil moisture and salinity in farmland Krieger analysis and evaluation[J].Advances in Water Science,2006(4):477-482.(in Chinese with English abstract)
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