毛竹林覆盖经营对土壤养分含量、酶活性及微生物生物量的影响
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摘要
【目的】探讨覆盖经营(稻草+竹叶+砻糠)毛竹林的退化原因,此期为退化毛竹林恢复提供理论参考。【方法】选择不同覆盖年限(1,2和3年)毛竹林,以未覆盖毛竹林作对照,分别测定0～40 cm土层的土壤pH值、养分含量、酶活性及微生物生物量。【结果】随着毛竹林覆盖年限增加,土壤pH值降低(即土壤酸化);土壤有机质含量呈升高趋势;土壤全氮、全磷、全钾含量表现为逐渐升高的变化规律,均显著高于未覆盖毛竹林(P<0.05);土壤速效养分(碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾)含量均呈现先升高后降低的趋势,以覆盖1年的最高,且显著高于未覆盖毛竹林(P<0.05),覆盖3年后显著低于未覆盖毛竹林(P<0.05);土壤C/N和N/P随覆盖年限增加逐渐升高,N/K先升高后降低,而P/K呈逐渐降低趋势;土壤脲酶和蔗糖酶活性均呈现先升高后降低的趋势,以覆盖1年的最高;土壤蛋白酶、过氧化氢酶和酸性磷酸酶活性则呈逐渐降低趋势;土壤微生物生物量呈现先升高后降低的趋势,以覆盖1年的最高;细菌、放线菌生物量与微生物生物量表现出一致的变化规律,真菌生物量则逐渐升高;好氧细菌生物量先升高后降低,覆盖3年后显著低于未覆盖毛竹林(P<0.05);真菌与细菌的生物量比值呈先降低后升高的趋势,但覆盖1年后与未覆盖毛竹林间差异不显著(P>0.05)。【结论】与覆盖1年毛竹林相比,长期连续覆盖经营导致土壤酸化明显,养分比例失衡,酶活性逐渐降低,土壤微生物区系发生变化,从而导致土壤劣变,竹林退化。生产中建议采用休养式覆盖经营模式,即隔年覆盖(覆盖1年休养1年),同时,在自然出笋时要及时清除覆盖物并减少残留量,还需合理使用化肥。
【Objective】 This study aims to investigate the causes for degradation of Phyllostachys edulis forest under mulching management(straw + bamboo leaf + rice chaff), in order to provide a theoretical basis for the restoration of degraded P. edulis forest.【Method】Bamboo stands with different mulching ages(1, 2, 3 a) and non-mulching(Control) stands were selected, soil pH value, nutrient contents, enzyme activities and microbial biomass in 0-40 cm soil layer were measured, respectively.【Result】With the increase of mulching years, the soil pH value gradually reduced, i.e. soil acidification. The content of soil organic matters increased with the increase of mulching years. Soil total nitrogen(TN), total phosphorus(TP), total potassium(TK) content increased gradually, and they were significantly higher than that in non-mulching stand(P<0.05). Contents of soil available nutrients(available N, available P, available K) increased and followed by a decrease, and peaked in mulching 1 a stand. Contents of soil available nutrients in mulching 1 a stand were significantly higher than that in the non-mulching stand(P<0.05), while they were significantly lower in mulching 3 a stand than that in the non-mulching stand(P<0.05). With the increase of mulching years, soil C/N and N/P gradually increased, N/K increased first and followed by a decrease, while P/K gradually decreased. Urease and sucrase activities increased first and followed by a decrease with the increase of mulching years, and peaked in mulching 1 a stand. While protease, catalase and acid phosphatase activities gradually decreased. Soil microbial biomass increased first and followed by a decrease with the increase of mulching years, and it was the largest in mulching 1 a stand. Bacteria and actinomyces biomasses showed the same variation tendency as the microbial biomass, while fungi biomass gradually increased. Aerobic bacteria biomass increased first and followed by a decrease, and it was significantly lower in mulching 3 a stand than that in the non-mulching stand(P<0.05). Ratio of fungi biomass and bacteria biomass(F/B) showed a decrease first and followed by an increase, and there was no significant difference in mulching 3 a stand and the non-mulching stand(P>0.05).【Conclusion】Compared with mulching 1 a Moso bamboo forest, long term mulching management may lead to soil acidification, the imbalance of nutrients proportions, decreasing of enzyme activities and change of soil microbial flora, resulting in soil deterioration and the degradation of P. edulis forests. Therefore, rotated mulching management(mulching 1 a and then recuperating 1 a) should be recommended in practice. In addition, mulching materials should be removed in time at shooting period to reduce the amount of residue, and the rational application of chemical fertilizer should also be considered.
【Objective】 This study aims to investigate the causes for degradation of Phyllostachys edulis forest under mulching management(straw + bamboo leaf + rice chaff), in order to provide a theoretical basis for the restoration of degraded P. edulis forest.【Method】Bamboo stands with different mulching ages(1, 2, 3 a) and non-mulching(Control) stands were selected, soil pH value, nutrient contents, enzyme activities and microbial biomass in 0-40 cm soil layer were measured, respectively.【Result】With the increase of mulching years, the soil pH value gradually reduced, i.e. soil acidification. The content of soil organic matters increased with the increase of mulching years. Soil total nitrogen(TN), total phosphorus(TP), total potassium(TK) content increased gradually, and they were significantly higher than that in non-mulching stand(P<0.05). Contents of soil available nutrients(available N, available P, available K) increased and followed by a decrease, and peaked in mulching 1 a stand. Contents of soil available nutrients in mulching 1 a stand were significantly higher than that in the non-mulching stand(P<0.05), while they were significantly lower in mulching 3 a stand than that in the non-mulching stand(P<0.05). With the increase of mulching years, soil C/N and N/P gradually increased, N/K increased first and followed by a decrease, while P/K gradually decreased. Urease and sucrase activities increased first and followed by a decrease with the increase of mulching years, and peaked in mulching 1 a stand. While protease, catalase and acid phosphatase activities gradually decreased. Soil microbial biomass increased first and followed by a decrease with the increase of mulching years, and it was the largest in mulching 1 a stand. Bacteria and actinomyces biomasses showed the same variation tendency as the microbial biomass, while fungi biomass gradually increased. Aerobic bacteria biomass increased first and followed by a decrease, and it was significantly lower in mulching 3 a stand than that in the non-mulching stand(P<0.05). Ratio of fungi biomass and bacteria biomass(F/B) showed a decrease first and followed by an increase, and there was no significant difference in mulching 3 a stand and the non-mulching stand(P>0.05).【Conclusion】Compared with mulching 1 a Moso bamboo forest, long term mulching management may lead to soil acidification, the imbalance of nutrients proportions, decreasing of enzyme activities and change of soil microbial flora, resulting in soil deterioration and the degradation of P. edulis forests. Therefore, rotated mulching management(mulching 1 a and then recuperating 1 a) should be recommended in practice. In addition, mulching materials should be removed in time at shooting period to reduce the amount of residue, and the rational application of chemical fertilizer should also be considered.
引文
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陈双林. 2011. 毛竹林地覆盖竹笋早出技术应用的问题思考. 浙江农林大学学报,28(5): 799-804.(Chen S L. 2011. Thoughts on related problems of mulched technique with organic materials in moso bamboo forest for early shooting. Journal of Zhejiang A & F University,28(5): 799-804. [in Chinese])
陈双林,萧江华. 2005. 现代竹业栽培的土壤生态管理. 林业科学研究,18(3): 351-355.(Chen S L,Xiao J H. 2005. Soil ecological management of cultivated bamboo stand. Forest Research,18(3): 351-355. [in Chinese])
范少辉,赵建诚,苏文会,等. 2015. 不同密度毛竹林土壤质量综合评价. 林业科学,51(10): 1-9.(Fan S H,Zhao J C,Su W H,et al. 2015. Comprehensive evaluation of soil quality in Phyllostachys edulis stands of different stocking densities. Scientia Silvae Sinicae,51(10): 1-9. [in Chinese])
关松荫. 1986. 土壤酶及其研究法. 北京: 农业出版社.(Guan S Y. 1986. Soil enzyme and its research methods. Beijing: China Agriculture Press. [in Chinese])
郭子武,王为宇,杨清平,等. 2013a. 林地覆盖对雷竹林土壤碳氮磷化学计量特征的影响. 广西植物,33(5): 627-632.(Guo Z W,Wang W Y,Yang Q P,et al. 2013a. Effects of mulching management on stoichiometry of soil C, N and P in Phyllostachys praecox plantations. Guihaia,33(5): 627-632. [in Chinese])
郭子武,俞文仙,陈双林,等. 2013b. 林地覆盖对雷竹林土壤微生物特征及其与土壤养分制约性关系的研究. 生态学报,33(18): 5622-5630.(Guo Z W,Yu W X,Chen S L,et al. 2013b. Influence of mulching management on soil microbe and its relationship with soil nutrient in Phyllostachys praecox stand. Acta Ecologica Sinica,33(18): 5622-5630. [in Chinese])
姜培坤,徐秋芳,钱新标,等. 1999. 雷竹林地覆盖增温过程中土壤化学性质的动态变化. 浙江林学院学报,16(2): 123-130.(Jiang P K,Xu Q F,Qian X B,et al. 1999. Dynamic changes of chemical properties of warmer soil covered with different organic materials in Phyllostachys praecox forests. Journal of Zhejiang Forestry College,16(2): 123-130. [in Chinese])
江泽慧. 2002. 世界竹藤. 沈阳: 辽宁科学技术出版社.(Jiang Z H. 2002. Bamboo and rattan in the world. Shenyang: Liaoning Science & Technology Publishing House. [in Chinese])
李东海,杨小波,邓运武,等. 2006. 桉树人工林林下植被、地面覆盖物与土壤物理性质的关系. 生态学杂志,25(6): 607-611.(Li D H,Yang X B,Deng Y W,et al. 2006. Soil physical properties under effects of Eucalyptus understory vegetation and litter. Chinese Journal of Ecology,25(6): 607-611. [in Chinese])
李婷. 2016. 覆盖对毛竹林土壤理化性质和竹笋质量的影响. 成都: 四川农业大学硕士学位论文.(Li T. 2016. Effects of mulching on soil physicochemistry properties and quality of bamboo shoots in Phyllostachys heterocycla stand. Chengdu: MS thesis of Sichuan Agricultural University. [in Chinese])
李跃华,李业文,李超隽,等. 2015. 地面覆盖对毛竹林竹鞭生长及出笋的影响. 湖南林业科技,42(1): 54-56.(Li Y H,Li Y W,Li C J,et al. 2015. Effect of ground cover on bamboo rhizome growth and shooting. Hunan Forestry Science & Technology,42(1): 54-56. [in Chinese])
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