中美典型含油气页岩地质特征及开发现状
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摘要
为进一步了解页岩油气资源,洞悉国外成功开发经验,通过对比北美地区俄亥俄(Ohio)、马塞勒斯(Marcellus)、巴耐特(Barnett)、沃夫坎组(Wolfcamp)页岩与中国龙马溪组、沙河街组页岩的地质背景,明确了中外典型含油气页岩有机地球化学和储层发育特征的异同以及中美页岩油气资源开发动态,并给出了借鉴意义。结果表明:北美开发效果好的含油气页岩大多具有构造简单、厚层页岩发育、厚度变化小、总有机碳含量及有机质成熟度适中、多为Ⅱ型干酪根、脆性矿物含量高、储层压力高等特点。北美页岩油气开发商采用大液量、大砂量、小压裂簇间距和阶段间距来改进压裂工艺,采用井工厂模式来降低土地占用面积,并且在其上进行"拉链式"压裂缩短整体的工程时间,在油田的生产资料数据库中运用大数据分析不同生产参数对产量的影响权重,从而更好地配置生产参数、提高产量。美国页岩油气开发为中国提供的可借鉴的开发经验包括合并油气输送管网、引入民间资本和加大创新奖励。
In order to gain a further understanding of shale gas/oil resource,and to learn from successful overseas development experience,the geological characteristics of shale in Ohio,Marcellus,Barnett,Wolfcamp in North America and the shale in Longmaxi and Shahejie in China were compared in detail. The similarities and differences of typical shales in organic geochemistry and reservoir characteristics in both China and America were deeply clarified,at the same time,the development trends of oil and gas resources in China and the United States were also presented,and the referential values were given. The results show that the oil/gas-bearing shales developed successfully are characterized by simple structure,thick layer,small thickness change,moderate TOC content and organic maturity,rich typeⅡkerogen,rich brittle mineral content and overpressure. North American shale oil developers use large amount of fracturing fluid,large amount of sand,short fracture cluster distance and stage distance to improve the fracturing technique,and use multi-well pad mode to reduce the land occupancy area,and apply the"chain"fracturing to reduce the overall engineering time. By using the big data to analyses the influence weight of different production parameters on oil or gas output,the production increases with the well configured parameters. The development experiences of shale oil or gas that China can learn from U.S. include combining transport pipelines,introducing private capital,and rewarding innovation.
In order to gain a further understanding of shale gas/oil resource,and to learn from successful overseas development experience,the geological characteristics of shale in Ohio,Marcellus,Barnett,Wolfcamp in North America and the shale in Longmaxi and Shahejie in China were compared in detail. The similarities and differences of typical shales in organic geochemistry and reservoir characteristics in both China and America were deeply clarified,at the same time,the development trends of oil and gas resources in China and the United States were also presented,and the referential values were given. The results show that the oil/gas-bearing shales developed successfully are characterized by simple structure,thick layer,small thickness change,moderate TOC content and organic maturity,rich typeⅡkerogen,rich brittle mineral content and overpressure. North American shale oil developers use large amount of fracturing fluid,large amount of sand,short fracture cluster distance and stage distance to improve the fracturing technique,and use multi-well pad mode to reduce the land occupancy area,and apply the"chain"fracturing to reduce the overall engineering time. By using the big data to analyses the influence weight of different production parameters on oil or gas output,the production increases with the well configured parameters. The development experiences of shale oil or gas that China can learn from U.S. include combining transport pipelines,introducing private capital,and rewarding innovation.
引文
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[15]APLIN A C,MACQUAKER J H.Mudstone diversity:Origin and implications for source,seal,and reservoir properties in petroleum systems[J].AAPG Bulletin,2011,95(12):2 031-2 059.
[16]邹才能.非常规油气地质学[M].北京:地质出版社,2014.ZOU Caineng.Unconventional petroleum and natural gas geology[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House,2014.
[17]王淑芳,董大忠,王玉满,等.中美海相页岩气地质特征对比研究[J].天然气地球科学,2015,26(9):1 666-1 678.WANG Shufang,DONG Dazhong,WANG Yuman,et al.A comparative study of the geological feature of marine shale gas between China and the United States[J].Natural Gas Geoscience,2015,26(9):1 666-1 678.
[18]陈美玲,潘仁芳,张超谟,等.济阳拗陷沙河街组页岩与美国Bakken组页岩储层“甜点”特征对比[J].成都理工大学学报:自科版,2016,43(4):438-446.CHEN Meiling,PAN Renfang,ZHANG Chaomo,et al.Comparison of“sweet spots”characteristics of shale oil reservoir rocks between Shahejie Formation in China and Bakken Formation in North America[J].Journal of Chengdu University of Technology:Science&Technology Edition,2016,43(4):438-446.
[19]CORTEZ M.Chemostratigraphy,paleoceanography,and sequence stratigraphy of the Pennsylvanian-Permian Section in the Midland Basin of West Texas With Focus On The Wolfcamp Formation[D].Arlington:The University of Texas,2012.
[20]BUNTING P J,BREYER J A.Lithology of the Barnett Shale(Mississippian),southern Fort Worth Basin,Texas[M]//BREYER J A.Shale reservoirs-giant resources for the 21st century:AAPG Memoir97.Tulsa:American Association of Petroleum Geologists,2012.
[21]ABOUELRESH M O,SLATT R M.Shale depositional processes:Example from the Paleozoic Barnett Shale,Fort Worth Basin,Texas,USA[J].Central European Journal of Geosciences,2011,3(4):398-409.
[22]ABOUELRESH M O,SLATT R M.Lithofacies and sequence stratigraphy of the Barnett Shale in east-central Fort Worth Basin,Texas[J].AAPG Bulletin,2012,96(1):34-43.
[23]DANIEL M J,RONALD J H,TIM E R.A comparative study of the Mississippian Barnett Shale,Fort Worth Basin,and Devonian Marcellus Shale,Appalachian Basin[J].AAPG Bulletin,2011,91(4):475-499.
[24]傅成玉.非常规油气资源勘探开发[M].北京:中国石化出版社,2015.FU Chengyu.Exploration and development of unconventional oil and gas resources[M].Beijing:China Petrochemical Press,2015.
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