Geology, Geochronology, and Hf Isotopic Composition of the Pha Lek Fe Deposit, Northern Laos: Implications for Early Permian Subduction-Related Skarn Fe Mineralization in the Truong Son Belt
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摘要
The Truong Son metallogenic belt in central Laos and Vietnam is an important Fe-Cu-Sn-Au polymetallic ore district. The Pha Lek Fe deposit is closely related to Late Carboniferous– Early Permian I-type granitic magmatism, and contains >50 Mt @ 45% to 50% of Fe ore. Ore minerals occur mainly as magnetite and hematite in the skarn alteration zone between a granitic pluton and metamorphosed Middle–Upper Devonian carbonates. The granitic pluton comprises granodiorite and granite, with zircon U-Pb dating indicating synchronous emplacement at 288.2±1.3 and 284.9±1.2 Ma, respectively. Zircons from these granitoids have ε_(Hf)(t) values of 2.9–11.2 and relatively young TDM2 ages(<1.0 Ga), indicating an origin by partial melting of depleted mafic crust or magma mixing. Previous studies have shown that these granitoids have high Y, Yb, and K_2O contents, and low Sr and Na_2O contents, which are interpreted as the melting of mafic continental crust. Pyrite of the main mineralization stage yields an ~(187)Re/~(188)Os-~(187)Os/~(188)Os isochron age of 287±17 Ma, indicating that mineralization is associated with Pha Lek granitic magmatism. A Late Carboniferous–Early Permian subduction-related skarn-type Fe mineralization model is proposed for the Pha Lek deposit. More evidence is needed to verify a hypothesis of volcanic overprinting during Late Triassic post-collisional extension.
The Truong Son metallogenic belt in central Laos and Vietnam is an important Fe-Cu-Sn-Au polymetallic ore district. The Pha Lek Fe deposit is closely related to Late Carboniferous– Early Permian I-type granitic magmatism, and contains >50 Mt @ 45% to 50% of Fe ore. Ore minerals occur mainly as magnetite and hematite in the skarn alteration zone between a granitic pluton and metamorphosed Middle–Upper Devonian carbonates. The granitic pluton comprises granodiorite and granite, with zircon U-Pb dating indicating synchronous emplacement at 288.2±1.3 and 284.9±1.2 Ma, respectively. Zircons from these granitoids have ε_(Hf)(t) values of 2.9–11.2 and relatively young TDM2 ages(<1.0 Ga), indicating an origin by partial melting of depleted mafic crust or magma mixing. Previous studies have shown that these granitoids have high Y, Yb, and K_2O contents, and low Sr and Na_2O contents, which are interpreted as the melting of mafic continental crust. Pyrite of the main mineralization stage yields an ~(187)Re/~(188)Os-~(187)Os/~(188)Os isochron age of 287±17 Ma, indicating that mineralization is associated with Pha Lek granitic magmatism. A Late Carboniferous–Early Permian subduction-related skarn-type Fe mineralization model is proposed for the Pha Lek deposit. More evidence is needed to verify a hypothesis of volcanic overprinting during Late Triassic post-collisional extension.
The Truong Son metallogenic belt in central Laos and Vietnam is an important Fe-Cu-Sn-Au polymetallic ore district. The Pha Lek Fe deposit is closely related to Late Carboniferous– Early Permian I-type granitic magmatism, and contains >50 Mt @ 45% to 50% of Fe ore. Ore minerals occur mainly as magnetite and hematite in the skarn alteration zone between a granitic pluton and metamorphosed Middle–Upper Devonian carbonates. The granitic pluton comprises granodiorite and granite, with zircon U-Pb dating indicating synchronous emplacement at 288.2±1.3 and 284.9±1.2 Ma, respectively. Zircons from these granitoids have ε_(Hf)(t) values of 2.9–11.2 and relatively young TDM2 ages(<1.0 Ga), indicating an origin by partial melting of depleted mafic crust or magma mixing. Previous studies have shown that these granitoids have high Y, Yb, and K_2O contents, and low Sr and Na_2O contents, which are interpreted as the melting of mafic continental crust. Pyrite of the main mineralization stage yields an ~(187)Re/~(188)Os-~(187)Os/~(188)Os isochron age of 287±17 Ma, indicating that mineralization is associated with Pha Lek granitic magmatism. A Late Carboniferous–Early Permian subduction-related skarn-type Fe mineralization model is proposed for the Pha Lek deposit. More evidence is needed to verify a hypothesis of volcanic overprinting during Late Triassic post-collisional extension.
引文
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Hou,K.J.,Li,Y.H.,Zou,T.R.,et al.,2007.Laser Ablation-MC-ICP-MSTechnique for Hf Isotope Microanalysis of Zircon and Its Geological Applications.Acta Petrologica Sinica,23(10):2595-2604(in Chinese with English Abstract)
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Lepvrier,C.,Maluski,H.,van Vuong,N.,et al.,1997.Indosinian NW-Trending Shear Zones within the Truong Son Belt(Vietnam)40Ar-39Ar Triassic Ages and Cretaceous to Cenozoic Overprints.Tectonophysics,283(1/2/3/4):105-127.https://doi.org/10.1016/s0040-1951(97)00151-0
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Li,C.,Qu,W.J.,Du,A.D.,et al.2009.Comprehensive Study on Extraction of Rhenium with Acetone in Re-Os Isotopic Dating.Rock and Mineral Analysis,28(3):233-238(in Chinese with English Abstract)
Li,C.,Qu,W.J.,Zhou,L.M.,et al.,2010.Rapid Separation of Osmium by Direct Distillation with Carius Tube.Rock and Mineral Analysis,29(1):14-16(in Chinese with English Abstract)
Li,Y.G.,Wang,S.S.,Liu,M.W.,et al.,2015.U-Pb Dating Study of Baddeleyite by LA-ICP-MS:Technique and Application.Acta Geologica Sinica,89(12):2400-2418(in Chinese with English Abstract)
Liu,J.T.,Yang,L.Q.,Lu,L.,2013.Pulang Reduced Porphyry Copper Deposit in the Zhongdian Area,Southwest China:Constrains by the Mineral Assemblages and the Ore-Forming Fluid Compositions.Acta Petrologica Sinica,29(11):3914-3924(in Chinese with English Abstract)
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Mao,H.J.,2012.Geology and Metallogeny of the Pha Lek Deposit in Truong Son Belt,Laos:[Dissertation].Chengdu University of Technology,Chengdu.1-104
Morelli,R.M.,Creaser,R.A.,Selby,D.,et al.,2005.Re-Os Geochronology of Arsenopyrite in Meguma Group Gold Deposits,Meguma Terrane,Nova Scotia,Canada:Evidence for Multiple Gold-Mineralizing Events.Economic Geology,100(6):1229-1242.https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.100.6.1229
Nier,A.O.,1937.A Mass Spectrometer for Routine Isotope Abundance Measurements.Review of Scientific Instruments,11(7):212-216.https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1751688
Qian,X.,Feng,Q.L.,Wang,Y.J.,et al.,2016a.Petrochemistry and Tectonic Setting of the Middle Triassic Arc-Like Volcanic Rocks in the Sayabouli Area,NW Laos.Journal of Earth Science,27(3):365-377.https://doi.org/10.1007/s12583-016-0669-5
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Qian,X.,Feng,Q.L.,Wang,Y.J.,et al.,2017.Late Triassic Post-Collisional Granites Related to Paleotethyan Evolution in SEThailand:Geochronological and Geochemical Constraints.Lithos,286/287:440-453.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2017.06.026
Qian,X.,Feng,Q.L.,Yang,W.Q.,et al.,2015.Arc-Like Volcanic Rocks in NW Laos:Geochronological and Geochemical Constraints and Their Tectonic Implications.Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,98:342-357.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2014.11.035
Richards,J.P.,2011.Magmatic to Hydrothermal Metal Fluxes in Convergent and Collided Margins.Ore Geology Reviews,40(1):1-26.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2011.05.006
Roger,F.,Jolivet,M.,Maluski,H.,et al.,2014.Emplacement and Cooling of the Dien Bien Phu Granitic Complex:Implications for the Tectonic Evolution of the Dien Bien Phu Fault(Truong Son Belt,NW Vietnam).Gondwana Research,26(2):785-801.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2013.07.018
Schwindinger,M.,Weinberg,R.F.,2017.A Felsic MASH Zone of Crustal Magmas-Feedback between Granite Magma Intrusion and in situ Crustal Anatexis.Lithos,284-285:109-121.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2017.03.030
Shi,M.F.,Lin,F.C.,Fan,W.Y.,et al.,2015.Zircon U-Pb Ages and Geochemistry of Granitoids in the Truong Son Terrane,Vietnam:Tectonic and Metallogenic Implications.Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,101:101-120.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2015.02.001
Tran,H.T.,Zaw,K.,Halpin,J.A.,et al.,2014.The Tam Ky-Phuoc Son Shear Zone in Central Vietnam:Tectonic and Metallogenic Implications.Gondwana Research,26(1):144-164.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2013.04.008
Tran,T.H.,Ching,Y.L.,Tadashi,U.,et al.,2015.Petrogenesis of Late Permian Silicic Rocks of Tu Le Basin and Phan Si Pan Uplift(NW Vietnam)and Their Association with the Emeishan Large Igneous Province.Journal of Earth Science,109:1-19.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2015.05.009
Wang,C.,Liang,X.Q.,Foster,D.A.,et al.,2016.Detrital Zircon U-Pb Geochronology,Lu-Hf Isotopes and REE Geochemistry Constrains on the Provenance and Tectonic Setting of Indochina Block in the Paleozoic.Tectonophysics,677/678:125-134.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2016.04.008
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Wang,Y.J.,He,H.Y.,Zhang,Y.Z.,et al.,2017a.Origin of Permian OIB-Like Basalts in NW Thailand and Implication on the Paleotethyan Ocean.Lithos,274/275:93-105.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2016.12.021
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Wu,C.,Liu,Y.,Cao,M.J.,et al.,2015.Characteristics and Formation Mechanism of Reduced Porphyry Cu and Mo-Cu Deposits.Acta Petrologica Sinica,31(2):617-638(in Chinese with English Abstract)
Wu,F.Y.,Li,X.H.,Zheng,Y.F.,et al.,2007.Lu-Hf Isotopic Systematics and Their Applications in Petrology.Acta Petrologica Sinica,23(2):185-220(in Chinese with English Abstract)
Yan,D.P.,Zhou,M.F.,Wang,C.Y.,et al.,2006.Structural and Geochronological Constraints on the Tectonic Evolution of the Dulong-Song Chay Tectonic Dome in Yunnan Province,SW China.Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,28(4/5/6):332-353.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2005.10.011
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Zhao,B.,Zhang,D.H.,Shi,C.L.,et al.,2014.Rethinking of the Metallogenic Specialization and Ore-Forming Potential of Redox-Related Granitoid.Acta Petrologica et Mineralogica,33(5):955-964(in Chinese with English Abstract)
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Griffin,W.L.,Wang,X.,Jackson,S.E.,et al.,2002.Zircon Chemistry and Magma Mixing,SE China:In-Situ Analysis of Hf Isotopes,Tonglu and Pingtan Igneous Complexes.Lithos,61(3/4):237-269.https://doi.org/10.1016/s0024-4937(02)00082-8
Hoa,T.T.,Anh,T.T.,Phuong,N.T.,et al.,2008.Permo-Triassic Intermediate-Felsic Magmatism of the Truong Son Belt,Eastern Margin of Indochina.Comptes Rendus Geoscience,340(2/3):112-126.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crte.2007.12.002
Hoskin,P.W.O.,Black,L.P.,2000.Metamorphic Zircon Formation by Solid-State Recrystallization of Protolith Igneous Zircon.Journal of Metamorphic Geology,18(4):423-439.https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1314.2000.00266.x
Hou,K.J.,Li,Y.H.,Zou,T.R.,et al.,2007.Laser Ablation-MC-ICP-MSTechnique for Hf Isotope Microanalysis of Zircon and Its Geological Applications.Acta Petrologica Sinica,23(10):2595-2604(in Chinese with English Abstract)
Lepvrier,C.,Maluski,H.,van Tich,V.,et al.,2004.The Early Triassic Indosinian Orogeny in Vietnam(Truong Son Belt and Kontum Massif);Implications for the Geodynamic Evolution of Indochina.Tectonophysics,393(1/2/3/4):87-118.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2004.07.030
Lepvrier,C.,Maluski,H.,van Vuong,N.,et al.,1997.Indosinian NW-Trending Shear Zones within the Truong Son Belt(Vietnam)40Ar-39Ar Triassic Ages and Cretaceous to Cenozoic Overprints.Tectonophysics,283(1/2/3/4):105-127.https://doi.org/10.1016/s0040-1951(97)00151-0
Lepvrier,C.,van Vuong,N.,Maluski,H.,et al.,2008.Indosinian Tectonics in Vietnam.Comptes Rendus Geoscience,340(2/3):94-111.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crte.2007.10.005
Li,C.,Qu,W.J.,Du,A.D.,et al.2009.Comprehensive Study on Extraction of Rhenium with Acetone in Re-Os Isotopic Dating.Rock and Mineral Analysis,28(3):233-238(in Chinese with English Abstract)
Li,C.,Qu,W.J.,Zhou,L.M.,et al.,2010.Rapid Separation of Osmium by Direct Distillation with Carius Tube.Rock and Mineral Analysis,29(1):14-16(in Chinese with English Abstract)
Li,Y.G.,Wang,S.S.,Liu,M.W.,et al.,2015.U-Pb Dating Study of Baddeleyite by LA-ICP-MS:Technique and Application.Acta Geologica Sinica,89(12):2400-2418(in Chinese with English Abstract)
Liu,J.T.,Yang,L.Q.,Lu,L.,2013.Pulang Reduced Porphyry Copper Deposit in the Zhongdian Area,Southwest China:Constrains by the Mineral Assemblages and the Ore-Forming Fluid Compositions.Acta Petrologica Sinica,29(11):3914-3924(in Chinese with English Abstract)
Ludwig,K.R.,2001.SQUID 1.02:A User Manual,a Geochronological Tollkit for Microsoft Excel.Berkeley Geochronology Center,California.1-19
Ludwig,K.R.,2003.ISOPLOT 3.00:A Geochronology Toolkit for Microsoft Excel.Berkeley Geochronology Center,California.1-74
Manaka,T.,Zaw,K.,Meffre,S.,2008.Geological and Tectonic Setting of Cu-Au Deposits in Northern Lao P.D.R..Great 2008,4th IGCP 516,and 5th APSEG,Bangkok
Manaka,T.,Zaw,K.,Meffre,S.,et al.,2014.The Ban Houayxai Epithermal Au-Ag Deposit in the Northern Lao PDR:Mineralization Related to the Early Permian Arc Magmatism of the Truong Son Fold Belt.Gondwana Research,26(1):185-197.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2013.08.024
Mao,H.J.,2012.Geology and Metallogeny of the Pha Lek Deposit in Truong Son Belt,Laos:[Dissertation].Chengdu University of Technology,Chengdu.1-104
Morelli,R.M.,Creaser,R.A.,Selby,D.,et al.,2005.Re-Os Geochronology of Arsenopyrite in Meguma Group Gold Deposits,Meguma Terrane,Nova Scotia,Canada:Evidence for Multiple Gold-Mineralizing Events.Economic Geology,100(6):1229-1242.https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.100.6.1229
Nier,A.O.,1937.A Mass Spectrometer for Routine Isotope Abundance Measurements.Review of Scientific Instruments,11(7):212-216.https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1751688
Qian,X.,Feng,Q.L.,Wang,Y.J.,et al.,2016a.Petrochemistry and Tectonic Setting of the Middle Triassic Arc-Like Volcanic Rocks in the Sayabouli Area,NW Laos.Journal of Earth Science,27(3):365-377.https://doi.org/10.1007/s12583-016-0669-5
Qian,X.,Feng,Q.L.,Wang,Y.J.,et al.,2016b.Geochronological and Geochemical Constraints on the Mafic Rocks along the Luang Prabang Zone:Carboniferous Back-Arc Setting in Northwest Laos.Lithos,245:60-75.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2015.07.019
Qian,X.,Wang,Y.J.,Feng,Q.L.,et al.,2016c.Petrogenesis and Tectonic Implication of the Late Triassic Post-Collisional Volcanic Rocks in Chiang Khong,NW Thailand.Lithos,248-251:418-431.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2016.01.024
Qian,X.,Feng,Q.L.,Wang,Y.J.,et al.,2017.Late Triassic Post-Collisional Granites Related to Paleotethyan Evolution in SEThailand:Geochronological and Geochemical Constraints.Lithos,286/287:440-453.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2017.06.026
Qian,X.,Feng,Q.L.,Yang,W.Q.,et al.,2015.Arc-Like Volcanic Rocks in NW Laos:Geochronological and Geochemical Constraints and Their Tectonic Implications.Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,98:342-357.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2014.11.035
Richards,J.P.,2011.Magmatic to Hydrothermal Metal Fluxes in Convergent and Collided Margins.Ore Geology Reviews,40(1):1-26.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2011.05.006
Roger,F.,Jolivet,M.,Maluski,H.,et al.,2014.Emplacement and Cooling of the Dien Bien Phu Granitic Complex:Implications for the Tectonic Evolution of the Dien Bien Phu Fault(Truong Son Belt,NW Vietnam).Gondwana Research,26(2):785-801.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2013.07.018
Schwindinger,M.,Weinberg,R.F.,2017.A Felsic MASH Zone of Crustal Magmas-Feedback between Granite Magma Intrusion and in situ Crustal Anatexis.Lithos,284-285:109-121.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2017.03.030
Shi,M.F.,Lin,F.C.,Fan,W.Y.,et al.,2015.Zircon U-Pb Ages and Geochemistry of Granitoids in the Truong Son Terrane,Vietnam:Tectonic and Metallogenic Implications.Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,101:101-120.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2015.02.001
Tran,H.T.,Zaw,K.,Halpin,J.A.,et al.,2014.The Tam Ky-Phuoc Son Shear Zone in Central Vietnam:Tectonic and Metallogenic Implications.Gondwana Research,26(1):144-164.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2013.04.008
Tran,T.H.,Ching,Y.L.,Tadashi,U.,et al.,2015.Petrogenesis of Late Permian Silicic Rocks of Tu Le Basin and Phan Si Pan Uplift(NW Vietnam)and Their Association with the Emeishan Large Igneous Province.Journal of Earth Science,109:1-19.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2015.05.009
Wang,C.,Liang,X.Q.,Foster,D.A.,et al.,2016.Detrital Zircon U-Pb Geochronology,Lu-Hf Isotopes and REE Geochemistry Constrains on the Provenance and Tectonic Setting of Indochina Block in the Paleozoic.Tectonophysics,677/678:125-134.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2016.04.008
Wang,J.L.,Lin,F.C.,Zhu,H.P.,et al.,2013.SHRIMP Zircon U-Pb Dating of the Ore-forming Monzogranite from the Phalek Iron Deposit,Vientiane,Laos and Its Geological Implications.Sedimentary Geology and Tethyan Geology,33(3):87-93(in Chinese with English Abstract)
Wang,M.,Li,C.,Wu,Y.W.,et al.,2014.Geochronology,Geochemistry,Hf Isotopic Compositions and Formation Mechanism of Radial Mafic Dikes in Northern Tibet.International Geology Review,56(2):187-205.https://doi.org/10.1080/00206814.2013.825076
Wang,Y.J.,He,H.Y.,Zhang,Y.Z.,et al.,2017a.Origin of Permian OIB-Like Basalts in NW Thailand and Implication on the Paleotethyan Ocean.Lithos,274/275:93-105.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2016.12.021
Wang,Y.J.,Qian,X.,Cawood,P.A.,et al.,2017b.Closure of the East Paleotethyan Ocean and Amalgamation of the Eastern Cimmerian and Southeast Asia Continental Fragments.Earth-Science Reviews,186:195-230.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.09.013
Wu,C.,Liu,Y.,Cao,M.J.,et al.,2015.Characteristics and Formation Mechanism of Reduced Porphyry Cu and Mo-Cu Deposits.Acta Petrologica Sinica,31(2):617-638(in Chinese with English Abstract)
Wu,F.Y.,Li,X.H.,Zheng,Y.F.,et al.,2007.Lu-Hf Isotopic Systematics and Their Applications in Petrology.Acta Petrologica Sinica,23(2):185-220(in Chinese with English Abstract)
Yan,D.P.,Zhou,M.F.,Wang,C.Y.,et al.,2006.Structural and Geochronological Constraints on the Tectonic Evolution of the Dulong-Song Chay Tectonic Dome in Yunnan Province,SW China.Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,28(4/5/6):332-353.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2005.10.011
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