“混合型”主观阶层认同:关于中国民众阶层认同的新解释
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摘要
本文使用中国综合社会调查2010和2013年数据研究了中国民众的主观阶层认同及其偏差的影响因素。与以往的研究大多仅关注受访者本人的社会地位不同,本文提出了"混合型"阶层认同的概念,并发现除受访者本人之外,其配偶和父母的社会地位也会影响个体的主观阶层认同和阶层认同偏差。而且,父母社会地位对年轻人和与父母同住的人影响更大,配偶社会地位对在婚女性影响更大。此外,父母和配偶的社会地位对个体阶层认同的影响有随时间的推移不断增强的趋势。本研究指出,对中国民众阶层认同的研究应当以家庭为基本分析单位,充分考虑不同群体阶层认同影响因素的差异性,结合中国特殊的现代化进程来研究中国人阶层认同的影响因素及其变迁。
Based on the China General Social Survey in 2010 and 2013,this paper explores the determinants of class identification and the social status discordance in China. Different from prior studies that focus on individual's objective social status per se,the author puts forward a concept of"mixed subjective class status"and finds that:( 1) The objective social status of the individual per se together with their parents' and spouse's social status all have significant impact on one's class identification and the social status discordance;( 2) The impact of parents' social status is stronger for young people and individuals who co-reside with their parents,whereas the impact of spouse's social status is stronger for married women than married men;( 3) The influence of parents' and spouse's social status on one's class identification grows with time. This paper argues that it is necessary to use the family rather than individual as the unit of analysis when studying class identification in China. We should take full consideration of the heterogeneous effect of parents' and spouse's social status on different groups of people. The determinants of class identification and their change should be understood in the particular modernization process in China.
Based on the China General Social Survey in 2010 and 2013,this paper explores the determinants of class identification and the social status discordance in China. Different from prior studies that focus on individual's objective social status per se,the author puts forward a concept of"mixed subjective class status"and finds that:( 1) The objective social status of the individual per se together with their parents' and spouse's social status all have significant impact on one's class identification and the social status discordance;( 2) The impact of parents' social status is stronger for young people and individuals who co-reside with their parents,whereas the impact of spouse's social status is stronger for married women than married men;( 3) The influence of parents' and spouse's social status on one's class identification grows with time. This paper argues that it is necessary to use the family rather than individual as the unit of analysis when studying class identification in China. We should take full consideration of the heterogeneous effect of parents' and spouse's social status on different groups of people. The determinants of class identification and their change should be understood in the particular modernization process in China.
引文
边燕杰、卢汉龙,2002,《改革与社会经济不平等:上海市民地位观》,边燕杰主编《市场转型与社会分层:美国社会学者分析中国》,北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店。
董运生,2007,《地位一致性与阶层结构化》,《吉林大学社会科学学报》第1期。
范晓光、陈云松,2015,《中国城乡居民的阶层地位认同偏差》,《社会学研究》第4期。
冯仕政,2011,《中国社会转型期的阶级认同与社会稳定——基于中国综合调查的实证研究》,《黑龙江社会科学》第3期。
高勇,2013,《地位层级认同为何下移兼论地位层级认同基础的转变》,《社会》第4期。
韩钰、仇立平,2015,《中国城市居民阶层地位认同偏移研究》,《社会发展研究》第1期。
贺光烨、吴晓刚,2015,《市场化、经济发展与中国城市中的性别收入不平等》,《社会学研究》第1期。
雷开春,2009,《白领新移民的地位认同偏移及其原因分析》,《青年研究》第4期。
李春玲,2003,《当前中国人的社会分层意识》,《湖南社会科学》第5期。
李春玲,2010,《高等教育扩张与教育机会不平等——高校扩招的平等化效应考查》,《社会学研究》第3期。
李路路、朱斌,2015,《当代中国的代际流动模式及其变迁》,《中国社会科学》第5期。
李强,2008,《改革开放30年来中国社会分层结构的变迁》,《北京社会科学》第5期。
李煜,2007,《家庭背景在初职地位获得中的作用及变迁》,《江苏社会科学》第5期。
李煜,2008,《婚姻的教育匹配:50年来的变迁》,《中国人口科学》第3期。
李煜,2011,《婚姻匹配的变迁:社会开放性的视角》,《社会学研究》第4期。
刘欣,2001,《转型期中国大陆城市居民的阶层意识》,《社会学研究》第3期。
刘欣,2002,《相对剥夺地位与阶层认知》,《社会学研究》第1期。
齐亚强、牛建林,2012,《新中国成立以来我国婚姻匹配模式的变迁》,《社会学研究》第1期。
卢福营、张兆曙,2006,《客观地位分层与主观地位认同》,《中国人口科学》第3期。
石金群,2016,《转型期家庭代际关系流变:机制、逻辑与张力》,《社会学研究》第6期。
唐灿,2010,《家庭现代化理论及其发展的回顾与评述》,《社会学研究》第3期。
佟新、刘爱玉,2015,《城镇双职工家庭夫妻合作型家务劳动模式——基于2010年中国第三期妇女地位调查》,《中国社会科学》第6期。
王绍光,2012,《波兰尼〈大转型〉与中国的大转型》,北京:三联书店。
王跃生,2013,《中国城乡家庭结构变动分析——基于2010年人口普查数据》,《中国社会科学》第12期。
王跃生,2014,《中国城乡老年人居住的家庭类型研究——基于第六次人口普查数据的分析》,《中国人口科学》第1期。
许琪,2013,《子女需求对城市家庭居住方式的影响》,《社会》第3期。
许琪,2016,《中国人性别观念的变迁趋势、来源和异质性——以“男主外、女主内”和“干得好不如嫁得好”两个指标为例》,《妇女研究论丛》第3期。
许琪,2017,《扶上马再送一程:父母的帮助及其对子女赡养行为的影响》,《社会》第2期。
阎云翔,2012,《中国社会的个体化》,上海:上海译文出版社。
杨菊华、李红娟、朱格,2014,《近20年中国人性别观念的变动趋势与特点分析》,《妇女研究论丛》第6期。
叶华、吴晓刚,2011,《生育率下降与中国男女教育的平等化趋势》,《社会学研究》第5期。
於嘉,2014,《性别观念、现代化与女性的家务劳动时间》,《社会》第2期。
曾毅、王正联,2004,《中国家庭与老年人居住安排的变化》,《中国人口科学》第5期。
张翼,2004,《中国人社会地位的获得——阶级继承和代内流动》,《社会学研究》第4期。
Baxter, J. 1994, “Is Husband's Class Enough? Class Location and Class Identity in the United States, Sweden, Norway, and Australia.” American Sociological Review 59(2).
Bian, Y. 2002, “Chinese Social Stratification and Social Mobility.” Annual Review of Sociology 28.
Bian, F., J. R. Logan & Y. Bian 1998, “Intergenerational Relations in Urban China: Proximity, Contact, and Help to Parents.” Demography 35(1).
Blau, P. M. & O. D. Duncan 1967, The American Occupational Structure. New York: Free Press.
Chu,C. Y. C. & R. Yu 2010, Understanding Chinese Families:A Comparative Study of Taiwan and Southeast China. New York:Oxford University Press.
Chu, C.Y. C., Y. Xie & R. Yu 2011, “Coresidence with Elderly Parents: A Comparative Study of Southeast China and Taiwan.” Journal of Marriage and Family 73 (1).
Davis, N. J. & R. V. Robinson 1988, “Class Identification of Men and Women in the 1970s and 1980s.” American Sociological Review 53(1).
Ganzeboom, H. B. G., D. J. Treiman & W. C. Ultee 1991, “Comparative Intergenerational Stratification Research: three Generations and Beyond.” Annual Review of Sociology 17(17).
Goldthorpe, J. H. 1983, “Women and Class Analysis: In Defense of the Conventional View.” Sociology 17(4).
Goode, W. J. 1963, World Revolution and Family Patterns. New York: Free Press.
Hodge, R. W. & D. J. Treiman 1968, “Class Identification in the United States.” American Journal of Sociology 73(5).
Hout,M.2008,“How Class Works in Popular Conception:Most Americans Identify with the Class Their Income,Occupation,and Education Implies for them.”In Annette Lareau & Dalton Conley(eds.),Social Class:How Does It Work?New York:Russell Sage Foundation.
Kelley, J. & M. D. R. Evans 1995, “Class and Class Conflict in Six Western Nations.” American Sociological Review 60(2).
Logan, J. R., F. Bian & Y. Bian 1998, “Tradition and Change in the Urban Chinese Family: The Case of Living Arrangements.” Social Forces 76(3).
Stanworth, M. 1984, “Women and Class Analysis: A Reply to John Goldthorpe.” Sociology 18(2).
Thornton,A.& T.E.Fricke 1987,“Social Change and the Family Comparative Perspectives from the West,China,and South Asia.”Social Forum 2(4).
Velsor, E. V. & L. Beeghley 1979, “The Process of Class Identification among Employed Married Women: A Replication and Reanalysis.” Journal of Marriage and the Family 41(4).
Walder, A. G., B. Li & D. J. Treiman 2000, “Politics and Life Chances in a State Socialist Regime: Dual Career Paths into Chinese Elite, 1949 to 1996.” American Sociological Review 65(2).
Wright, E. O. 1989, “Women in the Class Structure.” Politics & Society 17(1).
Wright, E. O. & K. Y. Shin 1988, “Temporality and Class Analysis: A Comparative Study of the Effects of Class Trajectory and Class Structure on Class Consciousness in Sweden and the United States.” Sociological Theory 6(1).
Xu, Q., J. Li & X. Yu 2014, “Continuity and Change in Chinese Marriage and the Family.” Chinese Sociological Review 47(1).
董运生,2007,《地位一致性与阶层结构化》,《吉林大学社会科学学报》第1期。
范晓光、陈云松,2015,《中国城乡居民的阶层地位认同偏差》,《社会学研究》第4期。
冯仕政,2011,《中国社会转型期的阶级认同与社会稳定——基于中国综合调查的实证研究》,《黑龙江社会科学》第3期。
高勇,2013,《地位层级认同为何下移兼论地位层级认同基础的转变》,《社会》第4期。
韩钰、仇立平,2015,《中国城市居民阶层地位认同偏移研究》,《社会发展研究》第1期。
贺光烨、吴晓刚,2015,《市场化、经济发展与中国城市中的性别收入不平等》,《社会学研究》第1期。
雷开春,2009,《白领新移民的地位认同偏移及其原因分析》,《青年研究》第4期。
李春玲,2003,《当前中国人的社会分层意识》,《湖南社会科学》第5期。
李春玲,2010,《高等教育扩张与教育机会不平等——高校扩招的平等化效应考查》,《社会学研究》第3期。
李路路、朱斌,2015,《当代中国的代际流动模式及其变迁》,《中国社会科学》第5期。
李强,2008,《改革开放30年来中国社会分层结构的变迁》,《北京社会科学》第5期。
李煜,2007,《家庭背景在初职地位获得中的作用及变迁》,《江苏社会科学》第5期。
李煜,2008,《婚姻的教育匹配:50年来的变迁》,《中国人口科学》第3期。
李煜,2011,《婚姻匹配的变迁:社会开放性的视角》,《社会学研究》第4期。
刘欣,2001,《转型期中国大陆城市居民的阶层意识》,《社会学研究》第3期。
刘欣,2002,《相对剥夺地位与阶层认知》,《社会学研究》第1期。
齐亚强、牛建林,2012,《新中国成立以来我国婚姻匹配模式的变迁》,《社会学研究》第1期。
卢福营、张兆曙,2006,《客观地位分层与主观地位认同》,《中国人口科学》第3期。
石金群,2016,《转型期家庭代际关系流变:机制、逻辑与张力》,《社会学研究》第6期。
唐灿,2010,《家庭现代化理论及其发展的回顾与评述》,《社会学研究》第3期。
佟新、刘爱玉,2015,《城镇双职工家庭夫妻合作型家务劳动模式——基于2010年中国第三期妇女地位调查》,《中国社会科学》第6期。
王绍光,2012,《波兰尼〈大转型〉与中国的大转型》,北京:三联书店。
王跃生,2013,《中国城乡家庭结构变动分析——基于2010年人口普查数据》,《中国社会科学》第12期。
王跃生,2014,《中国城乡老年人居住的家庭类型研究——基于第六次人口普查数据的分析》,《中国人口科学》第1期。
许琪,2013,《子女需求对城市家庭居住方式的影响》,《社会》第3期。
许琪,2016,《中国人性别观念的变迁趋势、来源和异质性——以“男主外、女主内”和“干得好不如嫁得好”两个指标为例》,《妇女研究论丛》第3期。
许琪,2017,《扶上马再送一程:父母的帮助及其对子女赡养行为的影响》,《社会》第2期。
阎云翔,2012,《中国社会的个体化》,上海:上海译文出版社。
杨菊华、李红娟、朱格,2014,《近20年中国人性别观念的变动趋势与特点分析》,《妇女研究论丛》第6期。
叶华、吴晓刚,2011,《生育率下降与中国男女教育的平等化趋势》,《社会学研究》第5期。
於嘉,2014,《性别观念、现代化与女性的家务劳动时间》,《社会》第2期。
曾毅、王正联,2004,《中国家庭与老年人居住安排的变化》,《中国人口科学》第5期。
张翼,2004,《中国人社会地位的获得——阶级继承和代内流动》,《社会学研究》第4期。
Baxter, J. 1994, “Is Husband's Class Enough? Class Location and Class Identity in the United States, Sweden, Norway, and Australia.” American Sociological Review 59(2).
Bian, Y. 2002, “Chinese Social Stratification and Social Mobility.” Annual Review of Sociology 28.
Bian, F., J. R. Logan & Y. Bian 1998, “Intergenerational Relations in Urban China: Proximity, Contact, and Help to Parents.” Demography 35(1).
Blau, P. M. & O. D. Duncan 1967, The American Occupational Structure. New York: Free Press.
Chu,C. Y. C. & R. Yu 2010, Understanding Chinese Families:A Comparative Study of Taiwan and Southeast China. New York:Oxford University Press.
Chu, C.Y. C., Y. Xie & R. Yu 2011, “Coresidence with Elderly Parents: A Comparative Study of Southeast China and Taiwan.” Journal of Marriage and Family 73 (1).
Davis, N. J. & R. V. Robinson 1988, “Class Identification of Men and Women in the 1970s and 1980s.” American Sociological Review 53(1).
Ganzeboom, H. B. G., D. J. Treiman & W. C. Ultee 1991, “Comparative Intergenerational Stratification Research: three Generations and Beyond.” Annual Review of Sociology 17(17).
Goldthorpe, J. H. 1983, “Women and Class Analysis: In Defense of the Conventional View.” Sociology 17(4).
Goode, W. J. 1963, World Revolution and Family Patterns. New York: Free Press.
Hodge, R. W. & D. J. Treiman 1968, “Class Identification in the United States.” American Journal of Sociology 73(5).
Hout,M.2008,“How Class Works in Popular Conception:Most Americans Identify with the Class Their Income,Occupation,and Education Implies for them.”In Annette Lareau & Dalton Conley(eds.),Social Class:How Does It Work?New York:Russell Sage Foundation.
Kelley, J. & M. D. R. Evans 1995, “Class and Class Conflict in Six Western Nations.” American Sociological Review 60(2).
Logan, J. R., F. Bian & Y. Bian 1998, “Tradition and Change in the Urban Chinese Family: The Case of Living Arrangements.” Social Forces 76(3).
Stanworth, M. 1984, “Women and Class Analysis: A Reply to John Goldthorpe.” Sociology 18(2).
Thornton,A.& T.E.Fricke 1987,“Social Change and the Family Comparative Perspectives from the West,China,and South Asia.”Social Forum 2(4).
Velsor, E. V. & L. Beeghley 1979, “The Process of Class Identification among Employed Married Women: A Replication and Reanalysis.” Journal of Marriage and the Family 41(4).
Walder, A. G., B. Li & D. J. Treiman 2000, “Politics and Life Chances in a State Socialist Regime: Dual Career Paths into Chinese Elite, 1949 to 1996.” American Sociological Review 65(2).
Wright, E. O. 1989, “Women in the Class Structure.” Politics & Society 17(1).
Wright, E. O. & K. Y. Shin 1988, “Temporality and Class Analysis: A Comparative Study of the Effects of Class Trajectory and Class Structure on Class Consciousness in Sweden and the United States.” Sociological Theory 6(1).
Xu, Q., J. Li & X. Yu 2014, “Continuity and Change in Chinese Marriage and the Family.” Chinese Sociological Review 47(1).
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