海洋生态损害补偿标准的关键问题探讨
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摘要
生态损害补偿标准的确定是建立生态损害补偿制度的核心和关键。文章从海洋生态损害补偿相关概念界定出发,系统梳理了国内外在生态损害补偿标准核算方面的理论研究成果及实践经验,探讨了当前我国海洋生态损害补偿标准确定中存在的主要问题,明晰了海洋生态损害的概念内涵及海洋"生态损害补偿"与"生态损害赔偿"的联系与区别,对基于生态系统服务功能损害的货币化补偿标准和生态修复标准的优缺点及适用领域进行了比较研究,并提出未来应从两方面着手开展研究:一是海洋生态损害货币化补偿标准的科学性、合理性研究;二是生态修复补偿的适用范围、理论及应用研究。灵活选择生态损害补偿标准确定方法,实现标准的科学性和可操作性。
Deciding the scale of compensation is central to the building of the system of compensation of marine ecological damage.Starting from the defining of relevant concepts,this paper included a systematical review of theoretical and empirical researches on estimation of the standard of compensation and proposed major problems included in present studies.Besides,the concept of marine ecological damage and the difference and relationship between eco-compensation and ecoliability were clarified.The advantages and disadvantages of different approaches for marine ecocompensation were also compared in the paper.Further research areas which should be focused on were also presented:firstly,the scientificalness and rationality of the monetization standard for marine ecological damage;secondly,the theoretical and empirical researches on ecological restoration.It concluded that the optimal approaches should be chosen for marine ecological damage.
Deciding the scale of compensation is central to the building of the system of compensation of marine ecological damage.Starting from the defining of relevant concepts,this paper included a systematical review of theoretical and empirical researches on estimation of the standard of compensation and proposed major problems included in present studies.Besides,the concept of marine ecological damage and the difference and relationship between eco-compensation and ecoliability were clarified.The advantages and disadvantages of different approaches for marine ecocompensation were also compared in the paper.Further research areas which should be focused on were also presented:firstly,the scientificalness and rationality of the monetization standard for marine ecological damage;secondly,the theoretical and empirical researches on ecological restoration.It concluded that the optimal approaches should be chosen for marine ecological damage.
引文
[1]BETLEM G.White paper on Environmental Liability[J].Journal of Environmental Law,2000,12(3):405-407.
[2]王轩.欧盟《关于预防和补救环境损害的环境责任指令》[M].北京:法律出版社,2008:397.
[3]FAYETTE D,LOUISE.The concept of environmental damage in international liability regimes[M].New York:Oxford University Press.2002,130-150.
[4]竺效.生态损害的社会化填补法理研究[M].北京:中国政法大学出版社,2007.
[5]RODRIGUEZ A J,JAFFE P A C.The Oil Pollution Act of1990[J].Tul Mar LJ,1990,15(1):1.
[6]周珂.我国生态环境法制建设分析[J].中国人民大学学报,2000(6):101-107.
[7]饶欢欢,彭本荣,刘岩,等.生态损害补偿与赔偿的科学及法律基础探析[J].生态环境学报,2014(7):1245-1250.
[8]梅宏.生态损害:风险社会背景下环境法治的问题与思路[J].法学论坛,2010,25(6):118-123.
[9]柯坚.建立我国生态环境损害多元化法律救济机制:以康菲溢油污染事件为背景[J].甘肃政法学院学报,2012(1):101-107.
[10]吕忠梅.“生态环境损害赔偿”的法律辨析[J].法学论坛,2017(3):5-13.
[11]刘斐斐.我国海洋生态损害索赔主体法律问题研究[D].大连:大连海事大学,2008.
[12]张晶.海洋生态损害赔偿法律问题研究[D].济南:山东大学,2014.
[13]王金南,刘倩,齐霁,等.加快建立生态环境损害赔偿制度体系[J].环境保护,2016(2):26-29.
[14]李永宁.生态补偿法学涵义的经济学分析[C]//生态安全与环境风险防范法制建设:2011年全国环境资源法学研讨会,桂林:中国环境资源法学研究会,2011:175-182.
[15]陈理洁,张琳.生态损害补偿与赔偿的法律基础与事件分析[J].资源节约与环保,2016(6):236-236.
[16]RICHARD T,CARSON.Referendum Design and Contingent Valuation:The NOAA Panel's No-Vote Recommendation[J].Review of Economics&Statistics,1998,80(2):335-338.
[17]RICHARD W D,THOMAS C G,WILLIAM H D.The use of habitat equivalency analysis in natural resource[J].Ecological Economics,2004,48(1):49-70.
[18]ZAINAL K,AL-MADANY I,AL-SAYED H,et al.The cumulative impacts of reclamation and dredging on the marine ecology and land-use in the Kingdom of Bahrain[J].Marine pollution bulletin,2012,64(7):1452-1458.
[19]彭本荣,洪华生,陈伟琪,等.填海造地生态损害评估:理论、方法及应用研究[J].自然资源学报,2005,20(5):714-726.
[20]李京梅,刘铁鹰.围填海造地环境成本评估:以胶州湾为例[J].海洋环境科学,2011(6):881-885.
[21]李京梅,陈琦,姚海燕.基于选择实验法的胶州湾湿地围垦生态效益损失评估[J].资源科学,2015,37(1):68-75.
[22]张慧,孙英兰.青岛前湾填海造地海洋生态系统服务功能价值损失的估算[J].海洋湖沼通报,2009(3):34-38.
[23]肖建红,陈东景,徐敏,等.围填海对潮滩湿地生态系统服务影响评估:以江苏省为例[J].海洋湖沼通报,2010(4):95-100.
[24]STEVEN M,THUR.Refining the Use of Habitat Equivalency Analysis[J].Environ Manage,2007(40):161-170.
[25]KING D M.Wetland creation and restoration:An integrated framework for evaluating costs,expected results and compensation ratios[J].Rep prepared for US Environmental Protection Agency,Office of Policy Planning and Evaluation,1991:79.
[26]SAB Committee.Habitat Equivalency Analysis[EB/OL].(2009-05-29)[2017-08-10].http//yosemite.epa.gov/Sab/Sabproduct.nsf/WebFiles/HEA/$File/HEA-03-09-09.pdf.
[27]National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Department of Commerce.Habitat Equivalency Analysis:An Overview[M].Washington:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Department,1995.
[28]ANDO A W,KHANNA M,WILDERMUTH A.Natural Resource Damage Assessment:Methods and Cases[R].Illinois Waste Management and Research Center,2004.
[29]LIPTON J,OZDEMIROGLU E.Equivalency Methods for Environmental Liability:Assessing Damage and Compensation Under the European Environmental Liability Directive[M].Dordrecht:Springer,2018:113-129
[30]UNSWORTH R E,BISHOP R.Assessing natural resource damages using environmental annuities[J].Ecological Economics,1994,11:35-41.
[31]FONSECA M S,JULIUS B E,KENWORTHY W J.Integrating biology and economics in seagrass restoration:How much is enough and why?[J].Ecological Engineering,2000,15(3):227-237.
[32]ROACH B,WILLIAM W W.Policy evaluation of natural resource injuries using habitat equivalency analysis[J].Ecological Economics,2006,58:421-433.
[33]ZAFONTE M,HAMPTON S.Exploring welfare implications of resource equivalency analysis in natural resource damage assessments[J].Ecological Economics,2007,61:134-145.
[34]FLORES,N E,THACHER J.Money,who needs it?Natural resource damage assessment[J].Contemporary Economic Policy,2002,20,171-178.
[35]ZAFONTE M,HAMPTON S.Exploring welfare implications of resource equivalency analysis in natural resource damage assessments[J].Ecological Economics,2007,61:134-145.
[36]李京梅,王晓玲.基于资源等价分析法的海洋溢油生态损害评估模型及应用[J].海洋科学,2012,36(5):98-102.
[37]李京梅,刘铁鹰.基于生境等价分析法的胶州湾围填海造地生态损害评估[J].生态学报,2012,32(22):7146-7155.
[38]许志华,李京梅,杨雪.生境等价分析法在填海生物栖息地损害评估的应用[J].Resources Science,2015,37(3):503-511.
[39]杨寅.基于NRDA的海洋溢油生态损害评估方法探讨及案例分析[D].厦门:国家海洋局第三海洋研究所,2011.
[40]张蓬,冯俊乔,葛林科,等.基于等价分析法评估溢油事故的自然资源损害[J].地球科学进展,2012,27(6):633-643.
[41]林楠,冯玉杰,吴舜泽,等.基于生境等价分析法的溢油生态损害评估[J].黑龙江商学院学报,2014(4):426-429.
[42]张继伟,袁征,王金坑.基于生境等价分析法的溢油生态损害评估[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2015(1):162-166.
[2]王轩.欧盟《关于预防和补救环境损害的环境责任指令》[M].北京:法律出版社,2008:397.
[3]FAYETTE D,LOUISE.The concept of environmental damage in international liability regimes[M].New York:Oxford University Press.2002,130-150.
[4]竺效.生态损害的社会化填补法理研究[M].北京:中国政法大学出版社,2007.
[5]RODRIGUEZ A J,JAFFE P A C.The Oil Pollution Act of1990[J].Tul Mar LJ,1990,15(1):1.
[6]周珂.我国生态环境法制建设分析[J].中国人民大学学报,2000(6):101-107.
[7]饶欢欢,彭本荣,刘岩,等.生态损害补偿与赔偿的科学及法律基础探析[J].生态环境学报,2014(7):1245-1250.
[8]梅宏.生态损害:风险社会背景下环境法治的问题与思路[J].法学论坛,2010,25(6):118-123.
[9]柯坚.建立我国生态环境损害多元化法律救济机制:以康菲溢油污染事件为背景[J].甘肃政法学院学报,2012(1):101-107.
[10]吕忠梅.“生态环境损害赔偿”的法律辨析[J].法学论坛,2017(3):5-13.
[11]刘斐斐.我国海洋生态损害索赔主体法律问题研究[D].大连:大连海事大学,2008.
[12]张晶.海洋生态损害赔偿法律问题研究[D].济南:山东大学,2014.
[13]王金南,刘倩,齐霁,等.加快建立生态环境损害赔偿制度体系[J].环境保护,2016(2):26-29.
[14]李永宁.生态补偿法学涵义的经济学分析[C]//生态安全与环境风险防范法制建设:2011年全国环境资源法学研讨会,桂林:中国环境资源法学研究会,2011:175-182.
[15]陈理洁,张琳.生态损害补偿与赔偿的法律基础与事件分析[J].资源节约与环保,2016(6):236-236.
[16]RICHARD T,CARSON.Referendum Design and Contingent Valuation:The NOAA Panel's No-Vote Recommendation[J].Review of Economics&Statistics,1998,80(2):335-338.
[17]RICHARD W D,THOMAS C G,WILLIAM H D.The use of habitat equivalency analysis in natural resource[J].Ecological Economics,2004,48(1):49-70.
[18]ZAINAL K,AL-MADANY I,AL-SAYED H,et al.The cumulative impacts of reclamation and dredging on the marine ecology and land-use in the Kingdom of Bahrain[J].Marine pollution bulletin,2012,64(7):1452-1458.
[19]彭本荣,洪华生,陈伟琪,等.填海造地生态损害评估:理论、方法及应用研究[J].自然资源学报,2005,20(5):714-726.
[20]李京梅,刘铁鹰.围填海造地环境成本评估:以胶州湾为例[J].海洋环境科学,2011(6):881-885.
[21]李京梅,陈琦,姚海燕.基于选择实验法的胶州湾湿地围垦生态效益损失评估[J].资源科学,2015,37(1):68-75.
[22]张慧,孙英兰.青岛前湾填海造地海洋生态系统服务功能价值损失的估算[J].海洋湖沼通报,2009(3):34-38.
[23]肖建红,陈东景,徐敏,等.围填海对潮滩湿地生态系统服务影响评估:以江苏省为例[J].海洋湖沼通报,2010(4):95-100.
[24]STEVEN M,THUR.Refining the Use of Habitat Equivalency Analysis[J].Environ Manage,2007(40):161-170.
[25]KING D M.Wetland creation and restoration:An integrated framework for evaluating costs,expected results and compensation ratios[J].Rep prepared for US Environmental Protection Agency,Office of Policy Planning and Evaluation,1991:79.
[26]SAB Committee.Habitat Equivalency Analysis[EB/OL].(2009-05-29)[2017-08-10].http//yosemite.epa.gov/Sab/Sabproduct.nsf/WebFiles/HEA/$File/HEA-03-09-09.pdf.
[27]National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Department of Commerce.Habitat Equivalency Analysis:An Overview[M].Washington:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Department,1995.
[28]ANDO A W,KHANNA M,WILDERMUTH A.Natural Resource Damage Assessment:Methods and Cases[R].Illinois Waste Management and Research Center,2004.
[29]LIPTON J,OZDEMIROGLU E.Equivalency Methods for Environmental Liability:Assessing Damage and Compensation Under the European Environmental Liability Directive[M].Dordrecht:Springer,2018:113-129
[30]UNSWORTH R E,BISHOP R.Assessing natural resource damages using environmental annuities[J].Ecological Economics,1994,11:35-41.
[31]FONSECA M S,JULIUS B E,KENWORTHY W J.Integrating biology and economics in seagrass restoration:How much is enough and why?[J].Ecological Engineering,2000,15(3):227-237.
[32]ROACH B,WILLIAM W W.Policy evaluation of natural resource injuries using habitat equivalency analysis[J].Ecological Economics,2006,58:421-433.
[33]ZAFONTE M,HAMPTON S.Exploring welfare implications of resource equivalency analysis in natural resource damage assessments[J].Ecological Economics,2007,61:134-145.
[34]FLORES,N E,THACHER J.Money,who needs it?Natural resource damage assessment[J].Contemporary Economic Policy,2002,20,171-178.
[35]ZAFONTE M,HAMPTON S.Exploring welfare implications of resource equivalency analysis in natural resource damage assessments[J].Ecological Economics,2007,61:134-145.
[36]李京梅,王晓玲.基于资源等价分析法的海洋溢油生态损害评估模型及应用[J].海洋科学,2012,36(5):98-102.
[37]李京梅,刘铁鹰.基于生境等价分析法的胶州湾围填海造地生态损害评估[J].生态学报,2012,32(22):7146-7155.
[38]许志华,李京梅,杨雪.生境等价分析法在填海生物栖息地损害评估的应用[J].Resources Science,2015,37(3):503-511.
[39]杨寅.基于NRDA的海洋溢油生态损害评估方法探讨及案例分析[D].厦门:国家海洋局第三海洋研究所,2011.
[40]张蓬,冯俊乔,葛林科,等.基于等价分析法评估溢油事故的自然资源损害[J].地球科学进展,2012,27(6):633-643.
[41]林楠,冯玉杰,吴舜泽,等.基于生境等价分析法的溢油生态损害评估[J].黑龙江商学院学报,2014(4):426-429.
[42]张继伟,袁征,王金坑.基于生境等价分析法的溢油生态损害评估[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2015(1):162-166.
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