The role of mechanical stratigraphy in the lateral variations of thrust development along the central Alberta Foothills, Canada
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摘要
Fold-thrust belts generally exhibit significant variations in structural styles such as differences in thrust geometries and frequencies in imbrication. A natural laboratory of this pattern is preserved in the central Alberta Foothills of the Canadian Rockies, where differences in thrust geometries are represented by the existence vs. non-existence of triangle zones. To seek the factors that make this difference in these regions in terms of structural geometry, stratigraphic thickness variations and mechanical stratigraphy of the sedimentary layers, structural interpretation is conducted based on admissible cross-sections and well log interpretations. In northern region, a backthrust is detached from an incompetent layer(viz.Nomad Unit of the Wapiabi Formation), which gets thinner from the Foothills to the Plains, indicating that it is developed where the shale layers are pinched out where triangle zone is developed. Backthrust is also developed in the southern region, where mechanical strengths of strata(viz. Bearpaw Formation)increase toward the foreland. In the central region, however, only forethrusts are developed along the weak continuous decollement layers(viz. Turner Valley and Brazeau formations), forming an imbricate fan without development of the triangle zone. Incompetent layers such as the top Wapiabi(Nomad),Brazeau(Bearpaw), Coalspur and Paskapoo formations are also pinched out laterally, forming fault glide horizons in different stratigraphic levels in each region. These results indicate that, along the transport direction, triangle zone is developed in relation to the stratigraphic pinch out of the Nomad Unit in the northern region, and is formed associated with the variations in strengths of the layers constituting the Bearpaw Formation in the southern region. It is notable that all the glide horizons are developed along incompetent layers. However, triangle zones are not developed in the areas of continuous stratigraphy of the Nomad Unit, which does not serve as a glide horizon in the central region. This suggests that factors such as stratigraphic thickness changes of incompetent layers and mechanical stratigraphy of the sedimentary layers play an important role in the development of lateral variations in thrust system evolution in terms of triangle zone vs. imbricate fan in the central Alberta Foothills.
Fold-thrust belts generally exhibit significant variations in structural styles such as differences in thrust geometries and frequencies in imbrication. A natural laboratory of this pattern is preserved in the central Alberta Foothills of the Canadian Rockies, where differences in thrust geometries are represented by the existence vs. non-existence of triangle zones. To seek the factors that make this difference in these regions in terms of structural geometry, stratigraphic thickness variations and mechanical stratigraphy of the sedimentary layers, structural interpretation is conducted based on admissible cross-sections and well log interpretations. In northern region, a backthrust is detached from an incompetent layer(viz.Nomad Unit of the Wapiabi Formation), which gets thinner from the Foothills to the Plains, indicating that it is developed where the shale layers are pinched out where triangle zone is developed. Backthrust is also developed in the southern region, where mechanical strengths of strata(viz. Bearpaw Formation)increase toward the foreland. In the central region, however, only forethrusts are developed along the weak continuous decollement layers(viz. Turner Valley and Brazeau formations), forming an imbricate fan without development of the triangle zone. Incompetent layers such as the top Wapiabi(Nomad),Brazeau(Bearpaw), Coalspur and Paskapoo formations are also pinched out laterally, forming fault glide horizons in different stratigraphic levels in each region. These results indicate that, along the transport direction, triangle zone is developed in relation to the stratigraphic pinch out of the Nomad Unit in the northern region, and is formed associated with the variations in strengths of the layers constituting the Bearpaw Formation in the southern region. It is notable that all the glide horizons are developed along incompetent layers. However, triangle zones are not developed in the areas of continuous stratigraphy of the Nomad Unit, which does not serve as a glide horizon in the central region. This suggests that factors such as stratigraphic thickness changes of incompetent layers and mechanical stratigraphy of the sedimentary layers play an important role in the development of lateral variations in thrust system evolution in terms of triangle zone vs. imbricate fan in the central Alberta Foothills.
Fold-thrust belts generally exhibit significant variations in structural styles such as differences in thrust geometries and frequencies in imbrication. A natural laboratory of this pattern is preserved in the central Alberta Foothills of the Canadian Rockies, where differences in thrust geometries are represented by the existence vs. non-existence of triangle zones. To seek the factors that make this difference in these regions in terms of structural geometry, stratigraphic thickness variations and mechanical stratigraphy of the sedimentary layers, structural interpretation is conducted based on admissible cross-sections and well log interpretations. In northern region, a backthrust is detached from an incompetent layer(viz.Nomad Unit of the Wapiabi Formation), which gets thinner from the Foothills to the Plains, indicating that it is developed where the shale layers are pinched out where triangle zone is developed. Backthrust is also developed in the southern region, where mechanical strengths of strata(viz. Bearpaw Formation)increase toward the foreland. In the central region, however, only forethrusts are developed along the weak continuous decollement layers(viz. Turner Valley and Brazeau formations), forming an imbricate fan without development of the triangle zone. Incompetent layers such as the top Wapiabi(Nomad),Brazeau(Bearpaw), Coalspur and Paskapoo formations are also pinched out laterally, forming fault glide horizons in different stratigraphic levels in each region. These results indicate that, along the transport direction, triangle zone is developed in relation to the stratigraphic pinch out of the Nomad Unit in the northern region, and is formed associated with the variations in strengths of the layers constituting the Bearpaw Formation in the southern region. It is notable that all the glide horizons are developed along incompetent layers. However, triangle zones are not developed in the areas of continuous stratigraphy of the Nomad Unit, which does not serve as a glide horizon in the central region. This suggests that factors such as stratigraphic thickness changes of incompetent layers and mechanical stratigraphy of the sedimentary layers play an important role in the development of lateral variations in thrust system evolution in terms of triangle zone vs. imbricate fan in the central Alberta Foothills.
引文
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Al-Kattan,W.,Al-Ameri,N.J.,2012.Estimation of the rock mechanical properties using conventional log data in north rumaila field.Iraqi Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering 13,27-33.
Bachu,S.,Buschkuchle,M.,Michael,K.,2008.Subsurface Characterization of the Brazeau Nisku Q Pool Reservoir for Acid Gas Injection.ERCB/AGS Special Report095.
Bally,A.W.,Gordy,P.L.,Stewart,G.A.,1966.Structural seismic data and orogenic evolution of southern Canadian Rocky Mountain.Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology 14,337-381.
Boyer,S.E.,Elliott,D.,1982.Thrust systems.American Association of Petroleum Geologist Bulletin 66(9),1196-1230.
Bonini,M.,2001.Passive roof thrusting and forelandward fold propagation in scaled brittle-ductile physical models of thrust wedges.Journal of Geophysical Research 106(B2),2291-2311.
Chang,C.,Zoback,M.D.,Khaksar,A.,2006.Empirical relations between rock strength and physical properties in sedimentary rocks.Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 51,223-237.
Charlesworth,H.A.K.,Johnston,S.T.,Gagnon,L.G.,1987.Evolution of the triangle zone in Rocky mountain Foothills near Coalspur,central Alberta.Canadian Journal of Earth Science 24,1668-1678.
Charlesworth,H.A.K.,Gagnon,L.G.,1985.Intercutaneous wedges,the triangle zone and structural thickening of the Mynheer coal seam at Coal Valley in the Rocky Mountain Foothills of central Alberta.Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology33,22-30.
Couzens,B.A.,Wiltschko,D.V.,1996.The control of mechanical stratigraphy on the formation of triangle zones.Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology 44(2),165-179.
Couzens-Schultz,B.A.,Vendeville,B.C.,Wiltschko,D.V.,2003.Duplex style and triangle zone formation:insights from physical modeling.Journal of Structural Geology 25,1623-1644.
Dahlstrom,C.D.A.,1970.Structural geology in the eastern margin of the canadian Rocky mountains.Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology 18(3),322-340.
Dawson,F.M.,Kalkreuth,W.D.,Sweet,A.R.,1994.Stratigraphy and coal resource potential of the Upper Cretaceous to Tertiary strata of northwestern Alberta.Bulletin Geological Survey of Canada 59.
Dean,S.L.,Morga,J.K.,Fournier,T.,2013.Geometries of frontal fold and thrust belts:insights from discrete element simulations.Journal of Structural Geology 53,43-53.
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Jamison,W.R.,1996.Mechanical models of triangle zone evolution.Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology 44,180-194.
Jones,P.B.,1982.Oil and gas beneath east-dipping underthrust faults in the Alberta Foothills Canada.In:Powers,R.B.(Ed.),Geological Studies of the Cordillera Thrust Belt,vol.1.Rocky Mountain Association of Geology,Denver,pp.61-74.
Jones,P.B.,1971.Folded faults and sequence of thrusting in Alberta Foothills.The American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin 55,292-306.
Langengberg,C.W.,Baton,A.,Berhane,H.,2002.Regional Evaluation of the Coalbed Methane Potential of the Foothills/Mountains of Alberta,second ed.EUB/AGSEarth Sciences Report.
Langenberg,C.W.,Mc Mechan,M.E.,1985.Lower cretaceous luscar group(revised)of the northern and north-central Foothills of Alberta.Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology 33(1),1-11.
Lawton,D.C.,Sukaamongkon,C.,Spratt,D.A.,1996.Seismic characterization of a“compound tectonic wedge”beneath the Rocky Mountain foreland basin,Alberta.Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology 44,258-268.
Lebel,D.,1996.Structural of the central Canadian Cordilleran thrust-and-fold belt,Athabasca-Brazeau area,Alberta:a large,complex intercutaneous wedge.Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology 44(2),282-298.
Ledrew,J.,1997.Three-dimensional Geometry and Evolution of the Lovett River Triangle Zone,Central Alberta Foothills(Unpublished M.S.thesis).University of Calgary,p.148.
Lee,H.,2014.Lateral Variations in Thrust Developments along the Central Alberta Foothills,Canada(Unpublished M.S.thesis).Yonsei University,Seoul,Korea,p.61.
Link,T.A.,1949.Interpretations of Foothills structures,Alberta.Canada Bulletin of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists 33,1475-1501.
Mac Kay,P.A.,1996.The Highwood Structure:a tectonic wedge at the foreland edge of the southern Canadian Cordillera.Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology44,215-232.
Mac Kay,P.A.,Spratt,D.A.,Soule,G.S.,Lawton,D.C.,1994.The Triangle Zone of Southern Alberta,Geometry,Lateral Variations and Associated Oil and Gas Fields.Canadian Society of Exploration Geophysicists/Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists Joint Annual Convention,Calgary.Field Trip Guidebook Pre-2 1994.Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists,Calgary.
Mc Clay,K.R.,1992.Glossary of thrust tectonics terms.In:Mc Clay,K.R.(Ed.),Thrust Tectonics.Chapman and Hall,pp.419-433,447 p.
Mc Crossan,R.G.,1964.Geological History of Western Canada.Alberta Society of Petroleum Geology.
Mc Lean,J.R.,1990.Paskapoo Formation.In:Glass,D.J.(Ed.),Lexicon of Canadian Stratigraphy,v.4 Western Canada.Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists,p.907.
Mc Lean,J.R.,1982.Lithostratigraphy of the lower cretaceous coal-bearing sequence,Foothills of Alberta.Geological Survey of Canada Paper 29-80.
Mc Mechan,M.E.,1985.Low-taper triangle zone geometry:an interpretation for the Rocky mountain Foothills,pine pass e peace river area,British columbia.Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology 33,31-38.
Mc Mechan,M.E.,Thompson,R.I.,1993.The Canadian Cordillera fold and thrust belt south of 66N and its influence on the Western Interior Basin.In:Caldwell,W.G.E.,Kauffman,E.G.(Eds.),Evolution of the Western Interior Basin.Geological Association of Canada,Special Paper 39,pp.73-90.
Mitra,G.,1997.Evolution of salients in a fold-and-thrust belt:the effects of sedimentary basin geometry,strain distribution and critical taper.In:Sengupta,S.(Ed.),Evolution of Geological Structures in Micro-to Macro-scales,pp.59-90.
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Mountjoy,E.W.,1960.Structure and Stratigraphy of the Miette and Adjacent Areas,Eastern Jasper National Park,Alberta(Unpublished Ph.D.thesis).University of Toronto,Toronto,p.234.
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Oyler,D.C.,Mark,D.,Molinda,G.M.,2010.In situ estimation of roof rock strength using sonic logging.International Journal of Coal Geology 84,484-490.
Osborn,G.,Stockmal,G.,Haspel,R.,2006.Emergence of the Canadian Rockies and adjacent plains:a comparison of physiography between end-of-Laramide time and the present day.Geomorphology 75,450-477.
Price,R.A.,1986.The southeastern Canadian Cordillera:thrust faulting,tectonic wedging and delamination of the lithosphere.Journal of Structural Geology 8,23-254.
Richards,B.C.,Barclay,J.E.,Bryan,D.,Hartling,A.,Henderson,C.M.,Hinds,R.C.,1994.Chapter 14-carboniferous strata of the western Canada Sedimentary Basin.In:Mossop,G.,Shetsen,I.(Eds.),Geological Atlas of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin.Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists and Alberta Research Council,pp.221-250.
Skuce,A.G.,Goody,N.P.,Maloney,J.,1992.Passive-roof duplexes under the Rocky mountain foreland basin,Alberta.Bulletin American Association of Petroleum Geology 76,67-80.
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Slotboom,R.T.,1992.Geophysical Investigation of the Triangle Zone Structure in Jumping Pound-Wildcat Area,Southern Alberta Foothills(Unpublished M.S.thesis).University of Calgary.
Soule,G.S.,Spratt,D.A.,1996.En echelon geometry and two-dimensional model of the triangle zone,Grease Creek Syncline area,Alberta.Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology 44,244-257.
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Al-Kattan,W.,Al-Ameri,N.J.,2012.Estimation of the rock mechanical properties using conventional log data in north rumaila field.Iraqi Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering 13,27-33.
Bachu,S.,Buschkuchle,M.,Michael,K.,2008.Subsurface Characterization of the Brazeau Nisku Q Pool Reservoir for Acid Gas Injection.ERCB/AGS Special Report095.
Bally,A.W.,Gordy,P.L.,Stewart,G.A.,1966.Structural seismic data and orogenic evolution of southern Canadian Rocky Mountain.Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology 14,337-381.
Boyer,S.E.,Elliott,D.,1982.Thrust systems.American Association of Petroleum Geologist Bulletin 66(9),1196-1230.
Bonini,M.,2001.Passive roof thrusting and forelandward fold propagation in scaled brittle-ductile physical models of thrust wedges.Journal of Geophysical Research 106(B2),2291-2311.
Chang,C.,Zoback,M.D.,Khaksar,A.,2006.Empirical relations between rock strength and physical properties in sedimentary rocks.Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 51,223-237.
Charlesworth,H.A.K.,Johnston,S.T.,Gagnon,L.G.,1987.Evolution of the triangle zone in Rocky mountain Foothills near Coalspur,central Alberta.Canadian Journal of Earth Science 24,1668-1678.
Charlesworth,H.A.K.,Gagnon,L.G.,1985.Intercutaneous wedges,the triangle zone and structural thickening of the Mynheer coal seam at Coal Valley in the Rocky Mountain Foothills of central Alberta.Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology33,22-30.
Couzens,B.A.,Wiltschko,D.V.,1996.The control of mechanical stratigraphy on the formation of triangle zones.Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology 44(2),165-179.
Couzens-Schultz,B.A.,Vendeville,B.C.,Wiltschko,D.V.,2003.Duplex style and triangle zone formation:insights from physical modeling.Journal of Structural Geology 25,1623-1644.
Dahlstrom,C.D.A.,1970.Structural geology in the eastern margin of the canadian Rocky mountains.Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology 18(3),322-340.
Dawson,F.M.,Kalkreuth,W.D.,Sweet,A.R.,1994.Stratigraphy and coal resource potential of the Upper Cretaceous to Tertiary strata of northwestern Alberta.Bulletin Geological Survey of Canada 59.
Dean,S.L.,Morga,J.K.,Fournier,T.,2013.Geometries of frontal fold and thrust belts:insights from discrete element simulations.Journal of Structural Geology 53,43-53.
Douglas,R.J.W.,1958.Chungo Creek Map-area,Alberta.Geological Survey of Canada.Paper 58-3 and accompanying map 6-1958,scale 1 inch:1 mile.
Douglas,R.J.W.,Lebel,D.,1993.Geology and structure cross section,cardinal river,Alberta.Geological Survey of Canada Map 1828A Scale 1,50000.
Doveton,J.H.,1994.Geological Log Interpretation.SEPM Short Course Notes no.29.Society for Sedimentary Geology.
Erickson,S.G.,1995.Mechanics of triangle zones and passive-roof dupelxes:implications of finite element models.Tectonophysics 245,1-11.
Fermor,P.,1999.Aspects of the three-dimensional structure of the Alberta Foothills and front ranges.The Geological Society of America Bulletin 3,317-346.
Gordy,P.L.,Frey,F.R.,Norris,D.K.,1977.Geological Guide for the CSPG 1977Waterton-glacier Park Field Conference.Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists,Calgary,p.93.
Hage,C.O.,1943.Dyson Creek Map-area,Alberta.Geological Survey of Canada.Paper,43-5.
Halbertsma,H.L.,1994.Devonian Wabamun group of the western Canada Sedimentary Basin.In:Mossop,G.,Stetsen,I.(Eds.),Comps.Geological Atlas of the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin.Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists and Alberta Research Council,pp.203-220.
Hall,R.L.,1990.In:Glass,D.J.(Ed.),The Fernie Formation,Lexicon of Canadian Stratigraphy Volume 4 Western Canadian Including Eastern British Columbia,Alberta,Saskatchewan and Southern Manitoba.Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists,Calgary,pp.223-224.
Isaac,H.,Lawton,D.C.,2010.Processing of the 2010 field school 3D and 2D seismic data from Priddis Alberta J.Crewes Research Report 22.
Jamison,W.R.,1996.Mechanical models of triangle zone evolution.Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology 44,180-194.
Jones,P.B.,1982.Oil and gas beneath east-dipping underthrust faults in the Alberta Foothills Canada.In:Powers,R.B.(Ed.),Geological Studies of the Cordillera Thrust Belt,vol.1.Rocky Mountain Association of Geology,Denver,pp.61-74.
Jones,P.B.,1971.Folded faults and sequence of thrusting in Alberta Foothills.The American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin 55,292-306.
Langengberg,C.W.,Baton,A.,Berhane,H.,2002.Regional Evaluation of the Coalbed Methane Potential of the Foothills/Mountains of Alberta,second ed.EUB/AGSEarth Sciences Report.
Langenberg,C.W.,Mc Mechan,M.E.,1985.Lower cretaceous luscar group(revised)of the northern and north-central Foothills of Alberta.Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology 33(1),1-11.
Lawton,D.C.,Sukaamongkon,C.,Spratt,D.A.,1996.Seismic characterization of a“compound tectonic wedge”beneath the Rocky Mountain foreland basin,Alberta.Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology 44,258-268.
Lebel,D.,1996.Structural of the central Canadian Cordilleran thrust-and-fold belt,Athabasca-Brazeau area,Alberta:a large,complex intercutaneous wedge.Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology 44(2),282-298.
Ledrew,J.,1997.Three-dimensional Geometry and Evolution of the Lovett River Triangle Zone,Central Alberta Foothills(Unpublished M.S.thesis).University of Calgary,p.148.
Lee,H.,2014.Lateral Variations in Thrust Developments along the Central Alberta Foothills,Canada(Unpublished M.S.thesis).Yonsei University,Seoul,Korea,p.61.
Link,T.A.,1949.Interpretations of Foothills structures,Alberta.Canada Bulletin of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists 33,1475-1501.
Mac Kay,P.A.,1996.The Highwood Structure:a tectonic wedge at the foreland edge of the southern Canadian Cordillera.Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology44,215-232.
Mac Kay,P.A.,Spratt,D.A.,Soule,G.S.,Lawton,D.C.,1994.The Triangle Zone of Southern Alberta,Geometry,Lateral Variations and Associated Oil and Gas Fields.Canadian Society of Exploration Geophysicists/Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists Joint Annual Convention,Calgary.Field Trip Guidebook Pre-2 1994.Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists,Calgary.
Mc Clay,K.R.,1992.Glossary of thrust tectonics terms.In:Mc Clay,K.R.(Ed.),Thrust Tectonics.Chapman and Hall,pp.419-433,447 p.
Mc Crossan,R.G.,1964.Geological History of Western Canada.Alberta Society of Petroleum Geology.
Mc Lean,J.R.,1990.Paskapoo Formation.In:Glass,D.J.(Ed.),Lexicon of Canadian Stratigraphy,v.4 Western Canada.Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists,p.907.
Mc Lean,J.R.,1982.Lithostratigraphy of the lower cretaceous coal-bearing sequence,Foothills of Alberta.Geological Survey of Canada Paper 29-80.
Mc Mechan,M.E.,1985.Low-taper triangle zone geometry:an interpretation for the Rocky mountain Foothills,pine pass e peace river area,British columbia.Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology 33,31-38.
Mc Mechan,M.E.,Thompson,R.I.,1993.The Canadian Cordillera fold and thrust belt south of 66N and its influence on the Western Interior Basin.In:Caldwell,W.G.E.,Kauffman,E.G.(Eds.),Evolution of the Western Interior Basin.Geological Association of Canada,Special Paper 39,pp.73-90.
Mitra,G.,1997.Evolution of salients in a fold-and-thrust belt:the effects of sedimentary basin geometry,strain distribution and critical taper.In:Sengupta,S.(Ed.),Evolution of Geological Structures in Micro-to Macro-scales,pp.59-90.
Monger,J.W.H.,1989.Overview of cordilleran geology.In:Rocketts,B.D.(Ed.),Western Canada Sedimentary Basin:A Case History.Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists,pp.9-32.
Mountjoy,E.W.,1960.Structure and Stratigraphy of the Miette and Adjacent Areas,Eastern Jasper National Park,Alberta(Unpublished Ph.D.thesis).University of Toronto,Toronto,p.234.
Mundy,D.J.C.,Widdowson,R.G.,Sabo,D.J.,1992.Sedimentology,Structural Geology,and Exploration History of the Mississippian at Moose Mountain,Southwestern Alberta.American Association of Petroleum Geology Annual Convention,Field Trip Guidebook 1992,v.9.Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists,Calgary.
Oyler,D.C.,Mark,D.,Molinda,G.M.,2010.In situ estimation of roof rock strength using sonic logging.International Journal of Coal Geology 84,484-490.
Osborn,G.,Stockmal,G.,Haspel,R.,2006.Emergence of the Canadian Rockies and adjacent plains:a comparison of physiography between end-of-Laramide time and the present day.Geomorphology 75,450-477.
Price,R.A.,1986.The southeastern Canadian Cordillera:thrust faulting,tectonic wedging and delamination of the lithosphere.Journal of Structural Geology 8,23-254.
Richards,B.C.,Barclay,J.E.,Bryan,D.,Hartling,A.,Henderson,C.M.,Hinds,R.C.,1994.Chapter 14-carboniferous strata of the western Canada Sedimentary Basin.In:Mossop,G.,Shetsen,I.(Eds.),Geological Atlas of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin.Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists and Alberta Research Council,pp.221-250.
Skuce,A.G.,Goody,N.P.,Maloney,J.,1992.Passive-roof duplexes under the Rocky mountain foreland basin,Alberta.Bulletin American Association of Petroleum Geology 76,67-80.
Slotboom,R.T.,Lowton,D.C.,Spratt,D.A.,1996.Seismic interpretation of the triangle zone at jumping pound,Alberta.Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology 44,233-243.
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