锶污染下燕麦对土壤酶活性和微生物群落功能多样性的影响
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摘要
为了评价燕麦对金属锶(Sr)污染土壤的修复效果,通过土培盆栽试验,在土壤中添加Sr,共设置6个处理:25 mg/kg Sr(CK)、100 mg/kg Sr(L)、250 mg/kg Sr(H)、25 mg/kg Sr+燕麦(CK+燕麦)、100 mg/kg Sr+燕麦(L+燕麦)和250 mg/kg Sr+燕麦(H+燕麦)。从土壤酶(转化酶、磷酸酶、蛋白酶、脲酶和脱氢酶)活性和土壤微生物群落功能多样性来评价燕麦在锶污染土壤植物修复中的作用。结果表明:燕麦显著提高了脲酶和脱氢酶活性。燕麦显著提高了锶污染土壤微生物对31种碳源的平均利用率(AWCD),并提高了锶污染土壤条件下微生物群落的Shannon多样性指数(H)、Shannon均匀度指数(E)和碳源利用丰富度指数(S),降低了Shannon优势度指数(D)。主成分分析表明种植燕麦显著增加了锶污染土壤中微生物群落功能多样性。与未种植处理(L和H)相比,L+燕麦处理中羧酸类碳源和聚合物类碳源的利用率分别增加了19%和31%,H+燕麦处理中羧酸类碳源和聚合物类碳源的利用率分别增加了24%和41%。因此,在锶污染土壤中,燕麦显著提高了土壤酶活性,改善了微生物功能多样性。
Strontium( Sr) is a common fission product of U-235 and Pu-239. Radioactive isotopes show heavy metal toxicity and radioactivity. The fate of radionuclides in the environment follows the behavior of stable elements; therefore,the behavior of stable Sr-88 should be regarded as a useful analog for predicting the fate of Sr-90 in the environment.Phytoremediation is an emerging technology whereby plants remove metals from the environment. The ultimate goal of phytoremediation is to eliminate or reduce soil pollutants and restore soil quality. The phytoremediation of contaminated soil can be assessed by evaluating the soil nutrient content and enzyme activity. Biolog technology is used to characterize the functional diversity of the soil microbial community and kinetic characteristics of carbon source utilization,and has been widely applied to determine the effect of heavy metal pollution on microbial communities. In our previous study,26 cultivars of wheat( Triticum aestivum L.),oat( Avena sativa L.),and barley( Hordeum vulgare L.) were compared to investigate Sraccumulation and distribution for their potential use in phytoremediation. Based on these results,Neimengkeyimai-1 could be used as a model for further research,as a starting point for finding additional effective cultivars. In this experiment,A.sativa ‘Neimengkeyi-1'was selected as the model plant to evaluate the effect of oat planting on Sr-contaminated soils.Through pot experiments,Sr was added to soils in six treatments: 25 mg/kg Sr( CK),100 mg/kg Sr( L),250 mg/kg Sr( H),25 mg/kg Sr + oat( CK+oat),100 mg/kg Sr + oat( L+oat),and 250 mg/kg Sr + oat( H+oat),respectively. After30 days of cultivation,the soil enzymes( including invertase,phosphatase,protease,urease,and dehydrogenase) and soil microbial community functional diversity were measured to evaluate the phytoremediation effect of oat on Sr-contaminated soils. The results showed that oat significantly improved the activities of urease and dehydrogenase. Oat significantly increased utilization of the average of 31 carbon sources( average well color development,AWCD) by the soil microbial community and improved the Shannon diversity index( H),Shannon evenness index( E),and carbon source utilization richness index( S),but reduced the Shannon dominance index( D) under Sr pollution. Principal component analysis( PCA) showed that the utilization of carboxylic and polymer carbon sources were,respectively,higher by 24% and 23% in L+oat treatments and by 24% and 13% in H +oat treatments than in non-planting treatments( L +H). The carboxylic and polymer carbon sources were the main carbon sources in the soil microbial community under Sr pollution. A cluster analysis showed that Sr pollution in soils was close to the metabolic soil microbial community characteristics,and planting oat significantly improved the soil environment. These results were consistent with those of soil enzyme activity and the PCA. In conclusion,oat increased enzyme activity and improved the functional diversity of rhizosphere soil microbes in Sr-polluted soil.
Strontium( Sr) is a common fission product of U-235 and Pu-239. Radioactive isotopes show heavy metal toxicity and radioactivity. The fate of radionuclides in the environment follows the behavior of stable elements; therefore,the behavior of stable Sr-88 should be regarded as a useful analog for predicting the fate of Sr-90 in the environment.Phytoremediation is an emerging technology whereby plants remove metals from the environment. The ultimate goal of phytoremediation is to eliminate or reduce soil pollutants and restore soil quality. The phytoremediation of contaminated soil can be assessed by evaluating the soil nutrient content and enzyme activity. Biolog technology is used to characterize the functional diversity of the soil microbial community and kinetic characteristics of carbon source utilization,and has been widely applied to determine the effect of heavy metal pollution on microbial communities. In our previous study,26 cultivars of wheat( Triticum aestivum L.),oat( Avena sativa L.),and barley( Hordeum vulgare L.) were compared to investigate Sraccumulation and distribution for their potential use in phytoremediation. Based on these results,Neimengkeyimai-1 could be used as a model for further research,as a starting point for finding additional effective cultivars. In this experiment,A.sativa ‘Neimengkeyi-1'was selected as the model plant to evaluate the effect of oat planting on Sr-contaminated soils.Through pot experiments,Sr was added to soils in six treatments: 25 mg/kg Sr( CK),100 mg/kg Sr( L),250 mg/kg Sr( H),25 mg/kg Sr + oat( CK+oat),100 mg/kg Sr + oat( L+oat),and 250 mg/kg Sr + oat( H+oat),respectively. After30 days of cultivation,the soil enzymes( including invertase,phosphatase,protease,urease,and dehydrogenase) and soil microbial community functional diversity were measured to evaluate the phytoremediation effect of oat on Sr-contaminated soils. The results showed that oat significantly improved the activities of urease and dehydrogenase. Oat significantly increased utilization of the average of 31 carbon sources( average well color development,AWCD) by the soil microbial community and improved the Shannon diversity index( H),Shannon evenness index( E),and carbon source utilization richness index( S),but reduced the Shannon dominance index( D) under Sr pollution. Principal component analysis( PCA) showed that the utilization of carboxylic and polymer carbon sources were,respectively,higher by 24% and 23% in L+oat treatments and by 24% and 13% in H +oat treatments than in non-planting treatments( L +H). The carboxylic and polymer carbon sources were the main carbon sources in the soil microbial community under Sr pollution. A cluster analysis showed that Sr pollution in soils was close to the metabolic soil microbial community characteristics,and planting oat significantly improved the soil environment. These results were consistent with those of soil enzyme activity and the PCA. In conclusion,oat increased enzyme activity and improved the functional diversity of rhizosphere soil microbes in Sr-polluted soil.
引文
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[2]Kato M,Okada Y,Hirai S,Minai Y,Saito S,Shibukawa M.Comparative analysis of distributions of radioactive cesium and potassium and stable cesium,potassium,and strontium in brown rice grains contaminated with radioactive materials released by the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident.Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry,2016,310(1):247-252.
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[4]李韵诗,冯冲凌,吴晓芙,石润.重金属污染土壤植物修复中的微生物功能研究进展.生态学报,2015,35(20):6881-6890.
[5]徐磊,周静,梁家妮,崔红标,陶美娟,陶志慧,祝振球,黄林.巨菌草对Cu、Cd污染土壤的修复潜力.生态学报,2014,34(18):5342-5348.
[6]宋收,陈晓明,肖伟,伍迪,郝希超,张祥辉,张倩,罗学刚.基于BIOLOG指纹解析土壤可培微生物对铀污染的响应.核农学报,2016,30(6):1169-1177.
[7]刘慧军,刘景辉,于健,徐胜涛,史吉刚.土壤改良剂对燕麦土壤理化性状及微生物量碳的影响.水土保持学报,2012,26(5):68-72,77-77.
[8]Qi L,Qin X L,Li F M,Siddique K H M,Brandl H,Xu J Z,Li X G.Uptake and distribution of stable strontium in 26 cultivars of three crop species:oats,wheat,and barley for their potential use in phytoremediation.International Journal of Phytoremediation,2015,17(3):264-271.
[9]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析(第三版).北京:中国农业出版社,2001.
[10]杨叶,陈珂,朱靖.施加钙对锶胁迫下麻疯树生长及生理生化的影响.核农学报,2015,29(2):405-411.
[11]曾峰.高浓度核素污染土壤修复植物筛选及肥料对植物修复的影响[D].绵阳:西南科技大学,2015.
[12]金凌波,周峰,姚涓,姜大刚,梅曼彤,穆虹.磷高效转基因大豆对根际微生物群落的影响.生态学报,2012,32(7):2082-2090.
[13]冯晓敏,杨永,任长忠,胡跃高,曾昭海.燕麦/大豆和燕麦/花生间作对根际土壤固氮细菌多样性与群落结构的影响.中国农业大学学报,2016,21(1):22-32.
[14]关松荫.土壤酶及其研究法.北京:农业出版社,1986.
[15]孙凯宁,杨宁,王克安,吕晓惠,柴秀乾.山药连作对土壤微生物群落及土壤酶活性的影响.水土保持学报,2015,22(6):95-98.
[16]张涪平,曹凑贵,李苹,次仁央金,高超,通乐嘎,李成芳.藏中矿区重金属污染土壤的微生物活性变化.生态学报,2010,30(16):4452-4459.
[17]Xian Y,Wang M,Chen W P.Quantitative assessment on soil enzyme activities of heavy metal contaminated soils with various soil properties.Chemosphere,2015,139:604-608.
[18]韩桂琪,王彬,徐卫红,陈贵青,王慧先,张海波,张晓璟,熊治庭.重金属Cd、Zn、Cu、Pb复合污染对土壤微生物和酶活性的影响.水土保持学报,2010,24(5):238-242.
[19]段德超,于明革,施积炎.植物对铅的吸收、转运、累积和解毒机制研究进展.应用生态学报,2014,25(1):287-296.
[20]张旭龙,马淼,吴振振,张志政,高睿,石灵玉.不同油葵品种对盐碱地根际土壤酶活性及微生物群落功能多样性的影响.生态学报,2017,37(5):1659-1666.
[21]鲁顺保,张艳杰,陈成榕,徐志红,郭晓敏.基于BIOLOG指纹解析三种不同森林类型土壤细菌群落功能差异.土壤学报,2013,50(3):618-623.
[22]Sumi H,Kunito T,Ishikawa Y,Sato T,Park H D,Nagaoka K,Aikawa Y.Plant roots influence microbial activities as well as cadmium and zinc fractions in metal-contaminated soil.Chemistry and Ecology,2015,31(2):105-110.
[23]郭星亮,谷洁,陈智学,高华,秦清军,孙薇,张卫娟.铜川煤矿区重金属污染对土壤微生物群落代谢和酶活性的影响.应用生态学报,2012,23(3):798-806.
[24]Ding Z L,Wu J P,You A Q,Huang B Q,Cao C G.Effects of heavy metals on soil microbial community structure and diversity in the rice(Oryza sativa L.subsp.Japonica,Food Crops Institute of Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences)rhizosphere.Soil Science and Plant Nutrition,2017,63(1):75-83.
[2]Kato M,Okada Y,Hirai S,Minai Y,Saito S,Shibukawa M.Comparative analysis of distributions of radioactive cesium and potassium and stable cesium,potassium,and strontium in brown rice grains contaminated with radioactive materials released by the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident.Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry,2016,310(1):247-252.
[3]Margon A,Mondini C,Valentini M,Ritota M,Leita L.Soil microbial biomass influence on strontium availability in mine soil.Chemical Speciation&Bioavailability,2013,25(2):119-124.
[4]李韵诗,冯冲凌,吴晓芙,石润.重金属污染土壤植物修复中的微生物功能研究进展.生态学报,2015,35(20):6881-6890.
[5]徐磊,周静,梁家妮,崔红标,陶美娟,陶志慧,祝振球,黄林.巨菌草对Cu、Cd污染土壤的修复潜力.生态学报,2014,34(18):5342-5348.
[6]宋收,陈晓明,肖伟,伍迪,郝希超,张祥辉,张倩,罗学刚.基于BIOLOG指纹解析土壤可培微生物对铀污染的响应.核农学报,2016,30(6):1169-1177.
[7]刘慧军,刘景辉,于健,徐胜涛,史吉刚.土壤改良剂对燕麦土壤理化性状及微生物量碳的影响.水土保持学报,2012,26(5):68-72,77-77.
[8]Qi L,Qin X L,Li F M,Siddique K H M,Brandl H,Xu J Z,Li X G.Uptake and distribution of stable strontium in 26 cultivars of three crop species:oats,wheat,and barley for their potential use in phytoremediation.International Journal of Phytoremediation,2015,17(3):264-271.
[9]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析(第三版).北京:中国农业出版社,2001.
[10]杨叶,陈珂,朱靖.施加钙对锶胁迫下麻疯树生长及生理生化的影响.核农学报,2015,29(2):405-411.
[11]曾峰.高浓度核素污染土壤修复植物筛选及肥料对植物修复的影响[D].绵阳:西南科技大学,2015.
[12]金凌波,周峰,姚涓,姜大刚,梅曼彤,穆虹.磷高效转基因大豆对根际微生物群落的影响.生态学报,2012,32(7):2082-2090.
[13]冯晓敏,杨永,任长忠,胡跃高,曾昭海.燕麦/大豆和燕麦/花生间作对根际土壤固氮细菌多样性与群落结构的影响.中国农业大学学报,2016,21(1):22-32.
[14]关松荫.土壤酶及其研究法.北京:农业出版社,1986.
[15]孙凯宁,杨宁,王克安,吕晓惠,柴秀乾.山药连作对土壤微生物群落及土壤酶活性的影响.水土保持学报,2015,22(6):95-98.
[16]张涪平,曹凑贵,李苹,次仁央金,高超,通乐嘎,李成芳.藏中矿区重金属污染土壤的微生物活性变化.生态学报,2010,30(16):4452-4459.
[17]Xian Y,Wang M,Chen W P.Quantitative assessment on soil enzyme activities of heavy metal contaminated soils with various soil properties.Chemosphere,2015,139:604-608.
[18]韩桂琪,王彬,徐卫红,陈贵青,王慧先,张海波,张晓璟,熊治庭.重金属Cd、Zn、Cu、Pb复合污染对土壤微生物和酶活性的影响.水土保持学报,2010,24(5):238-242.
[19]段德超,于明革,施积炎.植物对铅的吸收、转运、累积和解毒机制研究进展.应用生态学报,2014,25(1):287-296.
[20]张旭龙,马淼,吴振振,张志政,高睿,石灵玉.不同油葵品种对盐碱地根际土壤酶活性及微生物群落功能多样性的影响.生态学报,2017,37(5):1659-1666.
[21]鲁顺保,张艳杰,陈成榕,徐志红,郭晓敏.基于BIOLOG指纹解析三种不同森林类型土壤细菌群落功能差异.土壤学报,2013,50(3):618-623.
[22]Sumi H,Kunito T,Ishikawa Y,Sato T,Park H D,Nagaoka K,Aikawa Y.Plant roots influence microbial activities as well as cadmium and zinc fractions in metal-contaminated soil.Chemistry and Ecology,2015,31(2):105-110.
[23]郭星亮,谷洁,陈智学,高华,秦清军,孙薇,张卫娟.铜川煤矿区重金属污染对土壤微生物群落代谢和酶活性的影响.应用生态学报,2012,23(3):798-806.
[24]Ding Z L,Wu J P,You A Q,Huang B Q,Cao C G.Effects of heavy metals on soil microbial community structure and diversity in the rice(Oryza sativa L.subsp.Japonica,Food Crops Institute of Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences)rhizosphere.Soil Science and Plant Nutrition,2017,63(1):75-83.
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