长期单施有机肥黑土大豆产量和土壤理化性质演变特征
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摘要
本研究通过38年的黑土长期定位试验,分析了长期施用有机肥后大豆产量效应、土壤理化性质演变特征,并评价在大豆种植中有机肥替代化肥的可行性。结果表明:(1)长期单施有机肥未降低大豆产量。(2)常规有机肥和二倍有机肥处理土壤有机质平均含量较NPK处理分别增加5.7%和4.5%。单施有机肥土壤碱解氮和速效钾含量并未明显降低;土壤有效磷含量显著低于NPK处理,降低了土壤磷素环境风险。施用有机肥土壤pH变化较为稳定,可防止黑土酸化。(3)单施有机肥0~20 cm土壤容重降低5.9%~7.5%,土壤总孔隙度降低7.0%~8.9%。(4)黑土长期单施有机肥条件下,有机肥养分供应能力较强,并可维持土壤酸碱平衡,改善土壤结构状况。总之,大豆种植中有机肥替代化肥是可行的,但应考虑黑土不同生态区的有机肥资源和施用量。
Based on a long-term experiment during 1979-2017 in black soil of northeast China,the objective of this study is to explore variation characteristics of soybean yield and soil physicochemical properties under long-term fertilization,and evaluate the feasibility of organic fertilizer substitution to chemical fertilizer in soybean cultivation. The experiment consisted of three treatments: chemical fertilizer( NPK,conventional application rates),horse manure( M),and 200% of the M( M_2). The results showed that:( 1)long-term application of organic fertilizer did not reduce soybean yield.( 2) Compared with NPK treatment,long-term organic fertilizer application( M and M_2) increased the average content of soil organic matter by 5. 7% and 4. 5%,respectively. There was no significant decrease in the content of alkali-hydrolyzale nitrogen and available potassium with organic fertilizer application. The content of soil available phosphorus in treatments M and M_2 was significantly lower than NPK treatment,which reduced the environmental risk of soil phosphorus. The soil pH change in treatments M and M_2 was stable,thus the soil acidification could be prevented.( 3) In the treatment of manure application alone,the soil bulk density and the total soil porosity in 0-20 cm soil layers decreased by 5. 9%-7. 5%and 7. 0%-8. 9%,respectively.( 4) Under long-term application of organic fertilizer in black soil,the nutrient supply capacity of organic manure was strong. Application of organic fertilizer could maintain soil acid-base balance and improve soil structure. In summation,it was feasible to replace chemical fertilizer with organic fertilizer in soybean cultivation,but the organic fertilizer resources and rates should be considered in different ecological areas of black soil.
Based on a long-term experiment during 1979-2017 in black soil of northeast China,the objective of this study is to explore variation characteristics of soybean yield and soil physicochemical properties under long-term fertilization,and evaluate the feasibility of organic fertilizer substitution to chemical fertilizer in soybean cultivation. The experiment consisted of three treatments: chemical fertilizer( NPK,conventional application rates),horse manure( M),and 200% of the M( M_2). The results showed that:( 1)long-term application of organic fertilizer did not reduce soybean yield.( 2) Compared with NPK treatment,long-term organic fertilizer application( M and M_2) increased the average content of soil organic matter by 5. 7% and 4. 5%,respectively. There was no significant decrease in the content of alkali-hydrolyzale nitrogen and available potassium with organic fertilizer application. The content of soil available phosphorus in treatments M and M_2 was significantly lower than NPK treatment,which reduced the environmental risk of soil phosphorus. The soil pH change in treatments M and M_2 was stable,thus the soil acidification could be prevented.( 3) In the treatment of manure application alone,the soil bulk density and the total soil porosity in 0-20 cm soil layers decreased by 5. 9%-7. 5%and 7. 0%-8. 9%,respectively.( 4) Under long-term application of organic fertilizer in black soil,the nutrient supply capacity of organic manure was strong. Application of organic fertilizer could maintain soil acid-base balance and improve soil structure. In summation,it was feasible to replace chemical fertilizer with organic fertilizer in soybean cultivation,but the organic fertilizer resources and rates should be considered in different ecological areas of black soil.
引文
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[17]韩秉进,陈渊,赵殿臣.大豆施用有机肥增产效果研究[J].大豆科学,2001,20(4):305-308.HAN B J,CHEN Y,ZHAO D C.Study on the effect of organic manure on soybean production[J].Soybean Science,2001,20(4):305-308.
[18]台莲梅,郭永霞,范文艳,等.有机肥对连作大豆根腐病、生育及产量影响的研究[J].黑龙江八一农垦大学学报,2001,13(4):28-31.TAI L M,GUO Y X,FAN W Y,et al.Studies on root rot,development and yield of soybean under organic fertilizers in continuous cropping[J].Journal of Heilongjiang August First Land Reclamation University,2001,13(4):28-31.
[19]徐明岗,卢昌艾,张文菊,等.我国耕地质量状况与提升对策[J].中国农业资源与区划,2016,37(7):8-14.XU M G,LU C A,ZHANG W J,et al.Situation of the quality of arable land in china and improvement strategy[J].Chinese Journal of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning,2016,37(7):8-14.
[20]孟庆英,于忠和,贾绘彬,等.不同施肥处理对大豆根际土壤微生物及土壤肥力影响[J].大豆科学,2011,30(3):471-474.MENG Q Y,YU Z H,JIA H B,et al.Effects of different fertilizer treatment on rhizosphere soil microoganisms and fertility of soybean[J].Soybean Science,2011,30(3):471-474.
[21]徐明岗,张文菊,黄绍敏,等.中国土壤肥力演变(第二版)[M].北京:中国农业科学技术出版社,2015.XU M G,ZHANG W J,HUANG S M,et al.Evolution of soil fertility in China(Second Edition)[M].Beijing:China Agricultural Science and Technology Press,2015.
[22]徐明岗,张旭博,孙楠,等.农田土壤固碳与增产协同效应研究进展[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2017,23(6):1441-1449.XU M G,ZHANG X B,SUN N,et al.Advance in research of synergistic effects of soil carbon sequestration on crop yields improvement in croplands[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer,2017,23(6):1441-1449.
[2]申惠波,刘峰,滕险峰,等.黑龙江省大豆生产能力与发展探讨[J].科技创新导报,2012(12):133.SHEN H B,LIU F,TENG X F,et al.Discussion on soybean production capacity and development in Heilongjiang province[J].Science and Technology Innovation Herald,2012(12):133.
[3]魏丹,李艳,李玉梅,等.氮磷钾元素对黑龙江不同地区大豆产量和品质的影响[J].大豆科学,2017,36(1):87-91.WEI D,LI Y,LI Y M,et al.Effect of N,P,K fertilization on yield and quality of soybean in Heilongjiang province[J].Soybean Science,2017,36(1):87-91.
[4]马世铭,SAUERBORN J.世界有机农业发展的历史回顾与发展动态[J].中国农业科学,2004,37(10):1510-1516.MA S M,SAUERBORN J.Review of history and the recent development of organic farming in the world[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2004,37(10):1510-1516.
[5]刘晓梅,余宏军,李强,等.有机农业发展概述[J].应用生态学报,2016,27(4):1303-1313LIU X M,YU H J,LI Q,et al.Overview of organic agriculture development[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2016,27(4):1303-1313.
[6]韩晓增,邹文秀,陆欣春,等.旱作土壤耕层及其肥力培育途径[J].土壤与作物,2015,4(4):145-150.HAN X Z,ZOU W X,LU X C.The soil cultivated layer in dryland and technical patterns in cultivating soil fertility[J].Soils and Crops,2015,4(4):145-150.
[7]孙炜,樊雪梅.生物有机肥料对大豆生育性状和产量的影响[J].黑龙江农业科学,2009(5):63-64.SUN W,FAN X M.Effects of bio-organic fertilizer on growing characters and yield of soybean[J].Heilongjiang Agricultural Science,2009(5):63-64.
[8]王家军,于佰双,李进荣,等.寒地不同肥料对大豆产量影响的研究[J].大豆科学,2007,26(4):637-640.WANG J J,YU B S,LI J R,et al.The effects of fertilizer on soybean yield in cold area[J].Soybean Science,2007,26(4):637-640.
[9]林治安,赵秉强,袁亮,等.长期定位施肥对土壤养分与作物产量的影响[J].中国农业科学,2009,42(8):2809-2819.LIN Z A,ZHAO B Q,YUAN L,et al.Effects of organic manure and fertilizers long-term located application on soil fertility and crop yield[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2009,42(8):2809-2819.
[10]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2005.BAO S D.Soil and agricultural chemistry analysis[M].Beijing:China Agriculture Press,2005.
[11]张福锁,陈新平,陈清,等.中国主要作物施肥指南[M].北京:中国农业大学出版社,2009.ZHANG F S,CHEN X P,CHEN Q,et al.Fertilization guide for the main crops of China[M].Beijing:China Agricultural University Press,2009.
[12]周建斌.作物营养从有机肥到化肥的变化与反思[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2017,23(6):1686-1693.ZHOU J B.Reconsideration of the changes of plant nutrition from organic fertilizers to chemical fertilizers[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer,2017,23(6):1686-1693.
[13]MDER P,FLIE?BACH A,DUBOIS D,et al.Soil fertility and biodiversity in organic farming[J].Science,2002,296(5573):1694-1697.
[14]STOCKDALE E A,LAMPKIN N H,HOVI M,et al.Agronomic and environmental implications of organic farming systems[J].Advances in Agronomy,2000,70:261-327.
[15]SEUFERT V,RAMANKUTTY N,FOLEY J A.Comparing the yields of organic and conventional agriculture[J].Nature,2012,485(7397):229-232.
[16]刘雪,孟繁锡,郭丽,等.发达国家有机农业种植技术体系及其启示[J].世界农业,2006(4):16-17.LIU X,MENG F X,GUO L,et al.The technical system of organic farming in developed countries and its enlightenment[J].World Agriculture,2006(4):16-17.
[17]韩秉进,陈渊,赵殿臣.大豆施用有机肥增产效果研究[J].大豆科学,2001,20(4):305-308.HAN B J,CHEN Y,ZHAO D C.Study on the effect of organic manure on soybean production[J].Soybean Science,2001,20(4):305-308.
[18]台莲梅,郭永霞,范文艳,等.有机肥对连作大豆根腐病、生育及产量影响的研究[J].黑龙江八一农垦大学学报,2001,13(4):28-31.TAI L M,GUO Y X,FAN W Y,et al.Studies on root rot,development and yield of soybean under organic fertilizers in continuous cropping[J].Journal of Heilongjiang August First Land Reclamation University,2001,13(4):28-31.
[19]徐明岗,卢昌艾,张文菊,等.我国耕地质量状况与提升对策[J].中国农业资源与区划,2016,37(7):8-14.XU M G,LU C A,ZHANG W J,et al.Situation of the quality of arable land in china and improvement strategy[J].Chinese Journal of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning,2016,37(7):8-14.
[20]孟庆英,于忠和,贾绘彬,等.不同施肥处理对大豆根际土壤微生物及土壤肥力影响[J].大豆科学,2011,30(3):471-474.MENG Q Y,YU Z H,JIA H B,et al.Effects of different fertilizer treatment on rhizosphere soil microoganisms and fertility of soybean[J].Soybean Science,2011,30(3):471-474.
[21]徐明岗,张文菊,黄绍敏,等.中国土壤肥力演变(第二版)[M].北京:中国农业科学技术出版社,2015.XU M G,ZHANG W J,HUANG S M,et al.Evolution of soil fertility in China(Second Edition)[M].Beijing:China Agricultural Science and Technology Press,2015.
[22]徐明岗,张旭博,孙楠,等.农田土壤固碳与增产协同效应研究进展[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2017,23(6):1441-1449.XU M G,ZHANG X B,SUN N,et al.Advance in research of synergistic effects of soil carbon sequestration on crop yields improvement in croplands[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer,2017,23(6):1441-1449.
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