Multi-dimension apportionment of clean air “parade blue”phenomenon in Beijing
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摘要
The mass concentration and major chemical components of fine particulate matter were measured before,during and after Beijing's massive parade commemorating 70th anniversary of the Chinese Victory in World War II on September 3,2015.Regional emission inventory,positive matrix factorization(PMF),observations from space and backward air mass trajectories were jointly applied to identify the major pollution sources and their temporal and spatial variations.The contributions of emissions variations and the meteorological conditions related to the"parade blue"phenomenon in Beijing and its surrounding areas were investigated in detail.The main cause of the decreased PM_(2.5)mass concentration was attributed to the absolute reduction in emissions of primary air pollutants.The chemical composition of PM_(2.5)varied significantly before,during and after the parade.Fugitive dust particles were well controlled,the secondary formation of PM_(2.5)was reduced along with the controlled gaseous precursors'emissions from vehicles and industrial sources during the temporary intensified control period.During the parade period,the SO_2and NO_2column concentrations in Beijing and the surrounding areas decreased sharply,indicating that the coordinated reduction in primary emissions from the surrounding areas of Beijing played an important role in lowering the ambient concentration of SO_2and NO_2and accordingly lowered PM_(2.5)and improved the regional air quality.A comparison of the temperature,humidity,and wind speed and direction during the same periods in 2014 and 2015 showed that the meteorological conditions positively influenced the achievement of"parade blue".
The mass concentration and major chemical components of fine particulate matter were measured before,during and after Beijing's massive parade commemorating 70th anniversary of the Chinese Victory in World War II on September 3,2015.Regional emission inventory,positive matrix factorization(PMF),observations from space and backward air mass trajectories were jointly applied to identify the major pollution sources and their temporal and spatial variations.The contributions of emissions variations and the meteorological conditions related to the"parade blue"phenomenon in Beijing and its surrounding areas were investigated in detail.The main cause of the decreased PM_(2.5)mass concentration was attributed to the absolute reduction in emissions of primary air pollutants.The chemical composition of PM_(2.5)varied significantly before,during and after the parade.Fugitive dust particles were well controlled,the secondary formation of PM_(2.5)was reduced along with the controlled gaseous precursors'emissions from vehicles and industrial sources during the temporary intensified control period.During the parade period,the SO_2and NO_2column concentrations in Beijing and the surrounding areas decreased sharply,indicating that the coordinated reduction in primary emissions from the surrounding areas of Beijing played an important role in lowering the ambient concentration of SO_2and NO_2and accordingly lowered PM_(2.5)and improved the regional air quality.A comparison of the temperature,humidity,and wind speed and direction during the same periods in 2014 and 2015 showed that the meteorological conditions positively influenced the achievement of"parade blue".
The mass concentration and major chemical components of fine particulate matter were measured before,during and after Beijing's massive parade commemorating 70th anniversary of the Chinese Victory in World War II on September 3,2015.Regional emission inventory,positive matrix factorization(PMF),observations from space and backward air mass trajectories were jointly applied to identify the major pollution sources and their temporal and spatial variations.The contributions of emissions variations and the meteorological conditions related to the"parade blue"phenomenon in Beijing and its surrounding areas were investigated in detail.The main cause of the decreased PM_(2.5)mass concentration was attributed to the absolute reduction in emissions of primary air pollutants.The chemical composition of PM_(2.5)varied significantly before,during and after the parade.Fugitive dust particles were well controlled,the secondary formation of PM_(2.5)was reduced along with the controlled gaseous precursors'emissions from vehicles and industrial sources during the temporary intensified control period.During the parade period,the SO_2and NO_2column concentrations in Beijing and the surrounding areas decreased sharply,indicating that the coordinated reduction in primary emissions from the surrounding areas of Beijing played an important role in lowering the ambient concentration of SO_2and NO_2and accordingly lowered PM_(2.5)and improved the regional air quality.A comparison of the temperature,humidity,and wind speed and direction during the same periods in 2014 and 2015 showed that the meteorological conditions positively influenced the achievement of"parade blue".
引文
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BMRIEP(Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Environmental Protection),2015.Assessment of the effect on air quality by taking strenghtening control measures in the parade period.http://www.bjee.org.cn/cn/news_detail-50144.html(Accessed September 30,2015).
Chen,Y.Y.,Jin,G.Z.,Kumar,N.,Shi,G.,2013.The promise of Beijing:evaluating the impact of the 2008 Olympic Games on air quality.J.Environ.Econ.Manag.66,424-443.
Gao,J.J.,Tian,H.Z.,Cheng,K.,Lu,L.,Zheng,M.,Wang,S.X.,et al.,2015.The variation of chemical characteristics of PM2.5and PM10and formation causes during two haze pollution events in urban Beijing,China.Atmos.Environ.107,1-8.
Guo,S.,Hu,M.,Guo,Q.F.,Zhang,X.,Zheng,M.,Zheng,J.,et al.,2012.Primary sources and secondary formation of organic aerosols in Beijing,China.Environ.Sci.Technol.46,9846-9853.
Guo,S.,Hu,M.,Guo,Q.,Zhang,X.,Schauer,J.J.,Zhang,R.,2013.Quantitative evaluation of emission controls on primary and secondary organic aerosol sources during Beijing 2008Olympics.Atmos.Chem.Phys.13,8303-8314.
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Huang,J.,Liu,H.,Crawford,J.H.,Chan,C.,Considine,D.B.,Zhang,Y.,et al.,2015a.Origin of springtime ozone enhancements in the lower troposphere over Beijing:in situ measurements and model analysis.Atmos.Chem.Phys.15,5161-5179.
Huang,K.,Zhang,X.Y.,Lin,Y.F.,2015b.The“APEC Blue”phenomenon:regional emission control effects observed from space.Atmos.Res.164,65-75.
Liu,Y.,Shao,M.,Kuster,W.C.,Goldan,P.D.,Li,X.H.,Lu,S.H.,2009.Source identification of reactive hydrocarbons and oxygenated VOCs in the summertime in Beijing.Environ.Sci.Technol.43,75-81.
Liu,Y.,He,K.B.,Li,S.S.,Wang,Z.X.,Christiani,D.C.,Koutrakis,P.,2012.A statistical model to evaluate the effectiveness of PM2.5emissions control during the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games.Environ.Int.44,100-105.
Liu,Y.,Yuan,B.,Li,X.,Shao,M.,Lu,S.,Li,Y.,et al.,2015a.Impact of pollution controls in Beijing on atmospheric oxygenated volatile organic compounds(OVOCs)during the 2008 Olympic Games:observation and modeling implications.Atmos.Chem.Phys.15,3045-3062.
Liu,Z.R.,Hu,B.,Ji,D.S.,Wang,Y.H.,Wang,M.X.,Wang,Y.S.,2015b.Diurnal and seasonal variation of the PM2.5apparent particle density in Beijing,China.Atmos.Environ.120,328-338.
Lv,B.L.,Zhang,B.,Bai,Y.Q.,2016.A systematic analysis of PM2.5in Beijing and its sources from 2000 to 2012.Atmos.Environ.124(Part B),98-108.
Peng,J.F.,Hu,M.,Guo,S.,Du,Z.F.,Zheng,J.,Shang,D.J.,et al.,2016.Markedly enhanced absorption and direct radiative forcing of black carbon under polluted urban environments.Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.U.S.A.113,4266-4271.
Roberts,T.J.,Dütsch,M.,Hole,L.R.,Voss,P.B.,2015.Controlled meteorological(CMET)balloon profiling of the Arctic atmospheric boundary layer around Spitsbergen compared to a mesoscale model.Atmos.Chem.Phys.Discuss.15,27539-27573.
Sun,Y.L.,Zhuang,G.S.,Tang,A.H.,Wang,Y.,An,Z.S.,2006.Chemical characteristics of PM2.5and PM10in haze-fog episodes in Beijing.Environ.Sci.Technol.40,3148-3155.
Sun,Y.,Wang,Y.S.,Zhang,C.C.,2009.Measurement of the vertical profile of atmospheric SO2during the heating period in Beijing on days of high air pollution.Atmos.Environ.43,468-472.
Sun,Y.,Song,T.,Tang,G.Q.,Wang,Y.S.,2013.The vertical distribution of PM2.5and boundary-layer structure during summer haze in Beijing.Atmos.Environ.74,413-421.
Sun,Y.L.,Wang,Z.F.,Du,W.,Zhang,Q.,Wang,Q.Q.,Fu,P.Q.,et al.,2015.Long-term real-time measurements of aerosol particle composition in Beijing,China:seasonal variations,meteorological effects,and source analysis.Atmos.Chem.Phys.15,10149-10165.
Wang,S.X.,Zhao,M.,Xing,J.,Wu,Y.,Zhou,Y.,Lei,Y.,et al.,2010.Quantifying the air pollutants emission reduction during the2008 Olympic Games in Beijing.Environ.Sci.Technol.44,2490-2496.
Wang,S.L.,Gao,J.,Zhang,Y.,Zhang,J.Q.,Cha,F.H.,Wang,T.,et al.,2014.Impact of emission control on regional air quality:an observational study of air pollutants before,during and after the Beijing Olympic Games.J.Environ.Sci.26,175-180.
Wang,Q.Q.,Ma,Y.L.,Tan,J.H.,Zheng,N.J.,Duan,J.C.,Sun,Y.L.,et al.,2015.Characteristics of size-fractionated atmospheric metals and water-soluble metals in two typical episodes in Beijing.Atmos.Environ.119,294-303.
Wang,H.L.,An,J.L.,Cheng,M.T.,Shen,L.J.,Zhu,B.,Li,Y.,et al.,2016.One year online measurements of water-soluble ions at the industrially polluted town of Nanjing,China:sources,seasonal and diurnal variations.Chemosphere 148,526-536.
Wang,Y.,Xue,Y.F.,Tian,H.Z.,Gao,J.J.,Chen,Y.,Zhu,C.Y.,et al.,2017.Effectiveness of temporary control measures for lowering PM2.5pollution in Beijing and the implications.Atmos.Environ.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.03.017.
Xing,J.,Zhang,Y.,Wang,S.X.,Liu,X.H.,Cheng,S.H.,Zhang,Q.,et al.,2011.Modeling study on the air quality impacts from emission reductions and atypical meteorological conditions during the 2008 Beijing Olympics.Atmos.Environ.45,1786-1798.
Yang,H.L.,Chen,J.,Wen,J.J.,Tian,H.Z.,Liu,X.G.,2016.Composition and sources of PM2.5around the heating periods of 2013 and 2014 in Beijing:implications for efficient mitigation measures.Atmos.Environ.124,378-386.
Yu,H.B.,Xue,L.D.,Zheng,X.Y.,Yuan,M.,Yu,J.Z.,Lyu,Y.B.,et al.,2015.Characterization and sources of carbonaceous components in PM2.5during the APEC in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region.Environ.Monit.China 31,48-52.
Zhang,L.,Wang,S.X.,Wang,L.,Hao,J.M.,2013.Atmospheric mercury concentration and chemical speciation at a rural site in Beijing,China:implications of mercury emission sources.Atmos.Chem.Phys.13,10505-10516.
Zhang,Z.Y.,Zhang,X.L.,Gong,D.Y.,Quan,W.J.,Zhao,X.J.,Ma,Z.Q.,et al.,2015.Evolution of surface O3and PM2.5concentrations and their relationships with meteorological conditions over the last decade in Beijing.Atmos.Environ.108,67-75.
Zheng,G.J.,Duan,F.K.,Su,H.,Ma,Y.L.,Cheng,Y.,Zheng,B.,et al.,2015a.Exploring the severe winter haze in Beijing:the impact of synoptic weather,regional transport and heterogeneous reactions.Atmos.Chem.Phys.15,2969-2983.
Zheng,S.,Pozzer,A.,Cao,C.X.,Lelieveld,J.,2015b.Long-term(2001-2012)concentrations of fine particulate matter(PM2.5)and the impact on human health in Beijing,China.Atmos.Chem.Phys.15,5715-5725.
Zhou,Y.,Wu,Y.,Yang,L.,Fu,L.X.,He,K.B.,Wang,S.X.,et al.,2010.The impact of transportation control measures on emission reductions during the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing,China.Atmos.Environ.44,285-293.
BMRIEP(Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Environmental Protection),2015.Assessment of the effect on air quality by taking strenghtening control measures in the parade period.http://www.bjee.org.cn/cn/news_detail-50144.html(Accessed September 30,2015).
Chen,Y.Y.,Jin,G.Z.,Kumar,N.,Shi,G.,2013.The promise of Beijing:evaluating the impact of the 2008 Olympic Games on air quality.J.Environ.Econ.Manag.66,424-443.
Gao,J.J.,Tian,H.Z.,Cheng,K.,Lu,L.,Zheng,M.,Wang,S.X.,et al.,2015.The variation of chemical characteristics of PM2.5and PM10and formation causes during two haze pollution events in urban Beijing,China.Atmos.Environ.107,1-8.
Guo,S.,Hu,M.,Guo,Q.F.,Zhang,X.,Zheng,M.,Zheng,J.,et al.,2012.Primary sources and secondary formation of organic aerosols in Beijing,China.Environ.Sci.Technol.46,9846-9853.
Guo,S.,Hu,M.,Guo,Q.,Zhang,X.,Schauer,J.J.,Zhang,R.,2013.Quantitative evaluation of emission controls on primary and secondary organic aerosol sources during Beijing 2008Olympics.Atmos.Chem.Phys.13,8303-8314.
Guo,S.,Hu,M.,Zamora,M.L.,Peng,J.F.,Shang,D.J.,Zheng,J.,et al.,2014.Elucidating severe urban haze formation in China.Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.U.S.A.111,17373-17378.
Huang,J.,Liu,H.,Crawford,J.H.,Chan,C.,Considine,D.B.,Zhang,Y.,et al.,2015a.Origin of springtime ozone enhancements in the lower troposphere over Beijing:in situ measurements and model analysis.Atmos.Chem.Phys.15,5161-5179.
Huang,K.,Zhang,X.Y.,Lin,Y.F.,2015b.The“APEC Blue”phenomenon:regional emission control effects observed from space.Atmos.Res.164,65-75.
Liu,Y.,Shao,M.,Kuster,W.C.,Goldan,P.D.,Li,X.H.,Lu,S.H.,2009.Source identification of reactive hydrocarbons and oxygenated VOCs in the summertime in Beijing.Environ.Sci.Technol.43,75-81.
Liu,Y.,He,K.B.,Li,S.S.,Wang,Z.X.,Christiani,D.C.,Koutrakis,P.,2012.A statistical model to evaluate the effectiveness of PM2.5emissions control during the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games.Environ.Int.44,100-105.
Liu,Y.,Yuan,B.,Li,X.,Shao,M.,Lu,S.,Li,Y.,et al.,2015a.Impact of pollution controls in Beijing on atmospheric oxygenated volatile organic compounds(OVOCs)during the 2008 Olympic Games:observation and modeling implications.Atmos.Chem.Phys.15,3045-3062.
Liu,Z.R.,Hu,B.,Ji,D.S.,Wang,Y.H.,Wang,M.X.,Wang,Y.S.,2015b.Diurnal and seasonal variation of the PM2.5apparent particle density in Beijing,China.Atmos.Environ.120,328-338.
Lv,B.L.,Zhang,B.,Bai,Y.Q.,2016.A systematic analysis of PM2.5in Beijing and its sources from 2000 to 2012.Atmos.Environ.124(Part B),98-108.
Peng,J.F.,Hu,M.,Guo,S.,Du,Z.F.,Zheng,J.,Shang,D.J.,et al.,2016.Markedly enhanced absorption and direct radiative forcing of black carbon under polluted urban environments.Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.U.S.A.113,4266-4271.
Roberts,T.J.,Dütsch,M.,Hole,L.R.,Voss,P.B.,2015.Controlled meteorological(CMET)balloon profiling of the Arctic atmospheric boundary layer around Spitsbergen compared to a mesoscale model.Atmos.Chem.Phys.Discuss.15,27539-27573.
Sun,Y.L.,Zhuang,G.S.,Tang,A.H.,Wang,Y.,An,Z.S.,2006.Chemical characteristics of PM2.5and PM10in haze-fog episodes in Beijing.Environ.Sci.Technol.40,3148-3155.
Sun,Y.,Wang,Y.S.,Zhang,C.C.,2009.Measurement of the vertical profile of atmospheric SO2during the heating period in Beijing on days of high air pollution.Atmos.Environ.43,468-472.
Sun,Y.,Song,T.,Tang,G.Q.,Wang,Y.S.,2013.The vertical distribution of PM2.5and boundary-layer structure during summer haze in Beijing.Atmos.Environ.74,413-421.
Sun,Y.L.,Wang,Z.F.,Du,W.,Zhang,Q.,Wang,Q.Q.,Fu,P.Q.,et al.,2015.Long-term real-time measurements of aerosol particle composition in Beijing,China:seasonal variations,meteorological effects,and source analysis.Atmos.Chem.Phys.15,10149-10165.
Wang,S.X.,Zhao,M.,Xing,J.,Wu,Y.,Zhou,Y.,Lei,Y.,et al.,2010.Quantifying the air pollutants emission reduction during the2008 Olympic Games in Beijing.Environ.Sci.Technol.44,2490-2496.
Wang,S.L.,Gao,J.,Zhang,Y.,Zhang,J.Q.,Cha,F.H.,Wang,T.,et al.,2014.Impact of emission control on regional air quality:an observational study of air pollutants before,during and after the Beijing Olympic Games.J.Environ.Sci.26,175-180.
Wang,Q.Q.,Ma,Y.L.,Tan,J.H.,Zheng,N.J.,Duan,J.C.,Sun,Y.L.,et al.,2015.Characteristics of size-fractionated atmospheric metals and water-soluble metals in two typical episodes in Beijing.Atmos.Environ.119,294-303.
Wang,H.L.,An,J.L.,Cheng,M.T.,Shen,L.J.,Zhu,B.,Li,Y.,et al.,2016.One year online measurements of water-soluble ions at the industrially polluted town of Nanjing,China:sources,seasonal and diurnal variations.Chemosphere 148,526-536.
Wang,Y.,Xue,Y.F.,Tian,H.Z.,Gao,J.J.,Chen,Y.,Zhu,C.Y.,et al.,2017.Effectiveness of temporary control measures for lowering PM2.5pollution in Beijing and the implications.Atmos.Environ.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.03.017.
Xing,J.,Zhang,Y.,Wang,S.X.,Liu,X.H.,Cheng,S.H.,Zhang,Q.,et al.,2011.Modeling study on the air quality impacts from emission reductions and atypical meteorological conditions during the 2008 Beijing Olympics.Atmos.Environ.45,1786-1798.
Yang,H.L.,Chen,J.,Wen,J.J.,Tian,H.Z.,Liu,X.G.,2016.Composition and sources of PM2.5around the heating periods of 2013 and 2014 in Beijing:implications for efficient mitigation measures.Atmos.Environ.124,378-386.
Yu,H.B.,Xue,L.D.,Zheng,X.Y.,Yuan,M.,Yu,J.Z.,Lyu,Y.B.,et al.,2015.Characterization and sources of carbonaceous components in PM2.5during the APEC in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region.Environ.Monit.China 31,48-52.
Zhang,L.,Wang,S.X.,Wang,L.,Hao,J.M.,2013.Atmospheric mercury concentration and chemical speciation at a rural site in Beijing,China:implications of mercury emission sources.Atmos.Chem.Phys.13,10505-10516.
Zhang,Z.Y.,Zhang,X.L.,Gong,D.Y.,Quan,W.J.,Zhao,X.J.,Ma,Z.Q.,et al.,2015.Evolution of surface O3and PM2.5concentrations and their relationships with meteorological conditions over the last decade in Beijing.Atmos.Environ.108,67-75.
Zheng,G.J.,Duan,F.K.,Su,H.,Ma,Y.L.,Cheng,Y.,Zheng,B.,et al.,2015a.Exploring the severe winter haze in Beijing:the impact of synoptic weather,regional transport and heterogeneous reactions.Atmos.Chem.Phys.15,2969-2983.
Zheng,S.,Pozzer,A.,Cao,C.X.,Lelieveld,J.,2015b.Long-term(2001-2012)concentrations of fine particulate matter(PM2.5)and the impact on human health in Beijing,China.Atmos.Chem.Phys.15,5715-5725.
Zhou,Y.,Wu,Y.,Yang,L.,Fu,L.X.,He,K.B.,Wang,S.X.,et al.,2010.The impact of transportation control measures on emission reductions during the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing,China.Atmos.Environ.44,285-293.
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