The deep structure of the Duanqiao hydrothermal field at the Southwest Indian Ridge
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摘要
Polymetalic sulfide is the main product of sea-floor hydrothermal venting, and has become an important sea-floor mineral resources for its rich in many kinds of precious metal elements. Since 2007, a number of investigations have been carried out by the China Ocean Mineral Resources Research and Development Association(COMRA)cruises(CCCs) along the Southwest Indian Ridge(SWIR). In 2011, the COMRA signed an exploration contract of sea-floor polymetallic sulfides of 10 000 km2 on the SWIR with the International Seabed Authority. Based on the multibeam data and shipborne gravity data obtained in 2010 by the R/V Dayang Yihao during the leg 6 of CCCs21, together with the global satellite surveys, the characteristics of gravity anomalies are analyzed in the Duanqiao hydrothermal field(37°39′S, 50°24′E). The "subarea calibration" terrain-correcting method is employed to calculate the Bouguer gravity anomaly, and the ocean bottom seismometer(OBS) profile is used to constrain the two-dimensional gravity anomaly simulation. The absent Moho in a previous seismic model is also calculated.The results show that the crustal thickness varies between 3 and 10 km along the profile, and the maximum crustal thickness reaches up to 10 km in the Duanqiao hydrothermal field with an average of 7.5 km. It is by far the most thicker crust discovered along the SWIR. The calculated crust thickness at the Longqi hydrothermal field is approximately 3 km, 1 km less than that indicated by seismic models, possibly due to the outcome of an oceanic core complex(OCC).
Polymetalic sulfide is the main product of sea-floor hydrothermal venting, and has become an important sea-floor mineral resources for its rich in many kinds of precious metal elements. Since 2007, a number of investigations have been carried out by the China Ocean Mineral Resources Research and Development Association(COMRA)cruises(CCCs) along the Southwest Indian Ridge(SWIR). In 2011, the COMRA signed an exploration contract of sea-floor polymetallic sulfides of 10 000 km2 on the SWIR with the International Seabed Authority. Based on the multibeam data and shipborne gravity data obtained in 2010 by the R/V Dayang Yihao during the leg 6 of CCCs21, together with the global satellite surveys, the characteristics of gravity anomalies are analyzed in the Duanqiao hydrothermal field(37°39′S, 50°24′E). The "subarea calibration" terrain-correcting method is employed to calculate the Bouguer gravity anomaly, and the ocean bottom seismometer(OBS) profile is used to constrain the two-dimensional gravity anomaly simulation. The absent Moho in a previous seismic model is also calculated.The results show that the crustal thickness varies between 3 and 10 km along the profile, and the maximum crustal thickness reaches up to 10 km in the Duanqiao hydrothermal field with an average of 7.5 km. It is by far the most thicker crust discovered along the SWIR. The calculated crust thickness at the Longqi hydrothermal field is approximately 3 km, 1 km less than that indicated by seismic models, possibly due to the outcome of an oceanic core complex(OCC).
Polymetalic sulfide is the main product of sea-floor hydrothermal venting, and has become an important sea-floor mineral resources for its rich in many kinds of precious metal elements. Since 2007, a number of investigations have been carried out by the China Ocean Mineral Resources Research and Development Association(COMRA)cruises(CCCs) along the Southwest Indian Ridge(SWIR). In 2011, the COMRA signed an exploration contract of sea-floor polymetallic sulfides of 10 000 km2 on the SWIR with the International Seabed Authority. Based on the multibeam data and shipborne gravity data obtained in 2010 by the R/V Dayang Yihao during the leg 6 of CCCs21, together with the global satellite surveys, the characteristics of gravity anomalies are analyzed in the Duanqiao hydrothermal field(37°39′S, 50°24′E). The "subarea calibration" terrain-correcting method is employed to calculate the Bouguer gravity anomaly, and the ocean bottom seismometer(OBS) profile is used to constrain the two-dimensional gravity anomaly simulation. The absent Moho in a previous seismic model is also calculated.The results show that the crustal thickness varies between 3 and 10 km along the profile, and the maximum crustal thickness reaches up to 10 km in the Duanqiao hydrothermal field with an average of 7.5 km. It is by far the most thicker crust discovered along the SWIR. The calculated crust thickness at the Longqi hydrothermal field is approximately 3 km, 1 km less than that indicated by seismic models, possibly due to the outcome of an oceanic core complex(OCC).
引文
Alt J C.2003.Hydrothermal fluxes at mid-ocean ridges and on ridge flanks.Comptes Rendus Geoscience,335(10-11):853-864
Asimow P D,Langmuir C H.2003.The importance of water to oceanic mantle melting regimes.Nature,421(6925):815-820
Baker E T,Chen Y J,Jason P M.1996.The relationship between nearaxis hydrothermal cooling and the spreading rate of mid-ocean ridges.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,142(1-2):137-145
Baker E T,German C R.2004.On the global distribution of hydrothermal vent fields.In:German C R,Lin Jian,Parson L M,et al.,eds.Mid-Ocean Ridges:Hydrothermal Interactions Between the Lithosphere and Oceans.Washington DC:American Geophysical Union,245-266
Cannat M,Rommevaux-Jestin C,Sauter D,et al.1999.Formation of the axial relief at the very slow spreading Southwest Indian Ridge(49°to 69°E).Journal of Geophysical Research,104(B10):22825-22843
Cannat M,Sauter D,Mendel V,et al.2004.Spreading geometry and melt supply at the ultraslow-spreading Southwest Indian Ridge.In:AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts 2004.v 1.Washington DC:American Geophysical Union,3
Cannat M,Sauter D,Mendel V,et al.2006.Modes of seafloor generation at a melt-poor ultraslow-spreading ridge.Geology,34(7):605-608
Charlou J L,Fouquet Y,Donval J P,et al.1996.Mineral and gas chemistry of hydrothermal fluids on an ultrafast spreading ridge:east Pacific Rise,17°to 19°S(Naudur cruise,1993)phase separation processes controlled by volcanic and tectonic activity.Journal of Geophysical Research,101(B7):15899-15919
Chen Y J.1992.Oceanic crustal thickness versus spreading rate.Geophysical Research Letters,19(8):753-756
Dick H J B,Lin Jian,Schouten H.2003.An ultraslow-spreading class of ocean ridge.Nature,426(6956):405-412
Dick H J B,Natland J H,Alt J C,et al.2000.A long in situ section of the lower ocean crust:results of ODP leg 176 drilling at the Southwest Indian Ridge.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,179(1):31-51
Ding Liuhuai,Chen Ximing,Gao Yuqing.2009.Seafloor massive sulfides:the frontier of deep ocean miming.Ocean Technology(in Chinese),28(1):126-132
Edmonds H N,Michael P J,Baker E T,et al.2003.Discovery of abundant hydrothermal venting on the ultraslow-spreading Gakkel Ridge in the Arctic Ocean.Nature,421(6920):252-256
Escartín J,Smith D K,Cann J,et al.2008.Central role of detachment faults in accretion of slow-spreading oceanic lithosphere.Nature,455(7214):790-794
Fisher R L,Goodwillie A M.1997.The physiography of the Southwest Indian Ridge.Marine Geophysical Researches,19(6):451-455
Font L,Murton B J,Roberts S,et al.2007.Variations in melt productivity and melting conditions along SWIR(70°-49°E):evidence from olivine-hosted and plagioclase-hosted melt inclusions.Journal of Petrology,48(8):1471-1494
Galley A G.1993.Characteristics of semi-conformable alteration zones associated with volcanogenic massive sulphide districts.Journal of Geochemical Exploration,48(2):175-200
Gardner G H F,Gardner L W,Gregory A R.1974.Formation velocity and density-the diagnostic basics for stratigraphic traps.Geophysics,39(6):770-780
General Administration of Quality Supervision,Inspection and Quarantine of the People’s Republic of China,Standardization Administration of the People’s Republic of China.2007.GB/T12763.8-2007 Specifications for Oceanographic Survey.Beijing:Standards Press of China
Georgen J E,Kurz M D,Dick H J B,et al.2003.Low 3He/4He ratios in basalt glasses from the western Southwest Indian Ridge(10°-24°E).Earth and Planetary Science Letters,206(3-4):509-528
Georgen J E,Lin Jian.2003.Plume-transform interactions at ultraslow spreading ridges:implications for the Southwest Indian Ridge.Geochemistry,Geophysics,Geosystems,4(9):9106
Georgen J E,Lin Jian,Dick H J B.2001.Evidence from gravity anomalies for interactions of the Marion and Bouvet hotspots with the Southwest Indian Ridge:effects of transform offsets.Earth&Planetary Science Letters,187(3):283-300
German C R,Lin Jian.2004.The thermal structure of the oceanic crust,ridge-spreading and hydrothermal circulation:How well do we understand their Inter-Connections.In:German C R,Lin Jian,Parson L M,eds.Mid-Ocean Ridges:Hydrothermal Interactions Between the Lithosphere and Oceans.Washington DC:American Geophysical Union,1-18
Ito G,Lin Jian,Gable C W.1997.Interaction of mantle plumes and migrating mid-ocean ridges:implications for the Galápagos plume-ridge system.Journal of Geophysical Research,102(B7):15403-15417
Ito G,Shen Yang,Hirth G,et al.1999.Mantle flow,melting,and dehydration of the Iceland mantle plume.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,165(1):81-96
La Coste and Romberg Company.2004.Model“S”Air-Sea Dynamic Gravity Meter System II Instruction Manual.Austin:La Coste and Romberg Company
Li Jiabiao,Jian Hanchao,Chen Y J,et al.2015a.Seismic observation of an extremely magmatic accretion at the ultraslow spreading Southwest Indian Ridge.Geophysical Research Letters,42(8):2656-2663
Li Sanzhong,Suo Yanhui,Liu Xin,et al.2015b.Tectonic reconstruction and mineralization models of the Indian Ocean:insights from SWIR.Geotectonica et Metallogenia(in Chinese),39(1):30-43
Liu Weiyong,Zheng Lianfu,Tao Chunhui,et al.2011.On the feature of seafloor hydrothermal systems’evolutionary and its mineralization in Mid-Ocean Ridge.Journal of Marine Sciences(in Chinese),29(1):25-33
Lowell B.2008.Focus on Modeling:state of the art&future challenges.Ridge 2000 Events(summer),5-9
Martin W,Baross J,Kelley D,et al.2008.Hydrothermal vents and the origin of life.Nature Reviews Microbiology,6(11):805-814
Mendel V,Sauter D,Rommevaux-Jestin C,et al.2003.Magmato-tectonic cyclicity at the ultra-slow spreading Southwest Indian Ridge:evidence from variations of axial volcanic ridge morphology and abyssal hills pattern.Geochemistry,Geophysics,Geosystems,4(5):9102
Meyzen C M,Toplis M J,Humler E,et al.2003.A discontinuity in mantle composition beneath the Southwest Indian Ridge.Nature,421(6924):731-733
Minshull T A,Muller M R,White R S.2006.Crustal structure of the Southwest Indian Ridge at 66°E:seismic constraints.Geophysical Journal International,166(1):135-147
Nath B N.2007.Hydrothermal Minerals.Indian:National institute of Oceanography,78-83
Niu Xiongwei,Ruan Aiguo,Li Jiabiao,et al.2015.Along-axis variation in crustal thickness at the ultraslow spreading Southwest Indian Ridge(50°E)from a wide-angle seismic experiment.Geochemistry,Geophysics,Geosystems,16(2):468-485
Okino K,Matsuda K,Christie D M,et al.2004.Development of oceanic detachment and asymmetric spreading at the AustralianAntarctic discordance.Geochemistry,Geophysics,Geosystems,5(12):Q12012
Plank T,Langmuir C H.1992.Effects of the melting regime on the composition of the oceanic crust.Journal of Geophysical Research,97(B13):19749-19770
Ribe N M.1996.The dynamics of plume-ridge interaction:2.Offridge plumes.Journal of Geophysical Research,101(B7):16195-16204
Ribe N M,Christensen U R,Theiβing J.1995.The dynamics of plumeridge interaction:1.Ridge-centered plumes.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,134(1-2):155-168
Ruan Aiguo,Li Jiabiao,Niu Xiongwei,et al.2014.Main characteristics of crustal structure of Southwest Indian Ridge.In:Committee of Information Technology,Chinese Geophysical Society.Abstract Set of Theses on Discussion and Application of Big Data,Cloud Computing and Geophysics(in Chinese).Shijiazhuang:Committee of Information Technology,Chinese Geophysical Society,32-33
Sauter D,Cannat M.2010.The ultraslow spreading Southwest Indian Ridge.In:Rona P A,Devey C W,Dyment J,et al.,eds.Diversity of Hydrothermal Systems on Slow Spreading Ocean Ridges,Vol88.Washington DC:American Geophysical Union,153-173
Sauter D,Cannat M,Meyzen C,et al.2009.Propagation of a melting anomaly along the ultraslow Southwest Indian Ridge between46°E and 52°20′E:interaction with the Crozet hotspot.Geophysical Journal International,179(2):687-699
Sauter D,Mendel V,Rommevaux-Jestin C,et al.2004.Focused magmatism versus amagmatic spreading along the ultra-slow spreading Southwest Indian Ridge:Evidence from TOBI side scan sonar imagery.Geochemistry,Geophysics,Geosystems,5(10):Q10K09
Sauter D,Patriat P,Rommevaux-Jestin C,et al.2001.The Southwest Indian Ridge between 49°15′E and 57°E:focused accretion and magma redistribution.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,192(3):303-317
Seyler M,Cannat M,Mével C.2003.Evidence for major-element heterogeneity in the mantle source of abyssal peridotites from the Southwest Indian Ridge(52°to 68°E).Geochemistry,Geophysics,Geosystems,4(2):9101
Standish J J,Dick H J B,Michael P J,et al.2008.MORB generation beneath the ultraslow spreading Southwest Indian Ridge(9°-25°E):major element chemistry and the importance of process versus source.Geochemistry,Geophysics,Geosystems,9(5):Q05004
Standish J J,Sims K W W.2010.Young off-axis volcanism along the ultraslow-spreading Southwest Indian Ridge.Nature Geoscience,3(4):286-292
Stein C A,Stein S.1994.Constraints on hydrothermal heat flux through the oceanic lithosphere from the global heat flow.Journal of Geophysical Research,99(B2):3081-3195
Suo Yanhui.2014.Tectonic-magmatic processes of the Indian Ocean:evidence on the residual mantle Bouguer gravity anomaly(in Chinese)[dissertation].Qingdao:Ocean University of China
Tao Chunhui,Li Huaiming,Jin Xiaobing,et al.2014.Seafloor hydrothermal activity and polymetallic sulfide exploration on the southwest Indian ridge.Chinese Science Bulletin,59(19):2266-2276
Tao Chunhui,Lin Jian,Guo Shiqin,et al.2012.First active hydrothermal vents on an ultraslow-spreading center:southwest Indian ridge.Geology,40(1):47-50
Tao Chunhui,Wu Tao,Jin Xiaobing,et al.2013.Petrophysical characteristics of rocks and sulfides from the SWIR hydrothermal field.Acta Oceanologica Sinica,32(12):118-125
Tao Chunhui,Wu Guanghai,Ni Jianyu,et al.2009.New hydrothermal fields found along the SWIR during the legs 5-7 of the Chinese DY115-20 Expedition.In:American Geophysical Union,Fall Meeting,Abstract OS21A-1150.Washington DC:American Geophysical Union
Tivey M K.2007.Generation of seafloor hydrothermal vent fluids and associated mineral deposits.Oceanography,20(1):50-65
Tivey M A,Dyment J.2010.The magnetic signature of hydrothermal systems in slow spreading environments.In:Rona P A,Devey CW,Dyment J,et al.,eds.Diversity of Hydrothermal Systems on Slow Spreading Ocean Ridges.Washington DC:American Geophysical Union,43-66
Tucholke B E,Lin Jian,Kleinrock M C.1998.Megamullions and mullion structure defining oceanic metamorphic core complexes on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.Journal of Geophysical Research,103(B5):9857-9866
Vine F J,Moores E M.1972.A model for the gross structure,petrology,and magnetic properties of oceanic crust.Geological Society of America Memoirs,132:195-206
Yao Huiqiang,Tao Chunhui,Song Chengbing,et al.2011.Integration study on mode for seafloor plolymetallic sulfide exploration.Journal of Central South University:Science and Technology(in Chinese),42(S2):114-122
Zhang Tao,Gao Jinyao,Chen Mei.2005.The reasonable correction of e?tv?s effect in marine gravity survey.Hydrographic Surveying and Charting,25(2):17-20
Zhang Tao,Lin Jian,Gao Jinyao.2011.Interactions between hotspots and the Southwest Indian Ridge during the last 90 Ma:implications on the formation of oceanic plateaus and intra-plate seamounts.Science China:Earth Sciences,54(8):1177-1188
Zhang Tao,Lin Jian,Gao Jinyao.2013.Magmatism and tectonic processes in Area A hydrothermal vent on the Southwest Indian Ridge.Science China:Earth Sciences,56(12):2186-2197
Zhao Minghui,Qiu Xuelin,Li Jiabiao,et al.2013.Three-dimensional seismic structure of the Dragon Flag oceanic core complex at the ultraslow spreading Southwest Indian Ridge(49°39′E).Geochemistry,Geophysics,Geosystems,14(10):4544-4563
Zhou Huaiyang,Dick H J B.2013.Thin crust as evidence for depleted mantle supporting the Marion Rise.Nature,494(7436):195-200
Asimow P D,Langmuir C H.2003.The importance of water to oceanic mantle melting regimes.Nature,421(6925):815-820
Baker E T,Chen Y J,Jason P M.1996.The relationship between nearaxis hydrothermal cooling and the spreading rate of mid-ocean ridges.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,142(1-2):137-145
Baker E T,German C R.2004.On the global distribution of hydrothermal vent fields.In:German C R,Lin Jian,Parson L M,et al.,eds.Mid-Ocean Ridges:Hydrothermal Interactions Between the Lithosphere and Oceans.Washington DC:American Geophysical Union,245-266
Cannat M,Rommevaux-Jestin C,Sauter D,et al.1999.Formation of the axial relief at the very slow spreading Southwest Indian Ridge(49°to 69°E).Journal of Geophysical Research,104(B10):22825-22843
Cannat M,Sauter D,Mendel V,et al.2004.Spreading geometry and melt supply at the ultraslow-spreading Southwest Indian Ridge.In:AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts 2004.v 1.Washington DC:American Geophysical Union,3
Cannat M,Sauter D,Mendel V,et al.2006.Modes of seafloor generation at a melt-poor ultraslow-spreading ridge.Geology,34(7):605-608
Charlou J L,Fouquet Y,Donval J P,et al.1996.Mineral and gas chemistry of hydrothermal fluids on an ultrafast spreading ridge:east Pacific Rise,17°to 19°S(Naudur cruise,1993)phase separation processes controlled by volcanic and tectonic activity.Journal of Geophysical Research,101(B7):15899-15919
Chen Y J.1992.Oceanic crustal thickness versus spreading rate.Geophysical Research Letters,19(8):753-756
Dick H J B,Lin Jian,Schouten H.2003.An ultraslow-spreading class of ocean ridge.Nature,426(6956):405-412
Dick H J B,Natland J H,Alt J C,et al.2000.A long in situ section of the lower ocean crust:results of ODP leg 176 drilling at the Southwest Indian Ridge.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,179(1):31-51
Ding Liuhuai,Chen Ximing,Gao Yuqing.2009.Seafloor massive sulfides:the frontier of deep ocean miming.Ocean Technology(in Chinese),28(1):126-132
Edmonds H N,Michael P J,Baker E T,et al.2003.Discovery of abundant hydrothermal venting on the ultraslow-spreading Gakkel Ridge in the Arctic Ocean.Nature,421(6920):252-256
Escartín J,Smith D K,Cann J,et al.2008.Central role of detachment faults in accretion of slow-spreading oceanic lithosphere.Nature,455(7214):790-794
Fisher R L,Goodwillie A M.1997.The physiography of the Southwest Indian Ridge.Marine Geophysical Researches,19(6):451-455
Font L,Murton B J,Roberts S,et al.2007.Variations in melt productivity and melting conditions along SWIR(70°-49°E):evidence from olivine-hosted and plagioclase-hosted melt inclusions.Journal of Petrology,48(8):1471-1494
Galley A G.1993.Characteristics of semi-conformable alteration zones associated with volcanogenic massive sulphide districts.Journal of Geochemical Exploration,48(2):175-200
Gardner G H F,Gardner L W,Gregory A R.1974.Formation velocity and density-the diagnostic basics for stratigraphic traps.Geophysics,39(6):770-780
General Administration of Quality Supervision,Inspection and Quarantine of the People’s Republic of China,Standardization Administration of the People’s Republic of China.2007.GB/T12763.8-2007 Specifications for Oceanographic Survey.Beijing:Standards Press of China
Georgen J E,Kurz M D,Dick H J B,et al.2003.Low 3He/4He ratios in basalt glasses from the western Southwest Indian Ridge(10°-24°E).Earth and Planetary Science Letters,206(3-4):509-528
Georgen J E,Lin Jian.2003.Plume-transform interactions at ultraslow spreading ridges:implications for the Southwest Indian Ridge.Geochemistry,Geophysics,Geosystems,4(9):9106
Georgen J E,Lin Jian,Dick H J B.2001.Evidence from gravity anomalies for interactions of the Marion and Bouvet hotspots with the Southwest Indian Ridge:effects of transform offsets.Earth&Planetary Science Letters,187(3):283-300
German C R,Lin Jian.2004.The thermal structure of the oceanic crust,ridge-spreading and hydrothermal circulation:How well do we understand their Inter-Connections.In:German C R,Lin Jian,Parson L M,eds.Mid-Ocean Ridges:Hydrothermal Interactions Between the Lithosphere and Oceans.Washington DC:American Geophysical Union,1-18
Ito G,Lin Jian,Gable C W.1997.Interaction of mantle plumes and migrating mid-ocean ridges:implications for the Galápagos plume-ridge system.Journal of Geophysical Research,102(B7):15403-15417
Ito G,Shen Yang,Hirth G,et al.1999.Mantle flow,melting,and dehydration of the Iceland mantle plume.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,165(1):81-96
La Coste and Romberg Company.2004.Model“S”Air-Sea Dynamic Gravity Meter System II Instruction Manual.Austin:La Coste and Romberg Company
Li Jiabiao,Jian Hanchao,Chen Y J,et al.2015a.Seismic observation of an extremely magmatic accretion at the ultraslow spreading Southwest Indian Ridge.Geophysical Research Letters,42(8):2656-2663
Li Sanzhong,Suo Yanhui,Liu Xin,et al.2015b.Tectonic reconstruction and mineralization models of the Indian Ocean:insights from SWIR.Geotectonica et Metallogenia(in Chinese),39(1):30-43
Liu Weiyong,Zheng Lianfu,Tao Chunhui,et al.2011.On the feature of seafloor hydrothermal systems’evolutionary and its mineralization in Mid-Ocean Ridge.Journal of Marine Sciences(in Chinese),29(1):25-33
Lowell B.2008.Focus on Modeling:state of the art&future challenges.Ridge 2000 Events(summer),5-9
Martin W,Baross J,Kelley D,et al.2008.Hydrothermal vents and the origin of life.Nature Reviews Microbiology,6(11):805-814
Mendel V,Sauter D,Rommevaux-Jestin C,et al.2003.Magmato-tectonic cyclicity at the ultra-slow spreading Southwest Indian Ridge:evidence from variations of axial volcanic ridge morphology and abyssal hills pattern.Geochemistry,Geophysics,Geosystems,4(5):9102
Meyzen C M,Toplis M J,Humler E,et al.2003.A discontinuity in mantle composition beneath the Southwest Indian Ridge.Nature,421(6924):731-733
Minshull T A,Muller M R,White R S.2006.Crustal structure of the Southwest Indian Ridge at 66°E:seismic constraints.Geophysical Journal International,166(1):135-147
Nath B N.2007.Hydrothermal Minerals.Indian:National institute of Oceanography,78-83
Niu Xiongwei,Ruan Aiguo,Li Jiabiao,et al.2015.Along-axis variation in crustal thickness at the ultraslow spreading Southwest Indian Ridge(50°E)from a wide-angle seismic experiment.Geochemistry,Geophysics,Geosystems,16(2):468-485
Okino K,Matsuda K,Christie D M,et al.2004.Development of oceanic detachment and asymmetric spreading at the AustralianAntarctic discordance.Geochemistry,Geophysics,Geosystems,5(12):Q12012
Plank T,Langmuir C H.1992.Effects of the melting regime on the composition of the oceanic crust.Journal of Geophysical Research,97(B13):19749-19770
Ribe N M.1996.The dynamics of plume-ridge interaction:2.Offridge plumes.Journal of Geophysical Research,101(B7):16195-16204
Ribe N M,Christensen U R,Theiβing J.1995.The dynamics of plumeridge interaction:1.Ridge-centered plumes.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,134(1-2):155-168
Ruan Aiguo,Li Jiabiao,Niu Xiongwei,et al.2014.Main characteristics of crustal structure of Southwest Indian Ridge.In:Committee of Information Technology,Chinese Geophysical Society.Abstract Set of Theses on Discussion and Application of Big Data,Cloud Computing and Geophysics(in Chinese).Shijiazhuang:Committee of Information Technology,Chinese Geophysical Society,32-33
Sauter D,Cannat M.2010.The ultraslow spreading Southwest Indian Ridge.In:Rona P A,Devey C W,Dyment J,et al.,eds.Diversity of Hydrothermal Systems on Slow Spreading Ocean Ridges,Vol88.Washington DC:American Geophysical Union,153-173
Sauter D,Cannat M,Meyzen C,et al.2009.Propagation of a melting anomaly along the ultraslow Southwest Indian Ridge between46°E and 52°20′E:interaction with the Crozet hotspot.Geophysical Journal International,179(2):687-699
Sauter D,Mendel V,Rommevaux-Jestin C,et al.2004.Focused magmatism versus amagmatic spreading along the ultra-slow spreading Southwest Indian Ridge:Evidence from TOBI side scan sonar imagery.Geochemistry,Geophysics,Geosystems,5(10):Q10K09
Sauter D,Patriat P,Rommevaux-Jestin C,et al.2001.The Southwest Indian Ridge between 49°15′E and 57°E:focused accretion and magma redistribution.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,192(3):303-317
Seyler M,Cannat M,Mével C.2003.Evidence for major-element heterogeneity in the mantle source of abyssal peridotites from the Southwest Indian Ridge(52°to 68°E).Geochemistry,Geophysics,Geosystems,4(2):9101
Standish J J,Dick H J B,Michael P J,et al.2008.MORB generation beneath the ultraslow spreading Southwest Indian Ridge(9°-25°E):major element chemistry and the importance of process versus source.Geochemistry,Geophysics,Geosystems,9(5):Q05004
Standish J J,Sims K W W.2010.Young off-axis volcanism along the ultraslow-spreading Southwest Indian Ridge.Nature Geoscience,3(4):286-292
Stein C A,Stein S.1994.Constraints on hydrothermal heat flux through the oceanic lithosphere from the global heat flow.Journal of Geophysical Research,99(B2):3081-3195
Suo Yanhui.2014.Tectonic-magmatic processes of the Indian Ocean:evidence on the residual mantle Bouguer gravity anomaly(in Chinese)[dissertation].Qingdao:Ocean University of China
Tao Chunhui,Li Huaiming,Jin Xiaobing,et al.2014.Seafloor hydrothermal activity and polymetallic sulfide exploration on the southwest Indian ridge.Chinese Science Bulletin,59(19):2266-2276
Tao Chunhui,Lin Jian,Guo Shiqin,et al.2012.First active hydrothermal vents on an ultraslow-spreading center:southwest Indian ridge.Geology,40(1):47-50
Tao Chunhui,Wu Tao,Jin Xiaobing,et al.2013.Petrophysical characteristics of rocks and sulfides from the SWIR hydrothermal field.Acta Oceanologica Sinica,32(12):118-125
Tao Chunhui,Wu Guanghai,Ni Jianyu,et al.2009.New hydrothermal fields found along the SWIR during the legs 5-7 of the Chinese DY115-20 Expedition.In:American Geophysical Union,Fall Meeting,Abstract OS21A-1150.Washington DC:American Geophysical Union
Tivey M K.2007.Generation of seafloor hydrothermal vent fluids and associated mineral deposits.Oceanography,20(1):50-65
Tivey M A,Dyment J.2010.The magnetic signature of hydrothermal systems in slow spreading environments.In:Rona P A,Devey CW,Dyment J,et al.,eds.Diversity of Hydrothermal Systems on Slow Spreading Ocean Ridges.Washington DC:American Geophysical Union,43-66
Tucholke B E,Lin Jian,Kleinrock M C.1998.Megamullions and mullion structure defining oceanic metamorphic core complexes on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.Journal of Geophysical Research,103(B5):9857-9866
Vine F J,Moores E M.1972.A model for the gross structure,petrology,and magnetic properties of oceanic crust.Geological Society of America Memoirs,132:195-206
Yao Huiqiang,Tao Chunhui,Song Chengbing,et al.2011.Integration study on mode for seafloor plolymetallic sulfide exploration.Journal of Central South University:Science and Technology(in Chinese),42(S2):114-122
Zhang Tao,Gao Jinyao,Chen Mei.2005.The reasonable correction of e?tv?s effect in marine gravity survey.Hydrographic Surveying and Charting,25(2):17-20
Zhang Tao,Lin Jian,Gao Jinyao.2011.Interactions between hotspots and the Southwest Indian Ridge during the last 90 Ma:implications on the formation of oceanic plateaus and intra-plate seamounts.Science China:Earth Sciences,54(8):1177-1188
Zhang Tao,Lin Jian,Gao Jinyao.2013.Magmatism and tectonic processes in Area A hydrothermal vent on the Southwest Indian Ridge.Science China:Earth Sciences,56(12):2186-2197
Zhao Minghui,Qiu Xuelin,Li Jiabiao,et al.2013.Three-dimensional seismic structure of the Dragon Flag oceanic core complex at the ultraslow spreading Southwest Indian Ridge(49°39′E).Geochemistry,Geophysics,Geosystems,14(10):4544-4563
Zhou Huaiyang,Dick H J B.2013.Thin crust as evidence for depleted mantle supporting the Marion Rise.Nature,494(7436):195-200
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