珠江口盆地陆丰凹陷文昌组构造-沉积演化模式
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摘要
构造演化与沉积充填的耦合关系一直是国内外陆相断陷湖盆的研究热点,也是制约油气高效勘探开发的基础地质问题.本文综合利用岩心、测井和三维地震资料,对珠江口盆地陆丰凹陷古近系文昌组构造演化、层序地层和沉积盆地充填过程及其关系进行了详细研究,并建立了该地区构造活动与沉积充填的演化模式.依据不整合面以及相对整合界面,断层位移和地层厚度特征,将陆丰凹陷文昌组自下而上划分为5套三级层序(分别命名为WSQ1,WSQ2,WSQ3,WSQ4和WSQ5),对应于湖盆初始断陷早期(WSQ1)、初始断陷晚期(WSQ2)、强烈断陷(WSQ3)和弱断陷(WSQ4,WSQ5)等4个构造演化阶段.响应于边界断层"微弱—弱—强—弱"的活动过程,陆丰凹陷南部地区沉积体系从混杂堆积的冲积环境,演变为大面积的缓坡带辫状河三角洲(达200km2)和浅湖沉积,和广泛的深湖泥岩及浊积扇沉积组合,最后盆地过补偿沉积长距离轴向供源的辫状河三角洲(推进距离可达18km).而陆丰凹陷北部地区整体构造沉降弱,断层位移量普遍小于100m,文昌组以发育辫状河三角洲、近源扇三角洲和浅湖沉积组合为特征,不发育厚层深湖沉积层序.研究结果表明:裂谷盆地的断层幕式或阶段性运动,是控制沉积充填垂向上旋回性变化的主要因素;相同构造阶段边界断层活动的强弱,是造成陆丰凹陷南、北地区层序和沉积发育样式差异的根本原因,因此在陆相断陷湖盆构造-沉积研究和烃源岩预测过程中要特别重视.发育厚层深水层序的陆丰凹陷南部地区是油气勘探的重点区带,初始断陷晚期沉积的大型缓坡带辫状河三角洲前缘砂体,上覆厚层优质烃源岩,是油气储集的有利相带;强烈断陷阶段发育的滑塌浊积扇,具备良好的生储盖条件,是未来岩性油气藏勘探的重点目标.
The relationship between the tectonic evolution and sedimentary architecture in rifting basin is an international hot topic,but also regarded as a key issue of the current petrole-um exploration and development.Based on core,logging and 3-D seismic reflection data,the tectonic evolutional phases,sequence architecture and depositional infill were demonstrated,and a tectono-sedimentary model of the Eocene Wenchang formation was constructed in the Lufeng depression,Pearl River Mouth basin.According to the seismic boundaries of unconformities and correlating conformities,fault displacement and strata thickness analysis,the Eocene Wenchang formation can be divided into five 3-order sequences,namely WSQ1,WSQ2,WSQ3,WSQ4 and WSQ5 from bottom to top,corresponding to the early stage of initial rift phase(WSQ1),late stage of initial rift phase(WSQ2),climax rift phase(WSQ3)and waned rift phase(WSQ4,WSQ5)within the Lufeng depression.Controlled by ageneral boundary fault evolutional pattern from extremely weak,to weak,to climax and finally waned,the depositional systems association inside the Southern Lufeng depression evolves from an alluvial rapid depositional pattern,to a dominant balanced infill basin of the widely braided delta(spreading over 200 km2)and shallow lacustrine system,then transits to an under-filled basin of widely distributed deep-lake and turbidite fan system,and finally overfilled by long transported braided delta(up to 18 km)and shallow lacustrine deposits in the waned rift phase.In contrast,the Northern Lufeng depression is commonly characterized by a weak tectonic subsidence associated a fault displacement less than 100 m,which is mostly constituted by braided delta,fan delta and shallow lacustrine sediments,whereas,the deep-lake sequence is commonly absent.The presented tectono-sedimentary model suggests that the multiple tectonic subsidence in various rifting stages caused by boundary fault activities exert the predominant control on the sequence and depositional stacking patterns.The variability of sequence motifs in Northern and Southern Lufeng depression is proved to be the response of differential boundary fault activities.This study also indicates that more attentions should be paid to the differential fault displacement patterns,which will aid the favorable sandstone and source rock predication in lacustrine rift basins.The thick deep-lake sequence formed inside the Southern Lufeng depression has been proved to be petroliferous within the Wenchang formation.The large-scaled braided delta sandstones developed during the late stage of initial rift phase,lying under the mature source rocks,are regarded as the most potential hydrocarbon reservoirs.Additionally,the turbidite fan deposits interbedded with the thick deep-lake mudstone,which are thought to be good exploration targets of lithological traps in future.
The relationship between the tectonic evolution and sedimentary architecture in rifting basin is an international hot topic,but also regarded as a key issue of the current petrole-um exploration and development.Based on core,logging and 3-D seismic reflection data,the tectonic evolutional phases,sequence architecture and depositional infill were demonstrated,and a tectono-sedimentary model of the Eocene Wenchang formation was constructed in the Lufeng depression,Pearl River Mouth basin.According to the seismic boundaries of unconformities and correlating conformities,fault displacement and strata thickness analysis,the Eocene Wenchang formation can be divided into five 3-order sequences,namely WSQ1,WSQ2,WSQ3,WSQ4 and WSQ5 from bottom to top,corresponding to the early stage of initial rift phase(WSQ1),late stage of initial rift phase(WSQ2),climax rift phase(WSQ3)and waned rift phase(WSQ4,WSQ5)within the Lufeng depression.Controlled by ageneral boundary fault evolutional pattern from extremely weak,to weak,to climax and finally waned,the depositional systems association inside the Southern Lufeng depression evolves from an alluvial rapid depositional pattern,to a dominant balanced infill basin of the widely braided delta(spreading over 200 km2)and shallow lacustrine system,then transits to an under-filled basin of widely distributed deep-lake and turbidite fan system,and finally overfilled by long transported braided delta(up to 18 km)and shallow lacustrine deposits in the waned rift phase.In contrast,the Northern Lufeng depression is commonly characterized by a weak tectonic subsidence associated a fault displacement less than 100 m,which is mostly constituted by braided delta,fan delta and shallow lacustrine sediments,whereas,the deep-lake sequence is commonly absent.The presented tectono-sedimentary model suggests that the multiple tectonic subsidence in various rifting stages caused by boundary fault activities exert the predominant control on the sequence and depositional stacking patterns.The variability of sequence motifs in Northern and Southern Lufeng depression is proved to be the response of differential boundary fault activities.This study also indicates that more attentions should be paid to the differential fault displacement patterns,which will aid the favorable sandstone and source rock predication in lacustrine rift basins.The thick deep-lake sequence formed inside the Southern Lufeng depression has been proved to be petroliferous within the Wenchang formation.The large-scaled braided delta sandstones developed during the late stage of initial rift phase,lying under the mature source rocks,are regarded as the most potential hydrocarbon reservoirs.Additionally,the turbidite fan deposits interbedded with the thick deep-lake mudstone,which are thought to be good exploration targets of lithological traps in future.
引文
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[4]李占东,于鹏,邵碧莹,等.复杂断陷盆地沉积充填演化与构造活动的响应分析:以海拉尔-塔木察格盆地中部断陷带为例[J].中国矿业大学学报,2015,44(5):853-860.LI Zhandong,YU Peng,SHAO Biying,et al.Response analysis of sedimentary filling evolution and tectonic activity in complicated faulted basin:an example of middle rift belt in Hailar-Tamtsag basin[J].Journal of China University of Mining&Technology,2015,44(5):853-860.
[5]廖计华,王华,吕明,等.琼东南盆地深水区松南-宝岛凹陷同沉积断裂活动及其对沉积充填的控制[J].中国矿业大学学报,2016,45(2):336-346.LIAO Jihua,WANG Hua,LMing,et al.Evolution of syndepositional faulting and its controlling effect on sedimentary filling in Songnan-Baodao sag of Qiongdongnan basin,South China Sea[J].Journal of China University of Mining&Technology,2016,45(2):336-346.
[6]HENSTRA G A,GAWTHORPE R L,HELLANDHANSEN W,et al.Depositional systems in multiphase rifts:seismic case study from the Lofoten margin,Norway[J].Basin Research,2017,29(4):447-469.
[7]刘哲,吕延防,孙永河,等.同生断裂分段生长特征及其石油地质意义:以辽河西部凹陷鸳鸯沟断裂为例[J].中国矿业大学学报,2012,41(5):793-799.LIU Zhe,LYanfang,SUN Yonghe,et al.Characteristics and significance of syngenetic fault segmentation in hydrocarbon accumulation:an example of Yuanyanggou fault in western sag,Liaohe depression[J].Journal of China University of Mining&Technology,2012,41(5):793-799.
[8]KHALIL S M,MCCLAY K R.Structural control on syn-rift sedimentation,northwestern Red Sea margin,Egypt[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2009,26(6):1018-1034.
[9]徐少华,王英民,何敏,等.珠江口盆地陆坡类型及其对深水储层的控制[J].中国矿业大学学报,2016,45(5):982-992.XU Shaohua,WANG Yingmin,HE Min,et al.Slope types and their controlling effects on deep-water reservoirs in the Pearl River Mouth basin[J].Journal of China University of Mining&Technology,2016,45(5):982-992.
[10]RAVNAS R,STEEL R J.Architecture of marine rift basin successions[J].AAPG Bulletin,1998,82(1):110-146.
[11]林畅松,潘元林,肖建新,等.“构造坡折带”断陷盆地层序分析和油气预测的重要概念[J].地球科学(中国地质大学学报),2000,25(3):260-265.LIN Changsong,PAN Yuanlin,XIAO Jianxin,et al.Structural slope break zone:key concept for stratigraphic sequence analysis and petroleum forecasting in fault subsidence basins[J].Earth Science(Journal of China University of Geosciences),2000,25(3):260-265.
[12]葛家旺,朱筱敏,黎明等.陆丰凹陷东部缓坡带层序地层样式及控制因素[J].中国矿业大学学报,2017,46(3):563-577.GE Jiawang,ZHU Xiaomin,LI Ming,et al.Sequence architecture and controlling factors of the Wenchang formation in the gentle slope of eastern Lufeng depression,Pearl River Mouth basin[J].Journal of China University of Mining&Technology,2017,46(3):563-577.
[13]张阳,回宇婷,邱隆伟,等.双断湖盆沉积特征及其控制因素研究:以孤北洼陷沙四上亚段为例[J].中国矿业大学学报,2015,44(5):868-876.ZHANG Yang,HUI Yuting,QIU Longwei,et al.Sedimentary characteristics and its controlling factors of double-fault lacustrine basin:a case study of the upper 4th member of Shahejie formation in Gubei depression[J].Journal of China University of Mining&Technology,2015,44(5):868-876.
[14]单敬福,王峰,孙海雷,等.同沉积构造组合模式下的沉积层序特征及其演化[J].地质论评,2010,56(3):426-439.SHAN Jingfu,WANG Feng,SUN Hailei,et al.Depositional tectonic sequences evolvement of sedimentary system by syngenesis fracture integrated model:an example from Tabel depression in Monglia[J].Geological Review,2010,56(3):426-439.
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