明矾石综合利用技术研究进展
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摘要
明矾石是未大规模开发利用的富含K、Al、S的矿物。为了推动明矾石综合利用技术的进步,促进明矾石的大规模开发,在概述了明矾石的基本性质,国内分布情况及资源化综合利用研究现状的基础上,分析了各技术路线中影响明矾石大规模产业化开发利用所存在的问题,对比了高温焙烧工艺和热压浸出工艺的技术特点和工业化难度,指出明矾石的高温焙烧工艺虽都能实现钾、铝元素的提取,但是工序复杂,成本高,焙烧能耗大,该技术方向降本潜力小,因而工业化难度大;而直接热压浸出明矾石工艺没有明矾石的焙烧工序,且浸出过程中的热量易于回收利用,因而该工艺具有能耗和成本低,投资小,工艺简单,流程短等优势。其中的碱法工艺与高温焙烧工艺相比,省去了球磨磨矿、高温焙烧脱水、还原和硫酸制取等工序,流程大为缩短,能耗明显降低,且无废气、废灰,减少了环境污染,但该法存在浸出过程中烧碱消耗量过大,碱原料成本高,对含硅高的明矾石还存在氢氧化铝提取成本太高的问题。而直接加压酸浸工艺对明矾石的品位要求不高,产品硫酸钾、氢氧化铝、石膏等具有极大的市场容量,因而适合大规模产业化开发。
Alunite,as a kind of K-,Al-and S-rich mineral,has not been effectively utilized.Aiming to promote the development of large-scale and improve comprehensive utilization of alunite,Based on an overview of the basic properties,domestic distribution and the current research status of alunite concerning comprehensiveutilization of resources,the issues with the technical routes that limit the industrial-scale utilization of alunite are analyzed,and the comparison of high-temperature roasting and hot-pressing leaching regarding their technical characteristics and industrializing barriers are also reported.It is shown that the high-temperature roasting method can reach the goal of extracting potassium and aluminum,but it has the defects of too complicated process,high costs,high energy consumption,little potential to cut the costs,resulting in major difficulties in its industrial development.While,the direct hot-pressing leaching method,has no calcination process and the heating energy is recycled easily in the leaching process. It,therefore,has the advantages of low energy consumption,small investment and simple process.Compared with high-temperature roasting process,the alkaline process does not contain the steps of ore grinding,roasting at high temperature,reduction and sulfuric acid making,which makes its process largely simplified and energy consumption reduced.Moreover,the environmental pollution in this process is also reduced since it does not have waste gas and dust.However,this process consumes significant amount of Na OH,resulting in high costs for the alkali usage and the extraction of Al( OH)3 from Si-rich alunite.While,the direct acid leaching process does not have high requirement for alunite's grade and its products of potassium sulfate,aluminum hydroxide,gypsum have huge market capacity,which is suitable for a large-scale industrial development.
Alunite,as a kind of K-,Al-and S-rich mineral,has not been effectively utilized.Aiming to promote the development of large-scale and improve comprehensive utilization of alunite,Based on an overview of the basic properties,domestic distribution and the current research status of alunite concerning comprehensiveutilization of resources,the issues with the technical routes that limit the industrial-scale utilization of alunite are analyzed,and the comparison of high-temperature roasting and hot-pressing leaching regarding their technical characteristics and industrializing barriers are also reported.It is shown that the high-temperature roasting method can reach the goal of extracting potassium and aluminum,but it has the defects of too complicated process,high costs,high energy consumption,little potential to cut the costs,resulting in major difficulties in its industrial development.While,the direct hot-pressing leaching method,has no calcination process and the heating energy is recycled easily in the leaching process. It,therefore,has the advantages of low energy consumption,small investment and simple process.Compared with high-temperature roasting process,the alkaline process does not contain the steps of ore grinding,roasting at high temperature,reduction and sulfuric acid making,which makes its process largely simplified and energy consumption reduced.Moreover,the environmental pollution in this process is also reduced since it does not have waste gas and dust.However,this process consumes significant amount of Na OH,resulting in high costs for the alkali usage and the extraction of Al( OH)3 from Si-rich alunite.While,the direct acid leaching process does not have high requirement for alunite's grade and its products of potassium sulfate,aluminum hydroxide,gypsum have huge market capacity,which is suitable for a large-scale industrial development.
引文
[1]叶仲屏,孙华,吴红梅,等.明矾石的综合利用[J].化肥工业,1999(1):34-36.Ye Zhongping,Sun Hua,Wu Hongmei,et al.The comprehensive utilization of alunite[J].Fertilizer Industry,1999(1):34-36.
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[3]傅培鑫.明矾石利用物理化学原理[M].香港:香港出版社,2005.Fu Peixin.Physical and Chemical Principles of utilizing alunite[M].Hong Kong:Hong Kong Press,2005.
[4]秦鸣,赵伟,王丽娜,等.酸熔—水浸新工艺提取伴生明矾石矿高附加值铝钾产品[J].中国稀土学报,2012,30:588-594.Qin Ming,Zhao Wei,Wang Lina,et al.A new acid melting-water leaching method to extract high value Al and K product in alunite associate ore[J].Journal of The Chinese Rare Earth Society,2012,30:588-594.
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[6]王晓琳,姬长生,任海兵.我国明矾石资源综合利用现状与发展前景研究[J].中国矿业,2010(4):15-17.Wang Xiaolin,Ji Changsheng,Ren Haibing.A study of present situation of comprehensive utilization and development of alunite in china[J].China Mining Magazine,2010(4):15-17.
[7]王瑞永.明矾石精矿水浸—结晶法制备硫酸钾试验研究[J].有色冶金设计与研究,2014(3):14-16.Wang Ruiyong.Experimental research on water leaching-crystallization process to produce potassium sulfate from aiunite concentrate[J].Nonferrous Metals Engineering&Research,2014(3):14-16.
[8]韩效钊,徐超,吴国荣,等.明矾石综合利用方法综述[J].安徽化工,1996(3):14-18.Han Xiaozhao,Xu Chao,Wu Guorong,et al.Review on comprehensive utilization of alunite[J].Anhui Chemical Industry,1996(3):14-18.
[9]朱继存.明矾石综合利用途径探析及热熔提铝实验[J].非金属矿,1999(3):14-16.Zhu Jicun.Analysis on comprehensive utilization of alunite and Hotmelt aluminum experiment[J].Non-metallic Mines 1999(3):14-16.
[10]蒋开喜,蒋训雄,范艳青,等.一种从明矾石精矿中酸碱联合提取铝、钾和镓的方法:中国,CN104313304A[P].2015-01-28.Jiang Kaixi,Jiang Xunxiong,Fan Yanqing,et al.A method for extraction aluminum,potassium and gallium from alunite concentrate with acid and alkali:China,CN104313304A[P].2015-01-28.
[11]Zhao Wei,Yao Xi,Zhong Shuiping,et al.Extraction of Al and K salts from associated alunite tailings by an acid calcination-water leaching method[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2015,107:786-792.
[12]阮仁满,谭希发,衷水平,等.利用热压浸出工艺从明矾石提取氧化铝和硫酸钾:中国,CN101913633A[P].2010-12-31.Ruan Renman,Tan Xifa,Zhong Shuiping,et al.Exaction of alumina and potassium sulfate from alunite by hot-pressing leaching process:China Patent,CN101913633A[P].2010-12-31.
[13]旷戈,胡松,蔡洋洋,等.一种明矾石直接加压酸浸提取钾铝的方法:中国,CN105217658A[P].2016-01-06.Kuang Ge,Hu Song,Cai Yangyang,et al.A method for extracting potassium aluminum from alunite by directly pressure acid leaching:China Patent,CN105217658A[P].2016-01-06.
[14]旷戈,胡松,蔡洋洋,等.紫金铜尾矿中明矾石直接加压酸浸[J].中国有色金属学报,2016(11):2412-2419.Kuang Ge,Hu Song,Cai Yangyang,et al.Research of utilizing alunite comprehensively from Zijin copper tailings by directly pressure acid leaching[J].The Chinese Journal of Nonferrous metals,2016(11):2412-2419.
[2]韩效钊,徐超,张兴法,等.热分解法综合利用明矾石工艺研究[J].矿冶工程,2002(3):72-75.Han Xiaozhao,Xu Chao,Zhang Xingfa,et al.A process of utilizing alunite comprehensively by thermal decomposition[J].Mining and Metallurgical Engineering,2002(3):72-75.
[3]傅培鑫.明矾石利用物理化学原理[M].香港:香港出版社,2005.Fu Peixin.Physical and Chemical Principles of utilizing alunite[M].Hong Kong:Hong Kong Press,2005.
[4]秦鸣,赵伟,王丽娜,等.酸熔—水浸新工艺提取伴生明矾石矿高附加值铝钾产品[J].中国稀土学报,2012,30:588-594.Qin Ming,Zhao Wei,Wang Lina,et al.A new acid melting-water leaching method to extract high value Al and K product in alunite associate ore[J].Journal of The Chinese Rare Earth Society,2012,30:588-594.
[5]丁幸,洪玉平,童东绅,等.明矾石的下游产品及其应用[J].中国非金属矿工业导刊,2012(2):24-27.Ding Xing,Hong Yuping,Tong Dongshen,et al.Downstream product of alunite and its application[J].China Non-Metallic Minerals Industry,2012(2):24-27.
[6]王晓琳,姬长生,任海兵.我国明矾石资源综合利用现状与发展前景研究[J].中国矿业,2010(4):15-17.Wang Xiaolin,Ji Changsheng,Ren Haibing.A study of present situation of comprehensive utilization and development of alunite in china[J].China Mining Magazine,2010(4):15-17.
[7]王瑞永.明矾石精矿水浸—结晶法制备硫酸钾试验研究[J].有色冶金设计与研究,2014(3):14-16.Wang Ruiyong.Experimental research on water leaching-crystallization process to produce potassium sulfate from aiunite concentrate[J].Nonferrous Metals Engineering&Research,2014(3):14-16.
[8]韩效钊,徐超,吴国荣,等.明矾石综合利用方法综述[J].安徽化工,1996(3):14-18.Han Xiaozhao,Xu Chao,Wu Guorong,et al.Review on comprehensive utilization of alunite[J].Anhui Chemical Industry,1996(3):14-18.
[9]朱继存.明矾石综合利用途径探析及热熔提铝实验[J].非金属矿,1999(3):14-16.Zhu Jicun.Analysis on comprehensive utilization of alunite and Hotmelt aluminum experiment[J].Non-metallic Mines 1999(3):14-16.
[10]蒋开喜,蒋训雄,范艳青,等.一种从明矾石精矿中酸碱联合提取铝、钾和镓的方法:中国,CN104313304A[P].2015-01-28.Jiang Kaixi,Jiang Xunxiong,Fan Yanqing,et al.A method for extraction aluminum,potassium and gallium from alunite concentrate with acid and alkali:China,CN104313304A[P].2015-01-28.
[11]Zhao Wei,Yao Xi,Zhong Shuiping,et al.Extraction of Al and K salts from associated alunite tailings by an acid calcination-water leaching method[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2015,107:786-792.
[12]阮仁满,谭希发,衷水平,等.利用热压浸出工艺从明矾石提取氧化铝和硫酸钾:中国,CN101913633A[P].2010-12-31.Ruan Renman,Tan Xifa,Zhong Shuiping,et al.Exaction of alumina and potassium sulfate from alunite by hot-pressing leaching process:China Patent,CN101913633A[P].2010-12-31.
[13]旷戈,胡松,蔡洋洋,等.一种明矾石直接加压酸浸提取钾铝的方法:中国,CN105217658A[P].2016-01-06.Kuang Ge,Hu Song,Cai Yangyang,et al.A method for extracting potassium aluminum from alunite by directly pressure acid leaching:China Patent,CN105217658A[P].2016-01-06.
[14]旷戈,胡松,蔡洋洋,等.紫金铜尾矿中明矾石直接加压酸浸[J].中国有色金属学报,2016(11):2412-2419.Kuang Ge,Hu Song,Cai Yangyang,et al.Research of utilizing alunite comprehensively from Zijin copper tailings by directly pressure acid leaching[J].The Chinese Journal of Nonferrous metals,2016(11):2412-2419.
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