华北平原冬小麦农田生态系统通量贡献区
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摘要
利用2013—2014年涡度相关系统观测的华北平原冬小麦农田生态系统通量数据,结合通量贡献区模型FSAM,分析华北平原冬小麦农田生态系统通量贡献区的时空分布特点,对比研究不同大气稳定层结条件和生长期内通量贡献区的分布差异.结果表明:在主风风向上,冬小麦整个生育期内大气稳定条件下的通量贡献区范围大于不稳定条件下的贡献区范围.在0°~90°主风风向上,生长初期稳定条件下通量贡献区范围比不稳定条件下大17.8 m左右,生长末期稳定条件下的通量贡献区范围比不稳定条件下大11 m左右.生长初期的通量贡献最大值点位置比生长末期距观测点位置远15 m(大气稳定条件)和12.4 m(大气不稳定条件);通量贡献最大值点在稳定条件下比不稳定条件下距观测点位置远5 m(生长初期)和2.4 m(生长末期).在非主风风向上,当风向为90°~180°时,生长初期和生长末期不同大气条件下的最大通量值分别位于距观测点的67.8、53.4和47.0、30.8 m.当风向为270°~360°时,生长初期和生长末期不同大气条件下的最大通量值位于距观测点的58.8、42和41.1、33.1 m.在整个生育期尺度上,观测塔的通量信息主要来自东北、西南和东南方向,其所占比例分别为35.4%、32.5%和19.4%.冬小麦整个生育期内通量贡献区的主要变化发生在观测点东北方向16.0~173.8 m和西南方向14.7~209 m,通量信息全部来源于农田生态系统.两个典型日期的通量贡献区日变化特征明显,通量贡献区范围随大气稳定条件和风向改变而发生变化.夜晚通量信息全部来源于农田生态系统,白天少部分通量信息来源于居民区和果园.本文的定量化结果可为农田生态系统通量贡献区的研究提供依据.
The flux data of winter wheat farmland ecosystem observed by eddy covariance system in the North China Plain from 2013 to 2014 were used to combine with the footprint model FSAM. The temporal and spatial distributions of footprint of winter wheat farmland ecosystem in the North China Plain were analyzed. The differences of footprint distribution in different atmospheric stratification and growing seasons were contrastively studied. The results indicated that in the predominant wind direction,the source areas of stable atmospheric stratification were larger than unstable atmospheric stratification during the growing season of winter wheat. When the wind direction was between 0°-90°,the source area of stable atmospheric stratification was about 17.8 m longer than unstable atmospheric stratification in initial growing season. The source area of stable atmospheric stratification was about 11 m longer than unstable atmospheric stratification in late growing season. The location of the maximum flux footprint in initial growing season was 15 m( stable atmospheric stratification)and 12.4 m( unstable atmospheric stratification) further away from the observing tower than late growing season,respectively. Meanwhile,the location of the maximum flux footprint in stable atmospheric stratification was 5 m( initial growing season) and 2.4 m( late growing season) further away from the observing tower than unstable atmospheric stratification,respectively. When the wind direction was non-dominant between 90°-180°,the location of the maximum flux footprint in different growing seasons and atmospheric stratification were 67.8 and 53.4,47.0 and 30.8 m away from the observing tower,respectively. When the wind direction was between 270°-360°,the location of the maximum flux footprint in different growing seasons and atmospheric stratification were 58.8 and42.0,41.1 and 33.1 m away from the observing tower,respectively. The flux information was mainly from the northeast,southwest and southeast,which accounted for 35.4%,32.5% and 19.4% of the whole gro-wing season scale,respectively. The major changes of flux footprint in the whole growing season of winter wheat were observed from 16.0 to 173.8 m in the northeast and from 14.7 to209 m in the southwest. The flux information was all from the farmland ecosystem. The characteristics of diurnal variations of flux footprint in two typical dates were obvious. The source area changed with atmospheric stratification and wind direction. The flux information was all from farmland ecosystem at night,while little flux information was from residential area and orchard at daytime. The quantitative results of this study could provide basis for the research of flux footprint in farmland ecosystem.
The flux data of winter wheat farmland ecosystem observed by eddy covariance system in the North China Plain from 2013 to 2014 were used to combine with the footprint model FSAM. The temporal and spatial distributions of footprint of winter wheat farmland ecosystem in the North China Plain were analyzed. The differences of footprint distribution in different atmospheric stratification and growing seasons were contrastively studied. The results indicated that in the predominant wind direction,the source areas of stable atmospheric stratification were larger than unstable atmospheric stratification during the growing season of winter wheat. When the wind direction was between 0°-90°,the source area of stable atmospheric stratification was about 17.8 m longer than unstable atmospheric stratification in initial growing season. The source area of stable atmospheric stratification was about 11 m longer than unstable atmospheric stratification in late growing season. The location of the maximum flux footprint in initial growing season was 15 m( stable atmospheric stratification)and 12.4 m( unstable atmospheric stratification) further away from the observing tower than late growing season,respectively. Meanwhile,the location of the maximum flux footprint in stable atmospheric stratification was 5 m( initial growing season) and 2.4 m( late growing season) further away from the observing tower than unstable atmospheric stratification,respectively. When the wind direction was non-dominant between 90°-180°,the location of the maximum flux footprint in different growing seasons and atmospheric stratification were 67.8 and 53.4,47.0 and 30.8 m away from the observing tower,respectively. When the wind direction was between 270°-360°,the location of the maximum flux footprint in different growing seasons and atmospheric stratification were 58.8 and42.0,41.1 and 33.1 m away from the observing tower,respectively. The flux information was mainly from the northeast,southwest and southeast,which accounted for 35.4%,32.5% and 19.4% of the whole gro-wing season scale,respectively. The major changes of flux footprint in the whole growing season of winter wheat were observed from 16.0 to 173.8 m in the northeast and from 14.7 to209 m in the southwest. The flux information was all from the farmland ecosystem. The characteristics of diurnal variations of flux footprint in two typical dates were obvious. The source area changed with atmospheric stratification and wind direction. The flux information was all from farmland ecosystem at night,while little flux information was from residential area and orchard at daytime. The quantitative results of this study could provide basis for the research of flux footprint in farmland ecosystem.
引文
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[20]Zhao X-S(赵晓松),Guan D-X(关德新),Wu J-B(吴家兵),et al.Distribution of footprint and flux source area of the mixed forest of broad-leaved and Korean pine in Changbaishan Mountain.Journal of Beijing Forestry University(北京林业大学学报),2005,27(3):17-23(in Chinese)
[21]Gu Y-J(顾永剑),Gao Y(高宇),Guo H-Q(郭海强),et al.Footprint analysis for carbon flux in the wetland ecosystem of Chongming Dongtan.Journal of Fudan University(Natural Science)(复旦学报:自然科学版),2008,47(3):374-379(in Chinese)
[22]Zhou Q(周琪),Li P-H(李平衡),Wang Q(王权),et al.A footprint analysis on a desert ecosystem in West China.Journal of Desert Research(中国沙漠),2014,34(1):98-107(in Chinese)
[23]Li Y(李阳),Jing Y-S(景元书),Qin B-B(秦奔奔).Characteristics of water and heat fluxes and its footprint climatology on farmland in low hilly region of red soil.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2017,28(1):180-190(in Chinese)
[24]Sun Y-L(孙叶林),Liu Q(刘勤).Soil fertilities and its relationship to maize productivity in the North China Plain.Soils(土壤),2009,41(2):274-277(in Chinese)
[25]Wang S-F(王声峰),Duan A-W(段爱旺),Xu J-X(徐建新).Dynamic changes and simulation model of plant height and leaf area index of winter wheat.Journal of Irrigation and Drainage(灌溉排水学报),2010,29(4):97-100(in Chinese)
[26]Dong Z-B(董治宝),Fryrear DW,Gao S-Y(高尚玉).Modeling the roughness effect of blown-sand-controlling standing vegetation in wind tunnel.Journal of Desert Research(中国沙漠),2000,20(3):260-263(in Chinese)
[27]Yuan Z-P(袁庄鹏),Zhao M(赵敏).Research of flux footprint of city based on the FSAM model.Journal of Shanghai Normal University(Natural Science)(上海师范大学学报:自然科学版),2012,41(5):533-539(in Chinese)
[28]Liu Y-J(刘郁珏),Hu F(胡非),Cheng X-L(程雪玲),et al.Distribution of the source area and footprint of Beijing.Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences(大气科学),2014,38(6):1044-1054(in Chinese)
[29]Chu L-H(楚良海),Liu W-Z(刘文兆),Zhu Y-J(朱元骏),et al.Spatial representation of flux data in gully region on the Loess Plateau.Advances in Earth Science(地球科学进展),2009,24(2):211-218(in Chinese)
[30]Mi N(米娜),Yu G-R(于贵瑞),Wen X-F(温学发),et al.Research on spatial representation of flux observation in China FLUX.Science in China Series D:Earth Sciences(中国科学D辑:地球科学),2006,36(suppl.1):22-33(in Chinese)
[31]Morillas L,Villagarcia L,Domingo F,et al.Environmental factors affecting the accuracy of surface fluxes from a two-source model in Mediterranean drylands:Upscaling instantaneous to daytime estimates.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2014,189-190:140-158
[32]Gockede M,Corinna R,Foken T.A combination of quality assessment tools for eddy covariance measurements with footprint modelling for the characterization of complex sites.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2004,127:175-188
[33]Wang M(王猛),Li G-C(李贵才),Wang J-B(王军邦).Spatiotemporal variations of aboveground biomass and leaf area index of typical grassland in tower flux footprint.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2011,22(3):637-643(in Chinese)
[2]Zhu M-J(朱明佳),Zhao Q-Y(赵谦益),Liu S-M(刘绍民),et al.Analysis of the characteristics of turbulent flux and its footprint climatology at an agricultural site.Advances in Earth Science(地球科学进展),2013,28(12):1313-1325(in Chinese)
[3]Wu Z-X(吴志祥),Chen B-Q(陈帮乾),Yang C(杨川),et al.Distribution of footprint and fluxes source area of rubber plantation in Hainan Island.Journal of Tropical Organisms(热带生物学报),2012,12(1):42-50(in Chinese)
[4]Zilitinkevich SS,Esau IN.Similarity theory and calculation of turbulent fluxes at the surface for the stably stratified atmospheric boundary layer.Boundary-layer Meteorology,2007,125:193-205
[5]Rannik U,Keronen P,Hari P,et al.Estimation of forestatmosphere CO2exchange by eddy covariance and profire techniques.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2004,126:141-155
[6]Guo J-X(郭家选),Li Y-Z(李玉中),Mei X-R(梅旭荣),et al.Diurnal variation of instantaneous carbon dioxide flux and water use efficiency of winter wheat at a field scale and analysis of influencing factors.Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture(中国生态农业学报),2006,14(3):78-81(in Chinese)
[7]Lin T-B(林同保),Wang Z-Q(王志强),Song X-L(宋雪雷),et al.CO2flux and impact factors in winter wheat field ecosystem.Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture(中国生态农业学报),2008,16(6):1458-1463(in Chinese)
[8]Li Z-Q(李正泉),Yu G-R(于贵瑞),Zhao F-H(赵风华),et al.Spatial distribution measurement of leaf area index in flux contributing source of eddy covariance flux tower.Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture(中国生态农业学报),2007,15(6):131-134(in Chinese)
[9]Shuang X(双喜),Liu S-M(刘绍民),Xu Z-W(徐自为),et al.Investigation of spatial representativeness for surface flux measurements in the Heihe River Basin.Advances in Earth Science(地球科学进展),2009,24(7):724-733(in Chinese)
[10]Jin Y(金莹),Zhang Z-Q(张志强),Fang X-R(方显瑞),et al.Footprint analysis of turbulent flux over a poplar plantation in Northern China.Acta Ecologica Sinica(生态学报),2012,32(12):3966-3974(in Chinese)
[11]Schmid HP.Footprint modeling for vegetation atmosphere exchange studies:A review and perspective.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2002,113:159-183
[12]Vesala T,Kljun N,Rannik U,et al.Flux and concentration footprint modeling:State of the art.Environmental Pollution,2008,152:653-666
[13]Kormann R,Meixner FX.An analytical footprint model for non-neutral stratification.Boundary-layer Meteorology,2001,99:207-224
[14]Schmid HP.Source areas for scalars and scalar fluxes.Boundary-layer Meteorology,1994,67:293-318
[15]Aubinet M,Chermanne B,Vandenhaute M,et al.Long term carbon dioxide exchange above mixed forest in the Belgian Ardennes.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2001,108:293-315
[16]Soegaard H,Jensen NO,Boegh E,et al.Carbon dioxide exchange over agricultural landscape using eddy correlation and footprint modeling.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2003,114:153-173
[17]Rogiers N,Eugster W,Furger M,et al.Effect of land management on ecosystem carbon fluxes at a subalpine grassland site in the Swiss Alps.Theoretical and Applied Climatology,2005,80:187-203
[18]Dong J(董军),Dang H-H(党慧慧),Kong F-L(孔凡亮),et al.Analysis of agro-ecosystem footprint of flux in semi-arid areas.Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture(中国生态农业学报),2015,23(12):1571-1579(in Chinese)
[19]Gong X-F(龚笑飞),Chen L-P(陈丽萍),Mo L-F(莫路锋).Research of flux footprint of Anji bamboo forest ecosystems based on the FSAM model.Journal of Southwest Forestry University(西南林业大学学报),2015,35(6):37-44(in Chinese)
[20]Zhao X-S(赵晓松),Guan D-X(关德新),Wu J-B(吴家兵),et al.Distribution of footprint and flux source area of the mixed forest of broad-leaved and Korean pine in Changbaishan Mountain.Journal of Beijing Forestry University(北京林业大学学报),2005,27(3):17-23(in Chinese)
[21]Gu Y-J(顾永剑),Gao Y(高宇),Guo H-Q(郭海强),et al.Footprint analysis for carbon flux in the wetland ecosystem of Chongming Dongtan.Journal of Fudan University(Natural Science)(复旦学报:自然科学版),2008,47(3):374-379(in Chinese)
[22]Zhou Q(周琪),Li P-H(李平衡),Wang Q(王权),et al.A footprint analysis on a desert ecosystem in West China.Journal of Desert Research(中国沙漠),2014,34(1):98-107(in Chinese)
[23]Li Y(李阳),Jing Y-S(景元书),Qin B-B(秦奔奔).Characteristics of water and heat fluxes and its footprint climatology on farmland in low hilly region of red soil.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2017,28(1):180-190(in Chinese)
[24]Sun Y-L(孙叶林),Liu Q(刘勤).Soil fertilities and its relationship to maize productivity in the North China Plain.Soils(土壤),2009,41(2):274-277(in Chinese)
[25]Wang S-F(王声峰),Duan A-W(段爱旺),Xu J-X(徐建新).Dynamic changes and simulation model of plant height and leaf area index of winter wheat.Journal of Irrigation and Drainage(灌溉排水学报),2010,29(4):97-100(in Chinese)
[26]Dong Z-B(董治宝),Fryrear DW,Gao S-Y(高尚玉).Modeling the roughness effect of blown-sand-controlling standing vegetation in wind tunnel.Journal of Desert Research(中国沙漠),2000,20(3):260-263(in Chinese)
[27]Yuan Z-P(袁庄鹏),Zhao M(赵敏).Research of flux footprint of city based on the FSAM model.Journal of Shanghai Normal University(Natural Science)(上海师范大学学报:自然科学版),2012,41(5):533-539(in Chinese)
[28]Liu Y-J(刘郁珏),Hu F(胡非),Cheng X-L(程雪玲),et al.Distribution of the source area and footprint of Beijing.Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences(大气科学),2014,38(6):1044-1054(in Chinese)
[29]Chu L-H(楚良海),Liu W-Z(刘文兆),Zhu Y-J(朱元骏),et al.Spatial representation of flux data in gully region on the Loess Plateau.Advances in Earth Science(地球科学进展),2009,24(2):211-218(in Chinese)
[30]Mi N(米娜),Yu G-R(于贵瑞),Wen X-F(温学发),et al.Research on spatial representation of flux observation in China FLUX.Science in China Series D:Earth Sciences(中国科学D辑:地球科学),2006,36(suppl.1):22-33(in Chinese)
[31]Morillas L,Villagarcia L,Domingo F,et al.Environmental factors affecting the accuracy of surface fluxes from a two-source model in Mediterranean drylands:Upscaling instantaneous to daytime estimates.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2014,189-190:140-158
[32]Gockede M,Corinna R,Foken T.A combination of quality assessment tools for eddy covariance measurements with footprint modelling for the characterization of complex sites.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2004,127:175-188
[33]Wang M(王猛),Li G-C(李贵才),Wang J-B(王军邦).Spatiotemporal variations of aboveground biomass and leaf area index of typical grassland in tower flux footprint.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2011,22(3):637-643(in Chinese)