不同栽培模式对夏玉米根系性能及产量和氮素利用的影响
|
摘要
【目的】研究不同栽培模式对夏玉米根系性能、籽粒产量形成以及氮素吸收利用的影响,探明不同栽培模式下玉米根系形态特征与产量形成、氮素吸收能力的关系,为促进玉米根系生长发育、增强根系吸收性能、优化施肥量,促进玉米高产高效生产提供理论依据。【方法】在定位试验条件下,选用郑单958为试验材料,在两种地力条件下,以不施氮肥处理为对照(CK),设置超高产玉米栽培模式(SH)、高产高效栽培管理模式(HH)、农民习惯栽培管理(FP)3种栽培模式,比较分析不同栽培模式夏玉米根系特性对产量形成和氮素吸收利用的调控效应。【结果】不同栽培模式间夏玉米产量存在显著差异,与HH、FP和CK模式相比较,高地力和低地力田块SH模式的两年平均产量分别提高3.54%、17.50%、30.12%和3.16%、18.45%、27.72%,统计分析表明地力和栽培模式均对夏玉米产量有极显著影响,两种因素综合影响因年份变化有所差异。两种地力条件下,夏玉米各时期群体生物量均表现为SH>HH>FP>CK。在抽雄期(VT)和完熟期(R6),SH处理的植株氮素积累总量显著高于其他处理,氮肥利用效率和氮肥农学利用效率均高于FP模式,HH模式的氮肥农学利用效率、氮肥利用效率和氮收获指数均最高,氮肥偏生产力低于FP模式,但仍高于SH模式。在不同地力基础上夏玉米不同栽培模式的根系指标变化趋势基本一致,在大喇叭口期(V12)、抽雄期(VT)、乳熟期(R3)的根系干重密度、根长密度和根表面积密度均为SH>HH>FP>CK,从V12到VT期,SH和HH模式的根长密度、根干重密度和根表面积密度增幅均显著高于FP模式,从VT到R3期,降幅均显著低于FP模式,SH和HH模式VT期根系活跃吸收面积比例显著高于FP模式。不同栽培模式各时期根长密度、根表面积密度和根干重密度与产量和氮肥利用效率均呈显著正相关。【结论】高产高效栽培模式可以有效地促进根系发育、延缓根系衰老、提高氮肥利用效率,有助于实现夏玉米高产高效的目标。
【Objective】The objective of this study was to promote the growth of maize roots, enhance root absorption performance, and then reduce the amount of fertilizer, and then provide a theoretical basis for promoting the production of high yield and high efficiency by investigating the effects of different cultivation patterns on the root performance, grain yield formation and nitrogen uptake and utilization of summer maize, and exploring the relationship between root morphological characteristics and nitrogen uptake capacity of maize under different cultivation patterns. 【Method】Under two soil fertilities, with no nitrogen treatment as control(CK), three cultivation patterns including super high-yielding cultivation pattern(SH), high-yielding and high efficiency cultivation pattern(HH) and local farmer's practice(FP) in the long-term experiments by using ZD958 as testing varieties. Theregulation of root characteristics on yield formation and nitrogen utilization in summer maize under different cultivation patterns were measured in fixed field experiment. 【Result】The yields of summer maize was significantly different among different cultivation patterns, compared with the HH, FP and CK patterns, the average yield of SH pattern in two years both in high soil fertility(HSF) and low soil fertility(LSF) were increased by 3.54%, 17.50%, 30.12% and 3.16%, 18.45%, 27.72% respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that both soil fertility and cultivation patterns had significant effects on summer maize yield, and comprehensive effect of double factors varied by years. The population biomass in high and low soil fertilities was SH > HH > FP > CK during the whole growing season. The total nitrogen accumulation in SH pattern was significantly higher than those in other patterns at the VT and R6 stages, and the N use efficiency and agronomic N use efficiency were higher than that of FP. HH pattern had the highest agronomic N use efficiency, nutrient use efficiency and nitrogen harvest index. Its nitrogen partial factor productivity was lower than FP, but still higher than the SH pattern. The results showed that summer maize root growth was greatly affected by different cultivation patterns. Root dry weight density, root length density and root surface area density were all expressed as SH > HH > FP > CK. From V12 to VT stage, increases in root length, root dry weight and root surface density of SH and HH patterns were higher than that of FP pattern, and decreases in that of FP pattern were highest from VT to R3 stage. The proportion of active absorption area of SH and HH patterns at VT stage was significantly higher than that in FP pattern. The root length density, root surface area density, root dry weight density were very significantly and positively correlated with yield and nitrogen use efficiency. 【Conclusion】HH pattern effectively promoted root development, delayed the senescence of root, improved the nitrogen use efficiency, achieved the high yield and high efficiency of summer maize.
【Objective】The objective of this study was to promote the growth of maize roots, enhance root absorption performance, and then reduce the amount of fertilizer, and then provide a theoretical basis for promoting the production of high yield and high efficiency by investigating the effects of different cultivation patterns on the root performance, grain yield formation and nitrogen uptake and utilization of summer maize, and exploring the relationship between root morphological characteristics and nitrogen uptake capacity of maize under different cultivation patterns. 【Method】Under two soil fertilities, with no nitrogen treatment as control(CK), three cultivation patterns including super high-yielding cultivation pattern(SH), high-yielding and high efficiency cultivation pattern(HH) and local farmer's practice(FP) in the long-term experiments by using ZD958 as testing varieties. Theregulation of root characteristics on yield formation and nitrogen utilization in summer maize under different cultivation patterns were measured in fixed field experiment. 【Result】The yields of summer maize was significantly different among different cultivation patterns, compared with the HH, FP and CK patterns, the average yield of SH pattern in two years both in high soil fertility(HSF) and low soil fertility(LSF) were increased by 3.54%, 17.50%, 30.12% and 3.16%, 18.45%, 27.72% respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that both soil fertility and cultivation patterns had significant effects on summer maize yield, and comprehensive effect of double factors varied by years. The population biomass in high and low soil fertilities was SH > HH > FP > CK during the whole growing season. The total nitrogen accumulation in SH pattern was significantly higher than those in other patterns at the VT and R6 stages, and the N use efficiency and agronomic N use efficiency were higher than that of FP. HH pattern had the highest agronomic N use efficiency, nutrient use efficiency and nitrogen harvest index. Its nitrogen partial factor productivity was lower than FP, but still higher than the SH pattern. The results showed that summer maize root growth was greatly affected by different cultivation patterns. Root dry weight density, root length density and root surface area density were all expressed as SH > HH > FP > CK. From V12 to VT stage, increases in root length, root dry weight and root surface density of SH and HH patterns were higher than that of FP pattern, and decreases in that of FP pattern were highest from VT to R3 stage. The proportion of active absorption area of SH and HH patterns at VT stage was significantly higher than that in FP pattern. The root length density, root surface area density, root dry weight density were very significantly and positively correlated with yield and nitrogen use efficiency. 【Conclusion】HH pattern effectively promoted root development, delayed the senescence of root, improved the nitrogen use efficiency, achieved the high yield and high efficiency of summer maize.
引文
[1]陈国平,高聚林,赵明,董树亭,李少昆,杨祁峰,刘永红,王立春,薛吉全,柳京国,李潮海,王永宏,王友德,宋慧欣,赵久然.近年我国玉米超高产田的分布、产量构成及关键技术.作物学报,2012,38(1):80-85.CHEN G P,GAO J L,ZHAO M,DONG S T,LI S K,YANG Q F,LIU Y H,WANG L C,XUE J Q,LIU J G,LI C H,WANG Y H,WANG Y D,SONG H X,ZHAO J R.Distribution,yield structure,and key cultural techniques of maize super high yield plots in recent years.Acta Agronomica Sinica,2012,38(1):80-85.(in Chinese)
[2]陈传永,侯玉虹,孙锐,朱平,董志强,赵明.密植对不同玉米品种产量性能的影响及其耐密性分析.作物学报,2010,36(7):1153-1160.CHEN C Y,HOU Y H,SUN R,ZHU P,DONG Z Q,ZHAO M.Effects of planting density on yield performance and density-tolerance analysis for maize hybrids.Acta Agronomica Sinica,2010,36(7):1153-1160.(in Chinese)
[3]吕丽华,陶洪斌,夏来坤,张雅杰,赵明,赵久然,王璞.不同种植密度下的夏玉米冠层结构及光合特性.作物学报,2008,34(3):447-455.LüL H,TAO H B,XIA L K,ZHANG Y J,ZHAO M,ZHAO J R,WANG P.Canopy structure and photosynthesis traits of summer maize under different planting densities.Acta Agronomica Sinica,2008,34(3):447-455.(in Chinese)
[4]PRESTERL T,SEITZ G,LANDBECK M,THIEMT E M,SCHMIDT W,GEIGER H H.Improving nitrogen use efficiency in european maize estimation of quantitative genetic parameters.Crop Science,2003,43:1259-1265.
[5]ZHANG W F,CAO G X,LI X L,ZHANG H Y,WANG C,LIU Q Q,CHEN X P,CUI Z L,SHEN J B,JIANG R F,MI G H,MIAO Y X,ZHANG F S,DOU Z X.Closing yield gaps in China by empowering smallholder farmers.Nature,2016,537(7622):671-674.
[6]漆栋良,吴雪,胡田田.施氮方式对玉米根系生长、产量和氮素利用的影响.中国农业科学,2014,47(14):2804-2813.QI D L,WU X,HU T T.Effects of nitrogen supply methods on root growth,yield and nitrogen use of maize.Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2014,47(14):2804-2813.(in Chinese)
[7]张旭丽,李洪.玉米根系与环境的关系.山西农业科学,2010,38(7):120-122.ZHANG X L,LI H.Relationship between maize roots and the environmental conditions.Journal of Shanxi Agricultural Sciences,2010,38(7):120-122.(in Chinese)
[8]齐文增,刘惠惠,李耕,邵立杰,王飞飞,刘鹏,董树亭,张吉旺,赵斌.超高产夏玉米根系时空分布特性.植物营养与肥料学报,2012,18(1):69-76.QI W Z,LIU H H,LI G,SHAO L J,WANG F F,LIU P,DONG S T,ZHANG J W,ZHAO B.Temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of super-high-yield summer maize root.Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2012,18(1):69-76.(in Chinese).
[9]王飞飞,张善平,邵立杰,李耕,陈晓璐,刘鹏,赵秉强,董树亭,张吉旺,赵斌.夏玉米不同土层根系对花后植株生长及产量形成的影响.中国农业科学,2013,46(19):4007-4017.WANG F F,ZHANG S P,SHAO L J,LI G,CHEN X L,LIU P,ZHAO B Q,DONG S T,ZHANG J W,ZHAO B.Effect of root in different soil layers on plant growth and yield formation after anthesis in summer maize.Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2013,46(19):4007-4017.(in Chinese)
[10]王敬锋,刘鹏,赵秉强,董树亭,张吉旺,赵明,杨吉顺,李耕.不同基因型玉米根系特性与氮素吸收利用的差异.中国农业科学,2011,44(4):699-707.WANG J F,LIU P,ZHAO B Q,DONG S T,ZHANG J W,ZHAO M,YANG J S,LI G.Comparison of root characteristics and nitrogen uptake and use efficiency in different corn genotypes.Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2011,44(4):699-707.(in Chinese)
[11]晋鹏宇,任伟,陶洪斌,王璞.深松对夏玉米物质生产、光合性能及根系生长的影响.玉米科学,2014,22(1):114-120.JIN P Y,REN W,TAO H B,WANG P.Effects of subsoiling on dry matter production,photosynthetic performance and root development of summer maize.Journal of Maize Sciences,2014,22(1):114-120.(in Chinese)
[12]曹胜彪,张吉旺,董树亭,刘鹏,赵斌,杨今胜.施氮量和种植密度对高产夏玉米产量和氮素利用效率的影响.植物营养与肥料学报,2012,18(6):1343-1353.CAO S B,ZHANG J W,DONG S T,LIU P,ZHAO B,YANG J S.Effects of nitrogen rate and planting density on grain yield and nitrogen utilization efficiency of high yield summer maize.Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2012,18(6):1343-1353.(in Chinese)
[13]吕丽华,陶洪斌,王璞,刘明,赵明,王润正.种植密度对夏玉米碳氮代谢和氮利用率的影响.作物学报,2008,34(4):718-723.LüL H,TAO H B,WANG P,LIU M,ZHAO M,WANG R Z.Carbon and nitrogen metabolism and nitrogen use efficiency in summer maize under different planting densities.Acta Agronomica Sinica,2008,34(4):718-723.(in Chinese)
[14]王宜伦,刘天学,赵鹏,张许,谭金芳,李潮海.施氮量对超高产夏玉米产量与氮素吸收及土壤硝态氮的影响.中国农业科学,2013,46(12):2483-2491.WANG Y L,LIU T X,ZHAO P,ZHANG X,TANG J F,LI C H.Effect of nitrogen fertilizer application on yield,nitrogen absorption and soil nitric N in super-high-yield summer maize.Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2013,46(12):2483-2491.(in Chinese)
[15]银敏华,李援农,李昊,徐袁博,周昌明,张天乐.氮肥运筹对夏玉米根系生长与氮素利用的影响.农业机械学报,2016,47(6):129-138.YIN M H,LI Y N,LI H,XU Y B,ZHOU C M,ZHANG T L.Effects of nitrogen application rates on root growth and nitrogen use of summer maize.Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery,2016,47(6):129-138.(in Chinese)
[16]张仁和,胡富亮,杨晓钦,高杰,郝引川,张兴华,薛吉全.不同栽培模式对旱地春玉米光合特性和水分利用率的影响.作物学报,2013,39(9):1619-1627.ZHANG R H,HU F L,YANG X Q,GAO J,HAO Y C,ZHANG X H,XUE J Q.Effects of different cultivation patterns on photosynthetic characteristics and water use efficiency in dryland spring maize.Acta Agronomica Sinica,2013,39(9):1619-1627.(in Chinese)
[17]CHEN X P,CUI Z L,FAN M S,VITOUSEK P,ZHAO M,MA W Q,WANG Z L,ZHANG W J,YAN X Y,YANG J C,DENG X P,GAO Q,ZHANG Q,GUO S W,REN J,LI S Q,YE Y L,WANG Z H,HUANG J L,TANG Q Y,SUN Y X,PENG X H,ZHANG J W,HE M R,ZHU Y J,XUE J Q,WANG G L,WU L,AN N,WU L Q,MA L,ZHANG W F,ZHANG F S.Producing more grain with lower environmental costs.Nature,2014,514(7523):486-489.
[18]鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法.北京:中国农业科技出版社,1999:24-214.LU R K.Soil Agricultural Chemical Analysis Method.Bejing:China's Agricultural Science and Technology Press,1999:24-214.(in Chinese)
[19]SINGH V,OOSTEROM E J V,JORDAN D R.Morphological and architectural development of root systems in sorghum and maize.Plant and Soil,2010,333(1):287-299.
[20]吴春胜,宋日,李健毅,牟金明,徐克章.栽培措施对玉米根系生长状况影响.玉米科学,2001,9(2):56-58.WU C S,SONG R,LI J Y,MOU J M,XU K Z.Effect of cultivation practices on maize root system growth.Journal of Maize Sciences,2001,9(2):56-58.(in Chinese)
[21]李少昆,刘景德,张旺峰,魏邦军,杨刚,赵海.不同密度玉米根系在大田土壤中的分布、重量的调节及与地上部分的关系.玉米科学,1993,1(3):43-49.LI S K,LIU J D,ZHANG W F,WEI B J,YANG G,ZHAO H.Studies on root distribution and adjustment of root weight and root-shoot relationship on different densities of maize.Journal of Maize Sciences,1993,1(3):43-49.(in Chinese)
[22]易镇邪,王璞,屠乃美.夏播玉米根系分布与含氮量对氮肥类型与施氮量的响应.植物营养与肥料学报,2009,15(1):91-98.YI Z X,WANG P,TU N M.Responses of roots distribution and nitrogen content of summer maize to nitrogen fertilization types and amounts.Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2009,15(1):91-98.(in Chinese)
[23]刘胜群,宋凤斌,王燕.玉米根系性状与地上部性状的相关性研究.吉林农业大学学报,2007,29(1):1-6.LIU S Q,SONG F B,WANG Y.Correlations between characters of roots and those of aerial parts of maize varieties.Journal of Jilin Agricultural University,2007,29(1):1-6.(in Chinese)
[24]春亮,陈范骏,张福锁,米国华.不同氮效率玉米杂交种的根系生长、氮素吸收与产量形成.植物营养与肥料学报,2005,11(5):615-619.CHUN L,CHEN F J,ZHANG F S,MI G H.Root growth,nitrogen uptake and yield formation of hybrid maize with different N efficiency.Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2005,11(5):615-619.(in Chinese)
[25]LIU Z,ZHU K L,DONG S T,LIU P,ZHAO B,ZHANG J W.Effects of integrated agronomic practices management on root growth and development of summer maize.European Journal of Agronomy,2017,84:140-151.
[26]王新兵,侯海鹏,周宝元,孙雪芳,马玮,赵明.条带深松对不同密度玉米群体根系空间分布的调节效应.作物学报,2014,40(12):2136-2148.WANG X B,HOU H P,ZHOU B Y,SUN X F,MA W,ZHAO M.Effect of strip subsoiling on population root spatial distribution of maize under different planting densities.Acta Agronomica Sinica,2014,40(12):2136-2148.(in Chinese)
[27]GUAN D,AL-KAISI M M,ZHANG Y,DUAN L,TAN W,ZHANG M.Tillage practices affect biomass and grain yield through regulating root growth,root-bleeding sap and nutrients uptake in summer maize.Field Crops Research,2014,157(2):89-97.
[28]曹慧英,史建国,朱昆仑,董树亭,刘鹏,赵斌,张吉旺.播种深度对夏玉米幼苗性状和根系特性的影响.应用生态学报,2015,26(8):2397-2404.CAO H Y,SHI J G,ZHU K L,DONG S T,LIU P,ZHAO B,ZHANG J W.Effects of sowing depth on seedling traits and root characteristics of summer maize.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2015,26(8):2397-2404.(in Chinese)
[29]李宗新,陈源泉,王庆成,刘开昌,张秀清,刘霞,张慧,刘书聪,刘春晓,高旺盛,隋鹏.密植条件下种植方式对夏玉米群体根冠特性及产量的影响.生态学报,2012,32(23):7391-7401.LI Z X,CHEN Y Q,WANG Q C,LIU K C,ZHANG X Q,LIU X,ZHANG H,LIU S C,LIU C X,GAO W S,SUI P.Effect of different planting methods on root-shoot characteristics and grain yield of summer maize under high densities.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2012,32(23):7391-7401.(in Chinese)
[30]张玉,秦华东,伍龙梅,张婧,李忠,黄敏,江立庚.玉米根系生长特性及氮肥运筹对根系生长的影响.中国农业大学学报,2014,19(6):62-70.ZHANG Y,QIN H D,WU L M,ZHANG J,LI Z,HUANG M,JIANG L G.Growth characteristics and the efffect of nitrogen application on the maize root.Journal of China Agricultural University,2014,19(6):62-70.(in Chinese)
[31]严奉君,孙永健,马均,徐徽,李玥,杨志远,蒋明金,吕腾飞.秸秆覆盖与氮肥运筹对杂交稻根系生长及氮素利用的影响.植物营养与肥料学报,2015,21(1):23-35.YAN F J,SUN Y J,MA J,XU H,LI Y,YANG Z Y,JIANG M J,LüT F.Effects of straw mulch and nitrogen management on root growth and nitrogen utilization characteristics of hybrid rice.Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer,2015,21(1):23-35.(in Chinese)
[32]HODGE A,BERTA G,DOUSSAN C,MERCHAN F,CRESPI M.Plant root growth,architecture and function.Plant and Soil,2009,321(1):153-187.
[33]FAGERIA N K,BALIGAR V C,CLARK R B,FAGERIA N K,BALIGAR V C,CLARK R B.Physiology of crop production.Food Products Press Crop Science,2006(3):23-59.
[34]EGHBALL B,MARANVILLE J W.Root development and nitrogen influx of corn genotypes grown under combined drought and N stress.Agronomy Journal,1993,85(1):147-152.
[2]陈传永,侯玉虹,孙锐,朱平,董志强,赵明.密植对不同玉米品种产量性能的影响及其耐密性分析.作物学报,2010,36(7):1153-1160.CHEN C Y,HOU Y H,SUN R,ZHU P,DONG Z Q,ZHAO M.Effects of planting density on yield performance and density-tolerance analysis for maize hybrids.Acta Agronomica Sinica,2010,36(7):1153-1160.(in Chinese)
[3]吕丽华,陶洪斌,夏来坤,张雅杰,赵明,赵久然,王璞.不同种植密度下的夏玉米冠层结构及光合特性.作物学报,2008,34(3):447-455.LüL H,TAO H B,XIA L K,ZHANG Y J,ZHAO M,ZHAO J R,WANG P.Canopy structure and photosynthesis traits of summer maize under different planting densities.Acta Agronomica Sinica,2008,34(3):447-455.(in Chinese)
[4]PRESTERL T,SEITZ G,LANDBECK M,THIEMT E M,SCHMIDT W,GEIGER H H.Improving nitrogen use efficiency in european maize estimation of quantitative genetic parameters.Crop Science,2003,43:1259-1265.
[5]ZHANG W F,CAO G X,LI X L,ZHANG H Y,WANG C,LIU Q Q,CHEN X P,CUI Z L,SHEN J B,JIANG R F,MI G H,MIAO Y X,ZHANG F S,DOU Z X.Closing yield gaps in China by empowering smallholder farmers.Nature,2016,537(7622):671-674.
[6]漆栋良,吴雪,胡田田.施氮方式对玉米根系生长、产量和氮素利用的影响.中国农业科学,2014,47(14):2804-2813.QI D L,WU X,HU T T.Effects of nitrogen supply methods on root growth,yield and nitrogen use of maize.Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2014,47(14):2804-2813.(in Chinese)
[7]张旭丽,李洪.玉米根系与环境的关系.山西农业科学,2010,38(7):120-122.ZHANG X L,LI H.Relationship between maize roots and the environmental conditions.Journal of Shanxi Agricultural Sciences,2010,38(7):120-122.(in Chinese)
[8]齐文增,刘惠惠,李耕,邵立杰,王飞飞,刘鹏,董树亭,张吉旺,赵斌.超高产夏玉米根系时空分布特性.植物营养与肥料学报,2012,18(1):69-76.QI W Z,LIU H H,LI G,SHAO L J,WANG F F,LIU P,DONG S T,ZHANG J W,ZHAO B.Temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of super-high-yield summer maize root.Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2012,18(1):69-76.(in Chinese).
[9]王飞飞,张善平,邵立杰,李耕,陈晓璐,刘鹏,赵秉强,董树亭,张吉旺,赵斌.夏玉米不同土层根系对花后植株生长及产量形成的影响.中国农业科学,2013,46(19):4007-4017.WANG F F,ZHANG S P,SHAO L J,LI G,CHEN X L,LIU P,ZHAO B Q,DONG S T,ZHANG J W,ZHAO B.Effect of root in different soil layers on plant growth and yield formation after anthesis in summer maize.Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2013,46(19):4007-4017.(in Chinese)
[10]王敬锋,刘鹏,赵秉强,董树亭,张吉旺,赵明,杨吉顺,李耕.不同基因型玉米根系特性与氮素吸收利用的差异.中国农业科学,2011,44(4):699-707.WANG J F,LIU P,ZHAO B Q,DONG S T,ZHANG J W,ZHAO M,YANG J S,LI G.Comparison of root characteristics and nitrogen uptake and use efficiency in different corn genotypes.Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2011,44(4):699-707.(in Chinese)
[11]晋鹏宇,任伟,陶洪斌,王璞.深松对夏玉米物质生产、光合性能及根系生长的影响.玉米科学,2014,22(1):114-120.JIN P Y,REN W,TAO H B,WANG P.Effects of subsoiling on dry matter production,photosynthetic performance and root development of summer maize.Journal of Maize Sciences,2014,22(1):114-120.(in Chinese)
[12]曹胜彪,张吉旺,董树亭,刘鹏,赵斌,杨今胜.施氮量和种植密度对高产夏玉米产量和氮素利用效率的影响.植物营养与肥料学报,2012,18(6):1343-1353.CAO S B,ZHANG J W,DONG S T,LIU P,ZHAO B,YANG J S.Effects of nitrogen rate and planting density on grain yield and nitrogen utilization efficiency of high yield summer maize.Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2012,18(6):1343-1353.(in Chinese)
[13]吕丽华,陶洪斌,王璞,刘明,赵明,王润正.种植密度对夏玉米碳氮代谢和氮利用率的影响.作物学报,2008,34(4):718-723.LüL H,TAO H B,WANG P,LIU M,ZHAO M,WANG R Z.Carbon and nitrogen metabolism and nitrogen use efficiency in summer maize under different planting densities.Acta Agronomica Sinica,2008,34(4):718-723.(in Chinese)
[14]王宜伦,刘天学,赵鹏,张许,谭金芳,李潮海.施氮量对超高产夏玉米产量与氮素吸收及土壤硝态氮的影响.中国农业科学,2013,46(12):2483-2491.WANG Y L,LIU T X,ZHAO P,ZHANG X,TANG J F,LI C H.Effect of nitrogen fertilizer application on yield,nitrogen absorption and soil nitric N in super-high-yield summer maize.Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2013,46(12):2483-2491.(in Chinese)
[15]银敏华,李援农,李昊,徐袁博,周昌明,张天乐.氮肥运筹对夏玉米根系生长与氮素利用的影响.农业机械学报,2016,47(6):129-138.YIN M H,LI Y N,LI H,XU Y B,ZHOU C M,ZHANG T L.Effects of nitrogen application rates on root growth and nitrogen use of summer maize.Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery,2016,47(6):129-138.(in Chinese)
[16]张仁和,胡富亮,杨晓钦,高杰,郝引川,张兴华,薛吉全.不同栽培模式对旱地春玉米光合特性和水分利用率的影响.作物学报,2013,39(9):1619-1627.ZHANG R H,HU F L,YANG X Q,GAO J,HAO Y C,ZHANG X H,XUE J Q.Effects of different cultivation patterns on photosynthetic characteristics and water use efficiency in dryland spring maize.Acta Agronomica Sinica,2013,39(9):1619-1627.(in Chinese)
[17]CHEN X P,CUI Z L,FAN M S,VITOUSEK P,ZHAO M,MA W Q,WANG Z L,ZHANG W J,YAN X Y,YANG J C,DENG X P,GAO Q,ZHANG Q,GUO S W,REN J,LI S Q,YE Y L,WANG Z H,HUANG J L,TANG Q Y,SUN Y X,PENG X H,ZHANG J W,HE M R,ZHU Y J,XUE J Q,WANG G L,WU L,AN N,WU L Q,MA L,ZHANG W F,ZHANG F S.Producing more grain with lower environmental costs.Nature,2014,514(7523):486-489.
[18]鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法.北京:中国农业科技出版社,1999:24-214.LU R K.Soil Agricultural Chemical Analysis Method.Bejing:China's Agricultural Science and Technology Press,1999:24-214.(in Chinese)
[19]SINGH V,OOSTEROM E J V,JORDAN D R.Morphological and architectural development of root systems in sorghum and maize.Plant and Soil,2010,333(1):287-299.
[20]吴春胜,宋日,李健毅,牟金明,徐克章.栽培措施对玉米根系生长状况影响.玉米科学,2001,9(2):56-58.WU C S,SONG R,LI J Y,MOU J M,XU K Z.Effect of cultivation practices on maize root system growth.Journal of Maize Sciences,2001,9(2):56-58.(in Chinese)
[21]李少昆,刘景德,张旺峰,魏邦军,杨刚,赵海.不同密度玉米根系在大田土壤中的分布、重量的调节及与地上部分的关系.玉米科学,1993,1(3):43-49.LI S K,LIU J D,ZHANG W F,WEI B J,YANG G,ZHAO H.Studies on root distribution and adjustment of root weight and root-shoot relationship on different densities of maize.Journal of Maize Sciences,1993,1(3):43-49.(in Chinese)
[22]易镇邪,王璞,屠乃美.夏播玉米根系分布与含氮量对氮肥类型与施氮量的响应.植物营养与肥料学报,2009,15(1):91-98.YI Z X,WANG P,TU N M.Responses of roots distribution and nitrogen content of summer maize to nitrogen fertilization types and amounts.Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2009,15(1):91-98.(in Chinese)
[23]刘胜群,宋凤斌,王燕.玉米根系性状与地上部性状的相关性研究.吉林农业大学学报,2007,29(1):1-6.LIU S Q,SONG F B,WANG Y.Correlations between characters of roots and those of aerial parts of maize varieties.Journal of Jilin Agricultural University,2007,29(1):1-6.(in Chinese)
[24]春亮,陈范骏,张福锁,米国华.不同氮效率玉米杂交种的根系生长、氮素吸收与产量形成.植物营养与肥料学报,2005,11(5):615-619.CHUN L,CHEN F J,ZHANG F S,MI G H.Root growth,nitrogen uptake and yield formation of hybrid maize with different N efficiency.Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2005,11(5):615-619.(in Chinese)
[25]LIU Z,ZHU K L,DONG S T,LIU P,ZHAO B,ZHANG J W.Effects of integrated agronomic practices management on root growth and development of summer maize.European Journal of Agronomy,2017,84:140-151.
[26]王新兵,侯海鹏,周宝元,孙雪芳,马玮,赵明.条带深松对不同密度玉米群体根系空间分布的调节效应.作物学报,2014,40(12):2136-2148.WANG X B,HOU H P,ZHOU B Y,SUN X F,MA W,ZHAO M.Effect of strip subsoiling on population root spatial distribution of maize under different planting densities.Acta Agronomica Sinica,2014,40(12):2136-2148.(in Chinese)
[27]GUAN D,AL-KAISI M M,ZHANG Y,DUAN L,TAN W,ZHANG M.Tillage practices affect biomass and grain yield through regulating root growth,root-bleeding sap and nutrients uptake in summer maize.Field Crops Research,2014,157(2):89-97.
[28]曹慧英,史建国,朱昆仑,董树亭,刘鹏,赵斌,张吉旺.播种深度对夏玉米幼苗性状和根系特性的影响.应用生态学报,2015,26(8):2397-2404.CAO H Y,SHI J G,ZHU K L,DONG S T,LIU P,ZHAO B,ZHANG J W.Effects of sowing depth on seedling traits and root characteristics of summer maize.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2015,26(8):2397-2404.(in Chinese)
[29]李宗新,陈源泉,王庆成,刘开昌,张秀清,刘霞,张慧,刘书聪,刘春晓,高旺盛,隋鹏.密植条件下种植方式对夏玉米群体根冠特性及产量的影响.生态学报,2012,32(23):7391-7401.LI Z X,CHEN Y Q,WANG Q C,LIU K C,ZHANG X Q,LIU X,ZHANG H,LIU S C,LIU C X,GAO W S,SUI P.Effect of different planting methods on root-shoot characteristics and grain yield of summer maize under high densities.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2012,32(23):7391-7401.(in Chinese)
[30]张玉,秦华东,伍龙梅,张婧,李忠,黄敏,江立庚.玉米根系生长特性及氮肥运筹对根系生长的影响.中国农业大学学报,2014,19(6):62-70.ZHANG Y,QIN H D,WU L M,ZHANG J,LI Z,HUANG M,JIANG L G.Growth characteristics and the efffect of nitrogen application on the maize root.Journal of China Agricultural University,2014,19(6):62-70.(in Chinese)
[31]严奉君,孙永健,马均,徐徽,李玥,杨志远,蒋明金,吕腾飞.秸秆覆盖与氮肥运筹对杂交稻根系生长及氮素利用的影响.植物营养与肥料学报,2015,21(1):23-35.YAN F J,SUN Y J,MA J,XU H,LI Y,YANG Z Y,JIANG M J,LüT F.Effects of straw mulch and nitrogen management on root growth and nitrogen utilization characteristics of hybrid rice.Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer,2015,21(1):23-35.(in Chinese)
[32]HODGE A,BERTA G,DOUSSAN C,MERCHAN F,CRESPI M.Plant root growth,architecture and function.Plant and Soil,2009,321(1):153-187.
[33]FAGERIA N K,BALIGAR V C,CLARK R B,FAGERIA N K,BALIGAR V C,CLARK R B.Physiology of crop production.Food Products Press Crop Science,2006(3):23-59.
[34]EGHBALL B,MARANVILLE J W.Root development and nitrogen influx of corn genotypes grown under combined drought and N stress.Agronomy Journal,1993,85(1):147-152.