鲁东地区白垩纪地层格架及白垩系与古近系分界问题的探讨
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摘要
鲁东地区是我国研究晚白垩世和早古近世地层的经典地区,研究历史可追溯到20世纪20年代,积累了大量有关白垩纪和古近纪地层划分与对比的资料。主要介绍在胶州市西郊实施的鲁科一井所揭示的白垩-古近系界线地层的剖面资料。根据岩芯剖面的研究,该区白垩-古近系界线地层自下而上可分为红土崖组、史家屯组和胶州组。对红土崖组的含义重新作了厘定,该组是指介于下伏地层辛格庄组与上覆地层史家屯组之间的1套以产丰富恐龙化石为特征的洪积相、冲积相红色碎屑沉积,客观上包括了原来"金岗口组"的地层。史家屯组是重新恢复使用的一个岩石地层单位,由原先的红土崖组中的"史家屯玄武岩段"提升而来,该组位于王氏群顶部,为一套火山-沉积岩系,厚度可达970余m,与下伏地层红土崖组和上覆地层胶州组均为整合接触。胶州组以1套紫红色粉砂岩为主,夹灰绿色-黄绿色粉砂岩、泥灰岩及少量砂砾岩,与下伏地层王氏群史家屯组为整合接触,但与上覆地层的关系仍不清楚。此外还对鲁东地区晚白垩世地层的划分与对比、恐龙动物群的分布、地质事件、古气候和古环境等进行了探讨,提出白垩-古近纪之交时期,鲁东地区经历了这样一个过程:恐龙繁盛—恐龙消亡—火山喷发—地外撞击(?)—森林大火—白垩纪生物灭绝—古近纪生物群复苏。该过程表明:(1)将鲁东地区白垩-古近系界线置于胶州组172—148层的这段地层中是合适的;(2)白垩纪末期生物灭绝与地外撞击事件的关系可能比较密切,而非鸟型恐龙的消亡看来与地外撞击事件的关系不大;(3)从世界范围来看,非鸟型恐龙均消亡于白垩纪末期撞击事件之前,目前还没有任何证据证明陆地上非鸟型恐龙的消亡与该事件直接相关;(4)白垩纪晚期曾发生过一系列地质事件,这些事件导致当时的气候、生态、环境等逐渐恶化,生物逐渐失去它们原有的家园,数量和多样性逐步减少,一步一步走上不归之路。非鸟型恐龙也是一样,它们的消亡不是一个事件造成的,而是阶步式的,是多个事件的影响叠加造成的结果。
Eastern Shandong is a typical region for studying Late Cretaceous and Early Paleogene strata in China. Dating back to1920 s,the research has accumulated a large amount of data on the division and correlation of Cretaceous and Paleogene strata. The present study introduces the stratigraphic sequence of the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary sediments revealed in the borehole I of Shandong Cretaceous Scientific Drilling near the west suburb of Jiaozhou City. The borehole core shows that the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary sediments can be divided into 3 formations( in ascending order) : the Hongtuya Formation,the Shijiatun Formation,and the Jiaozhou Formation. The Hongtuya Formation is redefined herein,comprising a set of red pluvial and alluvial clastic sediments with rich dinosaurs between the underlying Xingezhuang Formation and the overlying Shijiatun Formation. The new definition shows the Hongtuya Formation objectively has comprised the sediments of the Jingangkou Formation. The Shijiatun Formation is a new litho-unit upgraded from the Shijiatun Member,which was originally considered as a basalt member of the Hongtuya Formation. The Shijiatun Formation,in fact,represents the uppermost part of the Wangshi Group,which is composed of volcano-sedimentary strata of more than 970 m in thickness and contacted conformably with both the underlying Hongtuya Formation and the overlying Jiaozhou Formation. The Jiaozhou Formation is mainly composed of purple red siltstones,intercalated with grayish green,yellowish green siltstones and marls,as well as rare sandstones and conglomerates. It is in conformable contact with the underlying Shijiatun Formation of the Wangshi Group,but its relationship with the overlying litho-unit is unclear. Besides,this paper extensively discusses the stratigraphic division and comparison,the stratigraphic distribution of dinosaurs,geological events,paleoclimate and paleoenvironment of the Late Cretaceous in Eastern Shandong. It is proposed that this region experienced a series of events in the Cretaceous-Paleogene period: thriving,decline and disappearance of dinosaurs,fiercely volcanic eruption,extraterrestrial impact( ?),forest fires,mass extinction by the end of Cretaceous,and bio-recovery at the beginning of Paleogene. The present study reveals that :( 1) It is appropriate to place the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary in the interval between Bed 172 and Bed 148 of the Jiaozhou Formation in Eastern Shandong;( 2) The mass extinction event by the end of Cretaceous may be closely related to extraterrestrial impacts,but non-avian dinosaur extinction may be not related to those impacts;( 3) Non-avian dinosaurs were extinct before extraterrestrial impacts by the end of Cretaceous worldwide,and there is no evidence that their extinction is directly related to the impacts;( 4) A series of geological events in Late Cretaceous caused the changes of climate,environment and ecological system and worsened them gradually. Terrestrial creatures gradually lost their original living homeland,their diversity and numbers gradually declined,and they eventually disappeared. Non-avian dinosaurs suffered the same fate,and their disappearance could be caused by multiple events,rather than a single event.
Eastern Shandong is a typical region for studying Late Cretaceous and Early Paleogene strata in China. Dating back to1920 s,the research has accumulated a large amount of data on the division and correlation of Cretaceous and Paleogene strata. The present study introduces the stratigraphic sequence of the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary sediments revealed in the borehole I of Shandong Cretaceous Scientific Drilling near the west suburb of Jiaozhou City. The borehole core shows that the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary sediments can be divided into 3 formations( in ascending order) : the Hongtuya Formation,the Shijiatun Formation,and the Jiaozhou Formation. The Hongtuya Formation is redefined herein,comprising a set of red pluvial and alluvial clastic sediments with rich dinosaurs between the underlying Xingezhuang Formation and the overlying Shijiatun Formation. The new definition shows the Hongtuya Formation objectively has comprised the sediments of the Jingangkou Formation. The Shijiatun Formation is a new litho-unit upgraded from the Shijiatun Member,which was originally considered as a basalt member of the Hongtuya Formation. The Shijiatun Formation,in fact,represents the uppermost part of the Wangshi Group,which is composed of volcano-sedimentary strata of more than 970 m in thickness and contacted conformably with both the underlying Hongtuya Formation and the overlying Jiaozhou Formation. The Jiaozhou Formation is mainly composed of purple red siltstones,intercalated with grayish green,yellowish green siltstones and marls,as well as rare sandstones and conglomerates. It is in conformable contact with the underlying Shijiatun Formation of the Wangshi Group,but its relationship with the overlying litho-unit is unclear. Besides,this paper extensively discusses the stratigraphic division and comparison,the stratigraphic distribution of dinosaurs,geological events,paleoclimate and paleoenvironment of the Late Cretaceous in Eastern Shandong. It is proposed that this region experienced a series of events in the Cretaceous-Paleogene period: thriving,decline and disappearance of dinosaurs,fiercely volcanic eruption,extraterrestrial impact( ?),forest fires,mass extinction by the end of Cretaceous,and bio-recovery at the beginning of Paleogene. The present study reveals that :( 1) It is appropriate to place the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary in the interval between Bed 172 and Bed 148 of the Jiaozhou Formation in Eastern Shandong;( 2) The mass extinction event by the end of Cretaceous may be closely related to extraterrestrial impacts,but non-avian dinosaur extinction may be not related to those impacts;( 3) Non-avian dinosaurs were extinct before extraterrestrial impacts by the end of Cretaceous worldwide,and there is no evidence that their extinction is directly related to the impacts;( 4) A series of geological events in Late Cretaceous caused the changes of climate,environment and ecological system and worsened them gradually. Terrestrial creatures gradually lost their original living homeland,their diversity and numbers gradually declined,and they eventually disappeared. Non-avian dinosaurs suffered the same fate,and their disappearance could be caused by multiple events,rather than a single event.
引文
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邢立达,哈里斯,王克柏,等,2010a.山东诸城盆地下白垩统莱阳群的非鸟恐龙与鸟足迹化石组合[J].地质通报,29(8):1105-1112.
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杜远生,李大庆,彭冰霞,等,2002.甘肃省永靖县盐锅峡发现大型蜥脚类恐龙足迹[J].地球科学,27(4):367-372.
董枝明,周忠和,伍少远,2003.记黑龙江畔一鸭嘴龙足印化石[J].古脊椎动物学报,41(4):324-326.
胡承志,1973.山东诸城巨型鸭嘴龙化石[J].地质学报:47(2):179-206.
胡承志,程政武,庞其清,等,2001.巨型山东龙[M].北京:地质出版社.
何幼斌,王文广,2007.沉积岩与沉积相[M].北京:石油工业出版社:31-33.
江苏省地质矿产局.1984.江苏省及上海市区域地质志[M].北京:地质出版社.
旷红伟,柳永清,吴清资,等,2013a.山东沭河裂谷带早白垩世晚期恐龙足迹群与古地理背景[J].古地理学报,15(4):435-553.
旷红伟,许克民,柳永清,等,2013b.胶东诸城晚白垩世恐龙骨骼化石地球化学及埋藏学研究[J].地质论评,59(6):1001-1023.
李日辉,张光威,2000.莱阳盆地莱阳群恐龙足迹化石的新发现[J].地质论评,46(6):605-610.
李日辉,刘明渭,松川正树,2002.山东发现侏罗纪恐龙足迹化石[J].地质通报,21(8/9):596-597.
刘明渭,张庆玉,宋万千,2003.山东省白垩纪岩石地层序列与火山岩系地层划分[J].地层学杂志,27(3):247-253.
李日辉,刘明渭,LOCKLEY M G,2005a.山东莒南后左山恐龙公园早白垩世恐龙足迹化石初步研究[J].地质通报,24(3):277-280.
李日辉,LOCKLEY M G,刘明渭,2005b.山东莒南早白垩世新类型鸟类专家化石[J].科学通报,50(8):783-787.
凌文黎,谢先军,柳小明,2006.鲁东中生代标准剖面青山群火山岩锆石U-Pb年龄及其构造意义[J].中国科学:地球科学,36(5):401-411.
李日辉,LOCKLEY M G,MATSUKAWA M,等,2008.山东莒南地质公园发现小型兽脚类恐龙足迹化石Minisauripus[J].地质通报,27(1):121-125.
柳永清,旷红伟,彭楠,等,2011.山东胶莱盆地白垩纪恐龙足迹与骨骼化石埋藏沉积相与古地理环境[J].地学前缘,18(4):9-24.
孟繁聪,李天福,薛怀民,等,2006.胶莱盆地晚白垩世不同地幔源区的两种基性岩浆:诸城玄武岩和胶州玄武岩的对比[J].岩石学报,22(6):1644-1656.
彭楠,柳永清,旷红伟,等,2013.山东沂沭断裂带早白垩世晚期恐龙足迹特征差异性[J].古地理学报,15(4):517-528.
山东省地质矿产局,1991.山东省区域地质志[M].北京:地质出版社.
山东省地质矿产局,1996.山东省岩石地层[M].武汉:中国地质大学出版社.
司双印,2002.山东大盛群孢粉组合及其年代地层学意义[J].地层学杂志,26(2):126-131.
山东省第四地质矿产勘查院,2003.山东省区域地质[M].济南:山东省地图出版社.
谭锡畴,1923.山东中生代及旧第三纪地层[J].地质汇报,5(2):55-67.
唐嘉锋,刘玉琳,王启飞,2008.山东中生代火山岩年代学研究[J].岩石学报,24(6):1333-1338.
汪明伟,旷红伟,柳永清,等,2013.山东郯城和江苏东海早白垩世晚期恐龙足迹化石新发现及古环境[J].古地理学报,15(4):489-504.
王宝红,柳永清,旷红伟,等,2013.山东诸城堂棣戈早白垩世晚期恐龙足迹化石新发现及其意义[J].古地理学报,15(4):454-466.
邢立达,哈里斯,王克柏,等,2010a.山东诸城盆地下白垩统莱阳群的非鸟恐龙与鸟足迹化石组合[J].地质通报,29(8):1105-1112.
邢立达,哈里斯,贾程凯,等.2010b.江苏下白垩统孟疃组的恐龙足迹群及蜥脚类足迹形态的多样性[J].古生物学报,49(4):448-460.
许欢,柳永清,旷红伟,等,2013.山东诸城早白垩世中期超大规模恐龙足迹群及其古地理与古生态[J].古地理学报,15(4):467-488.
杨钟健,1958.山东莱阳恐龙化石:中国古生物志[M].北京:北京科学出版社.
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