南海新生代生物礁发育规律与油气勘探潜力
|
摘要
南海及周边地区新生代含油气盆地中生物礁大量发育,以区域地质、生物礁油气藏特征等资料为依据,综合分析南海海域新生代生物礁发育规律。研究结果表明:南海新生代生物礁的主要造礁生物为珊瑚藻,以发育远岸礁带为主。南海北部和南部生物礁类型较多,包括塔礁、台地边缘礁和块礁等,南海西部以台地边缘礁最为典型,南海东部主要发育塔礁。南海生物礁形成具有整体北早南晚且同一构造带内东早西晚的发育规律。生物礁都发育在盆地的次级正向构造带上。南海生物礁主要成礁期集中在中新世,有三大主成礁期,分别为早中新世、中中新世和晚中新世。南海海域生物礁伴随着海平面上升而发育,伴随着短暂的海退导致生物礁暴露。南海海域富烃凹陷分布广泛,生物礁储层储集性能优越,发育厚层海相泥岩优质区域性有效盖层,断层面和不整合面是良好的油气垂向运移的主要通道,超压提供了油气运移的动力,南海海域新生代生物礁油气藏前景广阔。
Reefs are greatly developed in Cenozoic petroliferous basins in the South China Sea and its surrounding area. According to the collected data on regional geology and reef reservoirs, a comprehensive analysis was made on the development regularity of Cenozoic reefs. The results indicate that the Cenozoic reefs in the South China Sea were built from coralgals, and they are dominantly infralittoral reefs. In the northern and southern parts of South China Sea, there are diverse reefs, including tower reef, platform-edge reef and massive reef. In the western part, platform-edge reef is typical. In the eastern part, tower reef is dominant. Reefs in the South China Sea were developed earlier in the north than in the south across the region, and earlier in the east than the west within the same tectonic belt. All reefs reside on the secondary positive tectonic belts in basins. The reefs were mainly formed during the Miocene, consisting of three main periods, i.e. Early Miocene, Middle Miocene and Late Miocene. They grew with the sea level rising, and exposed after a transitory regression. Hydrocarbon-rich sags spread widely in the South China Sea, reef reservoirs provide excellent preservation conditions, and thick marine mudstone serves as regional effective seal. Moreover, fault surfaces and unconformities act as main pathways for vertical hydrocarbon migration, and overpressure offers a driving force for hydrocarbon migration. All these conditions suggest a bright exploration prospect for the Cenozoic reef reservoirs in the South China Sea.
Reefs are greatly developed in Cenozoic petroliferous basins in the South China Sea and its surrounding area. According to the collected data on regional geology and reef reservoirs, a comprehensive analysis was made on the development regularity of Cenozoic reefs. The results indicate that the Cenozoic reefs in the South China Sea were built from coralgals, and they are dominantly infralittoral reefs. In the northern and southern parts of South China Sea, there are diverse reefs, including tower reef, platform-edge reef and massive reef. In the western part, platform-edge reef is typical. In the eastern part, tower reef is dominant. Reefs in the South China Sea were developed earlier in the north than in the south across the region, and earlier in the east than the west within the same tectonic belt. All reefs reside on the secondary positive tectonic belts in basins. The reefs were mainly formed during the Miocene, consisting of three main periods, i.e. Early Miocene, Middle Miocene and Late Miocene. They grew with the sea level rising, and exposed after a transitory regression. Hydrocarbon-rich sags spread widely in the South China Sea, reef reservoirs provide excellent preservation conditions, and thick marine mudstone serves as regional effective seal. Moreover, fault surfaces and unconformities act as main pathways for vertical hydrocarbon migration, and overpressure offers a driving force for hydrocarbon migration. All these conditions suggest a bright exploration prospect for the Cenozoic reef reservoirs in the South China Sea.
引文
[1]张功成,屈红军,冯杨伟.深水油气地质学概论[M].北京:科学出版社,2015.Zhang Gongcheng,Qu Hongjun,Feng Yangwei.An introduction to the petroleum geology of deepwater settings[M].Beijing:Science Press,2015.
[2]Ball M M.Exploration methods for stratigraphic traps in carbonate rocks[A].In:King R E.Stratigraphic oil and gas fields-classification,exploration methods,and case histories[C].AAPG Memoir,1972,16:64-81.
[3]Ibrahim M J M,Fawzi M A B.Sedimentology and hydrocarbon generation potential of middle Tithonian-Berriassian Chia Gara Formation,well K-109,Kirkuk oil field,NE Iraq[J].Journal of Kirkuk University,2007,2(1):27-43.
[4]汪新伟,邬长武,郭永强,等.巴西桑托斯盆地卢拉油田成藏特征及对盐下勘探的启迪[J].中国石油勘探,2013,18(3):61-69.Wang Xinwei,Wu Changwu,Guo Yongqiang,et al.Accumulation feature of Lula oilfield and its exploratory implication for pre-salt reservoirs in Santos Basin,Brazil[J].China Petroleum Exploration,2013,18(3):61-69.
[5]龚再升.生物礁是南海北部深水区的重要勘探领域[J].中国海上油气,2009,21(5):289-295.Gong Zaisheng.Reef-important exploration field in deepwater area of of northern continental margin in South China Sea[J].China Offshore Oil and Gas(in Chinese),2009,21(5):289-295.
[6]周守为.中国近海典型油田开发实践[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2009.Zhou Shouwei.Development practice of typical oil fields in offshore of China[M].Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press,2009.
[7]蔡乾忠.中国海域主要沉积盆地成盆动力学研究[J].海洋石油,1998,25(2):1-9.Cai Qianzhong.Study on dynamics of major sedimentary basins in China sea areas[J].marine petroleum,1998,25(2):1-9.
[8]张功成,朱伟林,米立军,等.“源热共控论”:来自南海海域油气田“外油内气”环带有序分布的新认识[J].沉积学报,2010,28(5):987-1005.Zhang Gongcheng,Zhu Weilin,Mi Lijun,et al.The theory of hydrocarbon genernation controlled by source rock and heat from circle distribution of outside-oil fields and insidegas fields in South China Sea[J].Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,2010,28(5):987-1005.
[9]许淑梅,吴鹏,张威,等.南海关键地质历史时期的古海岸线变化[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,2013,33(1):1-10.Xu Shumei,Wu Peng,Zhang Wei,et al.Paleo-coastline changes in South China Sea in some critical times[J].Marine Geology&Quaternary Geology,2013,33(1):1-10.
[10]吴时国,袁圣强,董冬冬,等.南海北部深水区中新世生物礁发育特征[J].海洋与湖沼,2009,40(2):117-121.Wu Shiguo,Yuan Shengqiang,Dong Dongdong,et al.The Miocene reef development characteristics in Northern South China Sea[J].Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica,2009,40(2):117-121.
[11]许红.中国海域及邻区含油气盆地生物礁的对比研究[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,1992,12(4):41-52.Xu Hong.Comparative study on reefs in petroliferous basins in China seas and adjacent areas[J].Marine geology&Quaternary Golog,1992,12(4):41-52.
[12]曾鼎乾.北部湾石炭纪藻礁油藏简介[G].//范嘉松.中国生物礁与油气.北京:海洋出版社,1996:152-156.Zeng Dingqian.Brief introduction of Carboniferous reef in the Beibu Gulf[G].//Fan Jiasong,China bioherm and hydrocarbon.Beijing:Marine Press,1996:152-156.
[13]高红芳,王衍棠,郭丽华.南海西部中建南盆地油气地质条件和勘探前景分析[J].中国地质,2007,34(4):592-598.Gao Hongfang,Wang Yantang,Guo Lihua.Oil and gas geological condition and exploration potential at Zhongjiannan Basin in the Western of South China Sea[J].Geology in China,2007,592-598.
[14]张莉,李文成,曾祥辉.礼乐盆地地层发育特征及其与油气的关系[J].石油实验地质,2003,25(5):469-480.Zhang Li,Li Wencheng,Zeng Xianghui.Development characteristics formation and its relationship with oil and gas of Liyue Basin[J].Petroleum Geology&Experiment,2003,25(5):469-480.
[15]魏喜.西沙海域生物礁特征及油气勘探前景[M].北京:地质出版社,2007:1-125.Wei Xi.Characteristic of reef carbonatite and hydrocarbon exploration foreground in Xisha waters[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House,2007:1-125.
[16]赵强.西沙群岛海域生物礁碳酸盐岩沉积学研究[D].青岛:中国科学院海洋研究所,2010.Zhao Qiang.The sedimentary research about reef carbonatite in Xisha waters[D].Qingdao:Institute of Oceanology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,2010.
[17]Ma Yubo,Wu Shiguo,Lv Fuliang,et al.Seismic characteristics and development of the Xisha carbonate platforms,northern margin of the South China Sea[J].Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,2011,40(3):770-783
[18]匡立春,吴进民,杨木壮.万安盆地新生代地层划分及含油气性[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,1998,18(4):59-68.Kuang Lichun,Wu Jinmin,Yang Muzhuang.Cenozoic stratigraphy and oil-bearing properties in Wanan Basin[J].Marine Geology&Quaternary Geolog,1998,18(4):59-68.
[19]蔡乾忠.中国海域油气地质学[M].北京:海洋出版社,2005.Cai Qianzhong.Petroleum geology of China offshore[M].Beijing:Marine Press,2005.
[20]冉怀江,林畅松,朱筱敏,等.南海北部新近系深水低位沉积特征及控制因素[J].特种油气藏,2015,22(3):46-50.Ran Huaijiang,Lin Changsong,Zhu Xiaomin,et al.Deposit features and control factors of low stands in deep water areas of Neocene in the northern South China Sea[J].Special Oil&Gas Reservoirs,2015,22(3):46-50.
[21]冯杨伟.琼东南盆地深水区梅山组沉积相与丘状反射体地质解释[D].西安:西北大学,2012.Feng Yangwei.Research on sedimentary facies and geologic interpretation of moundy reflectors of Meishan Formation in deepwater area of Qiongdongnan Basin[D].Xi’an:Department of Geology in Northwest University,2012.
[22]邱燕,王英民.南海第三纪生物礁分布与古构造和古环境[J].海洋地质与第四纪,2001,21(1):65-73.Qiu Yan,Wang yingmin.Distribution of Tertiary reefs and the its paleo-structure with paleo-environment in the South China Sea[J].Marine Geology&Quaternary Geolog,2001,21(1):65-73.
[23]郭佳,谢晓军,刘世翔,等.南海曾母盆地新生代沉积体系特征[J].中国石油勘探,2016,21(4):99-107.Guo Jia,Xie Xiaojun,Liu Shixiang,et al.Cenozoic sedimentary systems in Zengmu Basin,South China Sea[J].China Petroleum Exploration,2016,21(4):99-107.
[24]冯杨伟,屈红军,张功成,等.南海北部琼东南盆地深水区梅山组一段地震相分析[J].矿物岩石,2016,36(1):82-95.Feng Yangwei,Qu Hongjun,Zhang Gongcheng,et al.The seismic facies analyzing of deepwater area of Miocene Meishan Formation in Qiongdongnan Basin,Northern South China Sea[J].Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology,2016,36(1):82-95.
[25]张翀,吴世敏,丘学林.南海南部海区前陆盆地形成与演化[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,2007,27(1):61-70.Zhang Chong,Wu Shimin,Qiu Xuelin.Formation of foreland basins in the South of the South China sea[J].Marine Geology&Quaternary Geology,2007,27(1):61-70.
[26]尤丽,李伟,李才,等.琼东南盆地宝岛区深埋藏储层物性主控因素[J].特种油气藏,2014,21(3):37-40.You Li,Li Wei,Li Cai,et al.Main factors affecting physical properties of deep burial reservoir in Baodao area of southeast Hainan Basin[J].Special Oil&Gas Reservoirs,2014,21(3):37-40.
[27]何家雄,陈胜红,马文宏,等.南海东北部珠江口盆地成生演化与油气运聚成藏规律[J].中国地质,2012,39(1):106-118.He Jiaxiong,Chen Shenghong,Ma Wenhong,et al.The evolution,migration and accumulation regularity of oil and gas in Zhujiangkou Basin,northeastern South China Sea[J].Geology in China,2012,39(1):106-118.
[28]何敏,雷永昌,于水明,等.南海北部浅水区低地温断陷成藏特征及勘探启示[J].中国石油勘探,2016,21(4):75-84.He Min,Lei Yongchang,Yu Shuiming,et al.Hydrocarbon accumulation features and exploration inspiration of low geothermal rifted basins in shallow water area of northern South China Sea[J].China Petroleum Exploration,2016,21(4):75-84.
[29]吴景富,杨树春,张功成,等.南海北部深水区盆地热历史及烃源岩热演化研究[J].地球物理学报,2013,56(1):170-180.Wu Jingfu,Yang Shuchun,Zhang Gongcheng,et al.Geothermal history and thermal evolution of the source rocks in the deepwater area of the Northern South China Sea[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2013,56(1):170-180.
[2]Ball M M.Exploration methods for stratigraphic traps in carbonate rocks[A].In:King R E.Stratigraphic oil and gas fields-classification,exploration methods,and case histories[C].AAPG Memoir,1972,16:64-81.
[3]Ibrahim M J M,Fawzi M A B.Sedimentology and hydrocarbon generation potential of middle Tithonian-Berriassian Chia Gara Formation,well K-109,Kirkuk oil field,NE Iraq[J].Journal of Kirkuk University,2007,2(1):27-43.
[4]汪新伟,邬长武,郭永强,等.巴西桑托斯盆地卢拉油田成藏特征及对盐下勘探的启迪[J].中国石油勘探,2013,18(3):61-69.Wang Xinwei,Wu Changwu,Guo Yongqiang,et al.Accumulation feature of Lula oilfield and its exploratory implication for pre-salt reservoirs in Santos Basin,Brazil[J].China Petroleum Exploration,2013,18(3):61-69.
[5]龚再升.生物礁是南海北部深水区的重要勘探领域[J].中国海上油气,2009,21(5):289-295.Gong Zaisheng.Reef-important exploration field in deepwater area of of northern continental margin in South China Sea[J].China Offshore Oil and Gas(in Chinese),2009,21(5):289-295.
[6]周守为.中国近海典型油田开发实践[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2009.Zhou Shouwei.Development practice of typical oil fields in offshore of China[M].Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press,2009.
[7]蔡乾忠.中国海域主要沉积盆地成盆动力学研究[J].海洋石油,1998,25(2):1-9.Cai Qianzhong.Study on dynamics of major sedimentary basins in China sea areas[J].marine petroleum,1998,25(2):1-9.
[8]张功成,朱伟林,米立军,等.“源热共控论”:来自南海海域油气田“外油内气”环带有序分布的新认识[J].沉积学报,2010,28(5):987-1005.Zhang Gongcheng,Zhu Weilin,Mi Lijun,et al.The theory of hydrocarbon genernation controlled by source rock and heat from circle distribution of outside-oil fields and insidegas fields in South China Sea[J].Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,2010,28(5):987-1005.
[9]许淑梅,吴鹏,张威,等.南海关键地质历史时期的古海岸线变化[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,2013,33(1):1-10.Xu Shumei,Wu Peng,Zhang Wei,et al.Paleo-coastline changes in South China Sea in some critical times[J].Marine Geology&Quaternary Geology,2013,33(1):1-10.
[10]吴时国,袁圣强,董冬冬,等.南海北部深水区中新世生物礁发育特征[J].海洋与湖沼,2009,40(2):117-121.Wu Shiguo,Yuan Shengqiang,Dong Dongdong,et al.The Miocene reef development characteristics in Northern South China Sea[J].Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica,2009,40(2):117-121.
[11]许红.中国海域及邻区含油气盆地生物礁的对比研究[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,1992,12(4):41-52.Xu Hong.Comparative study on reefs in petroliferous basins in China seas and adjacent areas[J].Marine geology&Quaternary Golog,1992,12(4):41-52.
[12]曾鼎乾.北部湾石炭纪藻礁油藏简介[G].//范嘉松.中国生物礁与油气.北京:海洋出版社,1996:152-156.Zeng Dingqian.Brief introduction of Carboniferous reef in the Beibu Gulf[G].//Fan Jiasong,China bioherm and hydrocarbon.Beijing:Marine Press,1996:152-156.
[13]高红芳,王衍棠,郭丽华.南海西部中建南盆地油气地质条件和勘探前景分析[J].中国地质,2007,34(4):592-598.Gao Hongfang,Wang Yantang,Guo Lihua.Oil and gas geological condition and exploration potential at Zhongjiannan Basin in the Western of South China Sea[J].Geology in China,2007,592-598.
[14]张莉,李文成,曾祥辉.礼乐盆地地层发育特征及其与油气的关系[J].石油实验地质,2003,25(5):469-480.Zhang Li,Li Wencheng,Zeng Xianghui.Development characteristics formation and its relationship with oil and gas of Liyue Basin[J].Petroleum Geology&Experiment,2003,25(5):469-480.
[15]魏喜.西沙海域生物礁特征及油气勘探前景[M].北京:地质出版社,2007:1-125.Wei Xi.Characteristic of reef carbonatite and hydrocarbon exploration foreground in Xisha waters[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House,2007:1-125.
[16]赵强.西沙群岛海域生物礁碳酸盐岩沉积学研究[D].青岛:中国科学院海洋研究所,2010.Zhao Qiang.The sedimentary research about reef carbonatite in Xisha waters[D].Qingdao:Institute of Oceanology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,2010.
[17]Ma Yubo,Wu Shiguo,Lv Fuliang,et al.Seismic characteristics and development of the Xisha carbonate platforms,northern margin of the South China Sea[J].Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,2011,40(3):770-783
[18]匡立春,吴进民,杨木壮.万安盆地新生代地层划分及含油气性[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,1998,18(4):59-68.Kuang Lichun,Wu Jinmin,Yang Muzhuang.Cenozoic stratigraphy and oil-bearing properties in Wanan Basin[J].Marine Geology&Quaternary Geolog,1998,18(4):59-68.
[19]蔡乾忠.中国海域油气地质学[M].北京:海洋出版社,2005.Cai Qianzhong.Petroleum geology of China offshore[M].Beijing:Marine Press,2005.
[20]冉怀江,林畅松,朱筱敏,等.南海北部新近系深水低位沉积特征及控制因素[J].特种油气藏,2015,22(3):46-50.Ran Huaijiang,Lin Changsong,Zhu Xiaomin,et al.Deposit features and control factors of low stands in deep water areas of Neocene in the northern South China Sea[J].Special Oil&Gas Reservoirs,2015,22(3):46-50.
[21]冯杨伟.琼东南盆地深水区梅山组沉积相与丘状反射体地质解释[D].西安:西北大学,2012.Feng Yangwei.Research on sedimentary facies and geologic interpretation of moundy reflectors of Meishan Formation in deepwater area of Qiongdongnan Basin[D].Xi’an:Department of Geology in Northwest University,2012.
[22]邱燕,王英民.南海第三纪生物礁分布与古构造和古环境[J].海洋地质与第四纪,2001,21(1):65-73.Qiu Yan,Wang yingmin.Distribution of Tertiary reefs and the its paleo-structure with paleo-environment in the South China Sea[J].Marine Geology&Quaternary Geolog,2001,21(1):65-73.
[23]郭佳,谢晓军,刘世翔,等.南海曾母盆地新生代沉积体系特征[J].中国石油勘探,2016,21(4):99-107.Guo Jia,Xie Xiaojun,Liu Shixiang,et al.Cenozoic sedimentary systems in Zengmu Basin,South China Sea[J].China Petroleum Exploration,2016,21(4):99-107.
[24]冯杨伟,屈红军,张功成,等.南海北部琼东南盆地深水区梅山组一段地震相分析[J].矿物岩石,2016,36(1):82-95.Feng Yangwei,Qu Hongjun,Zhang Gongcheng,et al.The seismic facies analyzing of deepwater area of Miocene Meishan Formation in Qiongdongnan Basin,Northern South China Sea[J].Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology,2016,36(1):82-95.
[25]张翀,吴世敏,丘学林.南海南部海区前陆盆地形成与演化[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,2007,27(1):61-70.Zhang Chong,Wu Shimin,Qiu Xuelin.Formation of foreland basins in the South of the South China sea[J].Marine Geology&Quaternary Geology,2007,27(1):61-70.
[26]尤丽,李伟,李才,等.琼东南盆地宝岛区深埋藏储层物性主控因素[J].特种油气藏,2014,21(3):37-40.You Li,Li Wei,Li Cai,et al.Main factors affecting physical properties of deep burial reservoir in Baodao area of southeast Hainan Basin[J].Special Oil&Gas Reservoirs,2014,21(3):37-40.
[27]何家雄,陈胜红,马文宏,等.南海东北部珠江口盆地成生演化与油气运聚成藏规律[J].中国地质,2012,39(1):106-118.He Jiaxiong,Chen Shenghong,Ma Wenhong,et al.The evolution,migration and accumulation regularity of oil and gas in Zhujiangkou Basin,northeastern South China Sea[J].Geology in China,2012,39(1):106-118.
[28]何敏,雷永昌,于水明,等.南海北部浅水区低地温断陷成藏特征及勘探启示[J].中国石油勘探,2016,21(4):75-84.He Min,Lei Yongchang,Yu Shuiming,et al.Hydrocarbon accumulation features and exploration inspiration of low geothermal rifted basins in shallow water area of northern South China Sea[J].China Petroleum Exploration,2016,21(4):75-84.
[29]吴景富,杨树春,张功成,等.南海北部深水区盆地热历史及烃源岩热演化研究[J].地球物理学报,2013,56(1):170-180.Wu Jingfu,Yang Shuchun,Zhang Gongcheng,et al.Geothermal history and thermal evolution of the source rocks in the deepwater area of the Northern South China Sea[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2013,56(1):170-180.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |