责任分配抑或权利确认:流域生态补偿适用条件之辨析

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英文篇名：Responsibility distribution or right confirmation:analysis on the applicable conditions of watershed ecological compensation 作者：谢玲 ; 李爱年 英文作者：XIE Ling;LI Ai-nian;Law School,Chongqing University;Law School,Guangdong Ocean University;Law School,Hunan Normal University; 关键词：生态补偿 ; 流域生态补偿 ; 适用条件 ; 受偿主体 英文关键词：ecological compensation;;watershed ecological compensation;;applicable conditions;;compensated subject 中文刊名：ZGRZ 英文刊名：China Population,Resources and Environment 机构：重庆大学法学院;广东海洋大学法学院;湖南师范大学法学院; 出版日期：2016-10-15 出版单位：中国人口·资源与环境 年：2016 期：v.26;No.194 基金：国家社科基金重大项目“生态文明法律制度建设研究”(批准号:14ZDC029);国家社科基金重点项目“我国流域生态补偿法律制度建设研究”(批准号:12AFX014);; 广东省哲学社会科学“十二五”规划2015年学科共建项目“海洋生态损害司法救济制度研究”(编号:GD15XFX03);; 广东海洋大学2014年度人文社科重点项目“我国海洋生态安全预警法律机制研究” 语种：中文; 页：ZGRZ201610014 页数：7 CN：10 ISSN：37-1196/N 分类号：112-118

摘要

当前有关流域生态补偿的研究和实践探索,均倾向于从责任分配视角来设定流域生态补偿的适用条件。然而,从责任分配视角来界定流域生态补偿之适用条件面临着诸多困境。以水质控制目标作为适用条件的地方立法和以超过Ⅲ类水质标准作为流域生态补偿适用条件之观点,均限缩了流域生态补偿的适用范围,导致了补偿义务主体与受偿主体之间法律关系的混乱,并背离了流域生态补偿的本质和基本功能预设。无论从流域生态补偿的功能定位出发,还是基于该制度构建的正当性基础和可行性考量,均应从权利确认而非责任分配视角来明晰流域生态补偿之适用条件。首先,流域生态补偿的基本功能是流域生态利益正向供给激励,受偿主体的权利确认与保障是这一制度构建的重心。从责任分配的角度来界定流域生态补偿之适用条件,将导致其基本功能的偏离;其次,"最少受惠者的最大利益"原则是流域生态补偿制度构建的正当性基础,流域生态补偿的本质是对"最少受惠者"发展权的弥补。从责任分配视角界定流域生态补偿之适用条件遮蔽了流域生态补偿法律关系中的"最少受惠者";再次,受益主体的非特定性意味着从权利确认视角来界定流域生态补偿之适用条件将更具有可行性。从权利确认视角来看,流域生态补偿的适用条件应包括:有生态增益行为、非有责主体、不问主观动机与现实损害后果。
        At present,the research and practice of watershed ecological compensation all tend to set its applicable conditions from the perspective of responsibility distribution,which confronts many difficulties. Both of the local legislative texts which take the water quality control as the target to set the applicable conditions and the viewpoint which takes the water quality standard over Class III as the applicable conditions have greatly limited the applicable scope of watershed ecological compensation,which have caused the confusion of the legal relations between the compensational obligation subject and the compensated subject,and meanwhile,have also departed from its essence and basic functions of presupposition. No matter from the function of ecological compensation,or from the legitimacy basis,feasibility consideration on the construction of watershed ecological compensation system,its applicable conditions should be clarified from the perspective of right confirmation rather than responsibility distribution. First,the basic function of watershed ecological compensation is to inspire the positive supply of watershed ecological interest,and the focus of its system construction is the confirmation and guarantee of the rights for the compensated subject. It will lead to the deviation from the basic function if the applicable condition is defined from the responsibility distribution. Second,the principle of ‘the best interest of the least-advantaged'is the legitimacy basis of the construction of watershed ecological compensation system,whose essence is to compensate the development right for ‘the least-advantaged'. It covers the role of ‘the best interest of the least-advantaged'in legal relationship among watershed ecological compensation to define its applicable conditions from the perspective of responsibility distribution. Third,the non-specificity of the benefited subject means that it is more feasible to define the applicable conditions of watershed ecological compensation conditions from the right confirmation,from which its applicable conditions should include: having the ecological gain behavior,the non-responsibility subject,without accounting for the subjective motive and the real damage consequence.

引文

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