惠特曼城市书写中的生态意识
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摘要
惠特曼的城市书写中蕴有丰富的生态意识。在惠特曼笔下,城市不是横亘于人与自然、人与人之间的障碍,而是一个充满生态气息与和谐氛围的城市形象。人类通过对自然环境的体验,在城市化视野内重新对自我进行认知和定位,建构出一个普遍性与特殊性兼具的生态自我。自然环境与人工环境共同构成多圈层的城市生态系统,将生态环境的范畴由单纯的自然环境扩展至整个城市空间。惠特曼对城市、自我与自然环境之间和谐关系的探寻,也为后人带来一些有益的启示。
Whitman's city writing embodies abundant ecological awareness. No longer being a barrier between man and nature or an obstacle in the interpersonal communication, Whitman's city turns out to be an image full of ecological ambience and harmonious atmosphere. By perceiving the natural environment, Whitman tries to reconceive himself in the urban environment and to cultivate within the context of urbanization an Ecological Self which is both particular and universal. Whitman's city is a multi-layered ecological system consisting of both the built environment and the natural world, expanding the concept of the ecological environment from the pure natural space to the entire urban sphere. Nowadays urbanization has become a global issue and Whitman's exploration provides an inspirational lead for us in seeking a solution to the urban problems and a balance between man and nature.
Whitman's city writing embodies abundant ecological awareness. No longer being a barrier between man and nature or an obstacle in the interpersonal communication, Whitman's city turns out to be an image full of ecological ambience and harmonious atmosphere. By perceiving the natural environment, Whitman tries to reconceive himself in the urban environment and to cultivate within the context of urbanization an Ecological Self which is both particular and universal. Whitman's city is a multi-layered ecological system consisting of both the built environment and the natural world, expanding the concept of the ecological environment from the pure natural space to the entire urban sphere. Nowadays urbanization has become a global issue and Whitman's exploration provides an inspirational lead for us in seeking a solution to the urban problems and a balance between man and nature.
引文
①参见刘翠湘:《惠特曼的海洋诗歌及其生态意义》,《世界文学评论》,2009年第1期;夏光武:《美国生态文学》,学林出版社,2009年,第61-64页;朱新福:《惠特曼的自然思想和生态视域》,《苏州大学学报》,2006年第2期;耿纪永:《从生态意识看20世纪美国自然诗的流变》,《国外文学》,2010年第2期等。
②Harry Levin,The Power of Blackness:Hawthorne,Poe,Melville,New York:Knopf,1958,234.
①[美]霍桑著,方博译:《古宅传奇》,上海译文出版社,1991年,第92页。
②转引自[美]纳什著,杨通进译:《大自然的权利:环境伦理学史》,青岛出版社,1999年,第43页。
③Thomas Carlyle,The Correspondence of Thomas Carlyle andRalph Waldo Emerson,1834-1872,Teddington:The EchoLibrary,2007,151.
④Ralph Waldo Emerson,The Heart of Emerson's Journals,MT:Kessinger Publishing,2003,264.
⑤Morton White,Lucia White,The Intellectual versus the City,Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1962,2.
⑥[美]惠特曼著,赵萝蕤译:《一路摆过布鲁克林渡口》,《草叶集》,上海译文出版社,1991年,第277页。以下凡引此诗,不再一一注明。
⑦Walt Whitman,Complete Poetry and Collected Prose,New York:The Librany of America,1982,613.
⑧李野光:《惠特曼研究》,上海外语教育出版社,2003年,第114页。
⑨[美]惠特曼著,赵萝蕤译:《草叶集》,上海译文出版社,1991年,第748页。
①[美]惠特曼著,赵萝蕤译:《船的城市》,《草叶集》,上海译文出版社,1991年,第505页。
②Killingsworth M.Jimmie,Walt Whitman and the Earth:A Studyin Ecopoetics,Iowa:University of Iowa Press,2004,139.
③Domosh Mona,Invented Cities:The Creation of Landscape inNineteenth-Century New York and Boston,New Haven:YaleUniversity Press,1996,86.
④[美]惠特曼著,赵萝蕤译:《船的城市》,《草叶集》,上海译文出版社,1991年,第505页。
①李野光:《惠特曼研究》,上海外语教育出版社,2003年,第160页。
②Julie Newman,Green Ethics and Philosophy,Los Angeles:SAGEPublications,2011,15.
③Stanley K.Coffman,Jr.,“Crossing Brooklyn Ferry':A Note onthe Catalogue Technique in Whitman's Poetry”,Modern Philology,51.4(1954).
④James L.Machor,Pastoral Cities:Urban Ideals and theSymbolic Landscape of America,Madison:University of Wis-consin Press,1987,337.
⑤Gay Wilson Allen,Walt Whitman Hand Book,Chicago:Pack-ard&Company,1946,133.
①Ralph Waldo Emerson,The Complete Prose Works,New York:Ward,Lock&Co.,1891,336.
②马特:《城市化与自我身份建构——解读惠特曼〈横过布鲁克林渡口〉》,《社会科学辑刊》,2011年第3期。
③杨通进:《现代文明的生态转向》,重庆出版社,2007年,第63-64页。
④Marina F.Schauffler,Turning to Earth:Stories of EcologicalConversion,Charlottesville:University of Virginia Press,2003,44.
⑤Ralph Waldo Emerson,The Complete Prose Works,New York:Ward,Lock&Co.,1891,311.
①[美]惠特曼著,赵萝蕤译:《我自己的歌》,《草叶集》,上海译文出版社,1991年,第78页。
②Wynn M.Thomas,“Whitman's Tale of Two Cities”,AmericanLiterary History,6.4(1994).
③James E.Miller,Jr.,Walt Whitman,New York:Twayne,1962,134.
④James L Machor.“Pastoralism and the American Urban Ideal:Hawthorne,Whitman,and the Literary Pattern”,AmericanLiterature,54.3(1982).
⑤[美]惠特曼著,赵萝蕤译:《给我那光彩夺目的沉默的太阳》,《草叶集》,上海译文出版社,1991年,540页。
⑥Walt Whitman,Complete Poetry and Collected Prose,NewYork:The Library of America,1982,939.
⑦[美]劳伦斯·布依尔:《文学研究的绿化现象》,《国外文学》,2005年第3期。
①Lawrence Buell,Writing for an Endangered World:Literature,Culture,and Environment in the U.S.andBeyond,Cambridge:Belknap Press of Harvard UniversityPress,2001,66.
②Harry Levin,The Power of Blackness:Hawthorne,Poe,Melville,New York:Knopf,1958,234.
①[美]霍桑著,方博译:《古宅传奇》,上海译文出版社,1991年,第92页。
②转引自[美]纳什著,杨通进译:《大自然的权利:环境伦理学史》,青岛出版社,1999年,第43页。
③Thomas Carlyle,The Correspondence of Thomas Carlyle andRalph Waldo Emerson,1834-1872,Teddington:The EchoLibrary,2007,151.
④Ralph Waldo Emerson,The Heart of Emerson's Journals,MT:Kessinger Publishing,2003,264.
⑤Morton White,Lucia White,The Intellectual versus the City,Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1962,2.
⑥[美]惠特曼著,赵萝蕤译:《一路摆过布鲁克林渡口》,《草叶集》,上海译文出版社,1991年,第277页。以下凡引此诗,不再一一注明。
⑦Walt Whitman,Complete Poetry and Collected Prose,New York:The Librany of America,1982,613.
⑧李野光:《惠特曼研究》,上海外语教育出版社,2003年,第114页。
⑨[美]惠特曼著,赵萝蕤译:《草叶集》,上海译文出版社,1991年,第748页。
①[美]惠特曼著,赵萝蕤译:《船的城市》,《草叶集》,上海译文出版社,1991年,第505页。
②Killingsworth M.Jimmie,Walt Whitman and the Earth:A Studyin Ecopoetics,Iowa:University of Iowa Press,2004,139.
③Domosh Mona,Invented Cities:The Creation of Landscape inNineteenth-Century New York and Boston,New Haven:YaleUniversity Press,1996,86.
④[美]惠特曼著,赵萝蕤译:《船的城市》,《草叶集》,上海译文出版社,1991年,第505页。
①李野光:《惠特曼研究》,上海外语教育出版社,2003年,第160页。
②Julie Newman,Green Ethics and Philosophy,Los Angeles:SAGEPublications,2011,15.
③Stanley K.Coffman,Jr.,“Crossing Brooklyn Ferry':A Note onthe Catalogue Technique in Whitman's Poetry”,Modern Philology,51.4(1954).
④James L.Machor,Pastoral Cities:Urban Ideals and theSymbolic Landscape of America,Madison:University of Wis-consin Press,1987,337.
⑤Gay Wilson Allen,Walt Whitman Hand Book,Chicago:Pack-ard&Company,1946,133.
①Ralph Waldo Emerson,The Complete Prose Works,New York:Ward,Lock&Co.,1891,336.
②马特:《城市化与自我身份建构——解读惠特曼〈横过布鲁克林渡口〉》,《社会科学辑刊》,2011年第3期。
③杨通进:《现代文明的生态转向》,重庆出版社,2007年,第63-64页。
④Marina F.Schauffler,Turning to Earth:Stories of EcologicalConversion,Charlottesville:University of Virginia Press,2003,44.
⑤Ralph Waldo Emerson,The Complete Prose Works,New York:Ward,Lock&Co.,1891,311.
①[美]惠特曼著,赵萝蕤译:《我自己的歌》,《草叶集》,上海译文出版社,1991年,第78页。
②Wynn M.Thomas,“Whitman's Tale of Two Cities”,AmericanLiterary History,6.4(1994).
③James E.Miller,Jr.,Walt Whitman,New York:Twayne,1962,134.
④James L Machor.“Pastoralism and the American Urban Ideal:Hawthorne,Whitman,and the Literary Pattern”,AmericanLiterature,54.3(1982).
⑤[美]惠特曼著,赵萝蕤译:《给我那光彩夺目的沉默的太阳》,《草叶集》,上海译文出版社,1991年,540页。
⑥Walt Whitman,Complete Poetry and Collected Prose,NewYork:The Library of America,1982,939.
⑦[美]劳伦斯·布依尔:《文学研究的绿化现象》,《国外文学》,2005年第3期。
①Lawrence Buell,Writing for an Endangered World:Literature,Culture,and Environment in the U.S.andBeyond,Cambridge:Belknap Press of Harvard UniversityPress,2001,66.
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