Labor and the rise of the Tiwanaku state (AD 500-1100): A bioarchaeological study of activity patterns.

详细信息   

• 作者：Becker ; Sara Kathryn.
• 学历：Ph.D.
• 年：2013
• 导师：Hutchinson, Dale L.,eadvisorBillman, Brianecommittee memberCrumley, Carole L.ecommittee memberSorensen, Markecommittee memberBlom, Deborah E.ecommittee memberGoldstein, Paul S.ecommittee member
• 毕业院校：The University of North Carolina
• Department：Anthropology
• ISBN：9781303107177
• CBH：3562866
• Country：USA
• 语种：English
• FileSize：7512110
• Pages：341

文摘

This dissertation focused on understanding labor during the development of Tiwanaku (AD 500-1100), one of the earliest Andean states. Prior archaeological research (Kolata 1991, 1993a, b； Stanish 1994, 2003) argued that Tiwanaku labor was centralized under a corvé；e mit'a system. Labor was controlled and distributed by elites living within the city of Tiwanaku under a hierarchical political organization (Kolata 2003a). Other research (e.g. Albarrací；n-Jordá；n 2003； Erickson 2006) argued that local and decentralized control of labor, with workforce cooperation and collaboration under a heterarchical political system, was an important factor to the state's emergence, formation, and expansion. The author interpreted bioarchaeological research on Tiwanaku skeletal remains in order to answer questions about the Tiwanaku workforce, possible agriculture or craft-based activities performed, workload levels, gendered division of labor, as well as the political structure of the state. Skeletal samples from 1,235 adult burials were examined from previously excavated archaeological sites in the core region in the Titicaca Basin, Bolivia and a colony in the Moquegua Valley, Peru. Evidence from musculoskeletal stress markers (MSM) and osteoarthritis (OA) were used to understand activity distribution and types of labor present within different areas of Tiwanaku society. This evidence was compared geographically between the core and colony, between different areas within the core, and between individual archaeological sites. Chronological change in labor was also compared during the Tiwanaku state (Tiwanaku phase, AD 500&ndash；1100) to labor from prior to polity formation (Late Formative phase, 250 BC&mdash；AD 500) and labor after the collapse of the Tiwanaku state (Post-Tiwanaku phase, AD 1100&ndash；1300). In addition, osteological age-at-death and sex were correlated with group composition in order to develop a more nuanced understanding of the individuals who comprised the Tiwanaku state. These findings revealed that labor was locally controlled around a decentralized and cooperative network. Activity levels in the core were also higher prior to the Tiwanaku state, indicating that highland people who formed this state may have worked less heavily and repetitively than people who lived in this region prior to the Tiwanaku state. Labor reciprocity may have been one reason to embrace becoming a member of this polity.