Perchlorate in Indoor Dust and Human Urine in China: Contribution of Indoor Dust to Total Daily Intake

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• 作者：Tao Zhang ; Xiaojia Chen ; Dou Wang ; Rudan Li ; Yufang Ma ; Weiwen Mo ; Hongwen Sun ; Kurunthachalam Kannan
• 刊名：Environmental Science & Technology
• 出版年：2015
• 出版时间：February 17, 2015
• 年：2015
• 卷：49
• 期：4
• 页码：2443-2450
• 全文大小：303K
• ISSN：1520-5851

文摘

Perchlorate is used in fireworks and China is the largest fireworks producer and consumer in the world. Information regarding human exposure to perchlorate is scarce in China, and exposure via indoor dust ingestion (EDI_{indoor聽dust}) has rarely been evaluated. In this study, perchlorate was found in indoor dust (detection rate: 100%, median: 47.4 渭g/g), human urine (99%, 26.2 ng/mL), drinking water (100%, 3.99 ng/mL), and dairy milk (100%, 12.3 ng/mL) collected from cities that have fireworks manufacturing areas (Yueyang and Nanchang) and in cities that do not have fireworks manufacturing industries (Tianjin, Shijiazhuang, Yuxi and Guilin) in China. In comparison with perchlorate levels reported for other countries, perchlorate levels in urine samples from fireworks sites and nonfireworks sites in China were higher. Median indoor dust perchlorate concentrations were positively correlated (r = 0.964, p < 0.001) with outdoor dust perchlorate levels reported previously. The total daily intake (EDI_toal) of perchlorate, estimated based on urinary levels, ranged from 0.090 to 27.72 渭g/kg body weight (bw)/day for all studied participants; the percentage of donors who had EDI_total exceeding the reference dose (RfD) recommended by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) was 79%, 48%, and 25% for toddlers (median: 1.829 渭g/kg bw/day), adults (0.669 渭g/kg bw/day), and children (median: 0.373 渭g/kg bw/day), respectively. Toddlers (0.258 渭g/kg bw/day) had the highest median EDI_{indoor聽dust}, which was 2 to 5 times greater than the EDI_{indoor聽dust} calculated for other age groups (the range of median values: 0.044 to 0.127 渭g/kg bw/day). Contribution of indoor dust to EDI_total was 26%, 28%, and 7% for toddlers, children, and adults, respectively. Indoor dust contributed higher percentage to EDI_total than that by dairy milk (0.5鈥?%).