页岩气高精度三维地震勘探技术的应用与探讨——以四川盆地焦石坝大型页岩气田勘探实践为例
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摘要
中国南方海相页岩气成藏模式与北美地区存在着明显的差异,前者储层厚度普遍较薄且保存条件复杂,常规的二维、三维地震勘探技术难以精细刻画泥页岩层的构造特征并准确反映优质泥页岩的分布规律,因而影响了页岩气水平井井位部署的成功率。要想在中国南方海相沉积区获得页岩气商业产能,就必须实施面向岩性勘探的三维高精度地震勘探,准确描述页岩气"甜点"的分布情况。因此,针对四川盆地东南部涪陵焦石坝地区复杂的地震、地质条件,三维高精度地震采集观测系统的设计应该具备宽方位、小道距、高覆盖、纵横向覆盖均匀、适中排列的特点,以满足页岩气勘探对构造解释、岩性解释以及裂缝预测的需要。基于该思路,2013年在该区实施的首个高精度三维地震勘探项目对焦石坝大型页岩气田的发现起到了重要的促进作用。基于四川盆地海相优质泥页岩从志留系到寒武系呈多层系发育的特点,可以实施页岩气立体勘探的策略,充分挖掘高精度三维地震资料中所包含的浅、中、深地层的油气信息,全面扩大勘探成果,以平衡页岩气勘探开发高昂的上游成本,持续推动该区页岩气高效勘探开发进程。
The accumulation pattern of the marine shale gas in South China is different from that in North America.The former has generally thin reservoirs and complex preservation conditions,so it is difficult to make a fine description of the structural features of shale formation and to reflect accurately the distribution pattern of high-quality shale by using the conventional 2D and 3D seismic exploration technology,which has an adverse effect on the successful deployment of horizontal wells.In view of this,3D high-precision seismic exploration focusing on lithological survey was implemented to make an accurate description of the distribution of shale gas sweet spots so that commercial shale gas production can be obtained.Therefore,due to the complex seismic geological condition of the Jiaoshiba area in Fuling,SE Sichuan Basin,the observation system of 3D high-precision seismic acquisition should have such features as wide-azimuth angles,small trace intervals,high folds,uniform vertical and horizontal coverage and long spread to meet the needs of the shale gas exploration in terms of tectonic interpretation,lithological interpretation and fracture prediction.Based on this idea,the first implemented3 D high-precision seismic exploration project in the Jiaoshiba area played an important role in the discovery of the large Jiaoshiba shale gas field.Considering that the high-quality marine shale in the Sichuan Basin shows the characteristic of multi-layer development from the Silurian system to the Cambrian system,the strategy of shale gas stereoscopic exploration should be implemented to fully obtain the oil and gas information of the shallow,medium and deep strata from the 3D high-precision seismic data,and ultimately to expand the prospecting achievements in an all-round way to balance the high upstream exploration cost,and to continue to push the efficient shale gas exploration and development process in China.
The accumulation pattern of the marine shale gas in South China is different from that in North America.The former has generally thin reservoirs and complex preservation conditions,so it is difficult to make a fine description of the structural features of shale formation and to reflect accurately the distribution pattern of high-quality shale by using the conventional 2D and 3D seismic exploration technology,which has an adverse effect on the successful deployment of horizontal wells.In view of this,3D high-precision seismic exploration focusing on lithological survey was implemented to make an accurate description of the distribution of shale gas sweet spots so that commercial shale gas production can be obtained.Therefore,due to the complex seismic geological condition of the Jiaoshiba area in Fuling,SE Sichuan Basin,the observation system of 3D high-precision seismic acquisition should have such features as wide-azimuth angles,small trace intervals,high folds,uniform vertical and horizontal coverage and long spread to meet the needs of the shale gas exploration in terms of tectonic interpretation,lithological interpretation and fracture prediction.Based on this idea,the first implemented3 D high-precision seismic exploration project in the Jiaoshiba area played an important role in the discovery of the large Jiaoshiba shale gas field.Considering that the high-quality marine shale in the Sichuan Basin shows the characteristic of multi-layer development from the Silurian system to the Cambrian system,the strategy of shale gas stereoscopic exploration should be implemented to fully obtain the oil and gas information of the shallow,medium and deep strata from the 3D high-precision seismic data,and ultimately to expand the prospecting achievements in an all-round way to balance the high upstream exploration cost,and to continue to push the efficient shale gas exploration and development process in China.
引文
[1]郭旭升,郭彤楼,魏志红,张汉荣,刘若冰,柳智利,等.中国南方页岩气勘探评价的几点思考[J].中国工程科学,2012,14(6):101-105.Guo Xusheng,Guo Tonglou,Wei Zhihong,Zhang Hanrong,Liu Ruobing,Liu Zhili,et al.Thoughts on shale gas exploration in southern China[J].Engineering Sciences,2012,14(6):101-105.
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[4]李新景,吕宗刚,董大忠,程克明.北美页岩气资源形成的地质条件[J].天然气工业,2009,29(5):27—32.Li Xinjing,Lii Zonggang,Dong Dazhong,Cheng Kerning.Geologic controls on accumulation of shale gas in North America[J].Natural Gas Industry,2009,29(5):27-32.
[5]刘伟,贺振华,李可恩,张固澜,容娇君,马钊,等.地球物理技术在页岩气勘探开发中的应用和前景[J].煤田地质与勘探,2013,41(6):68—73.Liu Wei,He Zhenhua,Li Ke'en,Zhang Gulan,Rong Jiaojun,Ma Zhao,et al.Application and prospective of geophysics in shale gas development[J].Coal Geology&Exploration,2013,41(6):68-73.
[6]Johnson GM,Miller P.Advanced imaging and inversion for unconventional resource plays[J].First Break,2013,31(7):41-50.DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/1365-2397.2013020.
[7]Johnson GM,Miller P,Phillips D.Advanced imaging and inversion for oil production estimates in unconventional resource plays[C]//Unconventional Resources Technology Conference,12-14 August2013,Denver,Colorado,USA.http://archives.datapages.com/data/urtec/2013/urtec-1579585-johnson.htm.
[8]Koesoemadinate A,El-Kaseeh G,Banik N,Dai Jianchun,Egan M,Gonzalez A,et al.Seismic reservoir characterization in Marcellus shale[C]//2011 SEG Annual Meeting,18-23 September 2011,San Antonio,Texas,USA.https://www.onepetro.org/conference-paper/SEG-2011-3700.
[9]Anon.Mississippian shale seismic reservoir characterization improves gas production[R/OL].https://www.slb.com/~/media/Files/industry_challenges/unconventional_gas/case_studies/seismic_characterization_mississippian_shale.pdf.
[10]Meisenhelder J.Seismic for unconventionals[J/OL],E&P Magazine,June 2013.http://www.epmag.com/seismic-unconventionals-694971.
[11]张金川,姜生玲,唐玄,张培先,唐颖,荆铁亚.我国页岩气富集类型及资源特点[J].天然气工业,2009,29(12):109-114.Zhang Jinchuan,Jiang Shengling,Tang Xuan,Zhang Peixian,Tang Ying,Jing Tieya.Accumulation types and resources characteristics of shale gas in China[J].Natural Gas Industry,2009,29(12):109-114.
[12]赵靖舟,方朝强,张洁,王力,张新新.由北美页岩气勘探开发看我国页岩气选区评价[J].西安石油大学学报:自然科学版),2011,26(2):1-7.Zhao Jingzhou,Fang Chaoqiang,Zhang Jie,Wang Li,Zhang Xinxin.Evaluation of China shale gas from the exploration and development of North America shale gas[J].Journal of Xi'an Shiyou University:Natural Science Edition,2011,26(2):1-7.
[13]李庆辉,陈勉,Fred P Wang,金衍,李志猛.工程因素对页岩气产量的影响——以北美Haynesville页岩气藏为例[J].天然气工业,2012,32(4):54—59.Li Qinghui,Chen Mian,Wang FP,Jin Yan,Li Zhimeng.Influences of engineering factors on shale gas productivity:A case study from the Haynesville shale gas reservoir in North America[J].Natural Gas Industry,2012,32(4):54-59.
[14]郭旭升.南方海相页岩气“二元富集”规律——四川盆地及周缘龙马溪组页岩气勘探实践认识[J].地质学报,2014,88(7):1209-1218.Guo Xusheng.Rules of two-factor enrichment for marine shale gas in Southern China—Understanding from the Longmaxi Formation shale gas in Sichuan Basin and its surrounding area[J].Acta Geologica Sinica,2014,88(7):1209-1218.
[15]邹才能,董大忠,王社教,李建忠,李新景,王玉满,等.中国页岩气形成机理、地质特征及资源潜力[J].石油勘探与开发,2010,37(6):641-653.Zou Caineng,Dong Dazhong,Wang Shejiao,Li Jianzhong,Li Xinjing,Wang Yuman,et al.Geological characteristics,formation mechanism and resource potential of shale gas in China[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2010,37(6):641-653.
[16]张金川,徐波,聂海宽,汪宗余,林拓.中国页岩气资源勘探潜力[J].天然气工业,2008,28(6):136-140.Zhang Jinchuan,Xu Bo,Nie Haikuan,Wang Zongyu,Lin Tuo.Exploration potential of shale gas resources in China[J].Natural Gas Industry,2008,28(6):136-140.
[17]颜丹平,汪新文,刘友元.川鄂湘边区褶皱构造样式及其成因机制分析[J].现代地质,2000,14(1):37-43.Yan Danping,Wang Xinwen,Liu Youyuan.Analysis of fold style and its formation mechanism in the area of boundary among Sichuan,Hubei and Hunan[J].Geoscience,2000,14(1):37-43.
[18]Zhu Y,Liu E,Martinez A,Michael A,Christophere H.Understanding geophysical responses of shale-gas plays[J].Leading Edge,2011,30(3):332-338.
[19]陆基孟.地震勘探原理(下)[M].东营:中国石油大学出版社,2006:55-61.Lu Jimeng.Principle of seismic exploration(Ⅱ)[M].Dongying:China University of Petroleum Press,2006:55-61.
[20]刘振武,撒利明,杨晓,李向阳.页岩气勘探开发对地球物理技术的需求[J].石油地球物理勘探,2011,46(5):810-818.Liu Zhengwu,Sa Liming,Yang Xiao,Li Xiangyang.Needs of geophysical technologies for shale gas exploration[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting,2011,46(5):810-818.
[21]赵殿栋.高精度地震勘探技术发展回顾与展望[J].石油物探,2009,48(5):425-435.Zhao Diandong.Review and prospect on High-precision seismic exploration technique[J].Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum,2009,48(5):425-435.
[2]郭彤楼,刘若冰.复杂构造区高演化程度海相页岩气勘探突破的启示——以四川盆地东部盆缘JY1井为例[J].天然气地球科学,2013,24(4):643—651.Guo Tonglou,Liu Ruobing.Implications from marine shale gas exploration breakthrough in complicated structural area at high thermal stage:Taking Longmaxi Formation in well JY1 as an example[J].Natural Gas Geosciences,2013,24(4):643-651.
[3]郭彤楼,张汉荣.四川盆地焦石坝页岩气田形成与富集高产模式[J].石油勘探与开发,2014,41(1):28-36.Guo Tonglou,Zhang Hanrong.Formation and enrichment mode of Jiaoshiba shale gas field,Sichuan Basin[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2014,41(1):28-36.
[4]李新景,吕宗刚,董大忠,程克明.北美页岩气资源形成的地质条件[J].天然气工业,2009,29(5):27—32.Li Xinjing,Lii Zonggang,Dong Dazhong,Cheng Kerning.Geologic controls on accumulation of shale gas in North America[J].Natural Gas Industry,2009,29(5):27-32.
[5]刘伟,贺振华,李可恩,张固澜,容娇君,马钊,等.地球物理技术在页岩气勘探开发中的应用和前景[J].煤田地质与勘探,2013,41(6):68—73.Liu Wei,He Zhenhua,Li Ke'en,Zhang Gulan,Rong Jiaojun,Ma Zhao,et al.Application and prospective of geophysics in shale gas development[J].Coal Geology&Exploration,2013,41(6):68-73.
[6]Johnson GM,Miller P.Advanced imaging and inversion for unconventional resource plays[J].First Break,2013,31(7):41-50.DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/1365-2397.2013020.
[7]Johnson GM,Miller P,Phillips D.Advanced imaging and inversion for oil production estimates in unconventional resource plays[C]//Unconventional Resources Technology Conference,12-14 August2013,Denver,Colorado,USA.http://archives.datapages.com/data/urtec/2013/urtec-1579585-johnson.htm.
[8]Koesoemadinate A,El-Kaseeh G,Banik N,Dai Jianchun,Egan M,Gonzalez A,et al.Seismic reservoir characterization in Marcellus shale[C]//2011 SEG Annual Meeting,18-23 September 2011,San Antonio,Texas,USA.https://www.onepetro.org/conference-paper/SEG-2011-3700.
[9]Anon.Mississippian shale seismic reservoir characterization improves gas production[R/OL].https://www.slb.com/~/media/Files/industry_challenges/unconventional_gas/case_studies/seismic_characterization_mississippian_shale.pdf.
[10]Meisenhelder J.Seismic for unconventionals[J/OL],E&P Magazine,June 2013.http://www.epmag.com/seismic-unconventionals-694971.
[11]张金川,姜生玲,唐玄,张培先,唐颖,荆铁亚.我国页岩气富集类型及资源特点[J].天然气工业,2009,29(12):109-114.Zhang Jinchuan,Jiang Shengling,Tang Xuan,Zhang Peixian,Tang Ying,Jing Tieya.Accumulation types and resources characteristics of shale gas in China[J].Natural Gas Industry,2009,29(12):109-114.
[12]赵靖舟,方朝强,张洁,王力,张新新.由北美页岩气勘探开发看我国页岩气选区评价[J].西安石油大学学报:自然科学版),2011,26(2):1-7.Zhao Jingzhou,Fang Chaoqiang,Zhang Jie,Wang Li,Zhang Xinxin.Evaluation of China shale gas from the exploration and development of North America shale gas[J].Journal of Xi'an Shiyou University:Natural Science Edition,2011,26(2):1-7.
[13]李庆辉,陈勉,Fred P Wang,金衍,李志猛.工程因素对页岩气产量的影响——以北美Haynesville页岩气藏为例[J].天然气工业,2012,32(4):54—59.Li Qinghui,Chen Mian,Wang FP,Jin Yan,Li Zhimeng.Influences of engineering factors on shale gas productivity:A case study from the Haynesville shale gas reservoir in North America[J].Natural Gas Industry,2012,32(4):54-59.
[14]郭旭升.南方海相页岩气“二元富集”规律——四川盆地及周缘龙马溪组页岩气勘探实践认识[J].地质学报,2014,88(7):1209-1218.Guo Xusheng.Rules of two-factor enrichment for marine shale gas in Southern China—Understanding from the Longmaxi Formation shale gas in Sichuan Basin and its surrounding area[J].Acta Geologica Sinica,2014,88(7):1209-1218.
[15]邹才能,董大忠,王社教,李建忠,李新景,王玉满,等.中国页岩气形成机理、地质特征及资源潜力[J].石油勘探与开发,2010,37(6):641-653.Zou Caineng,Dong Dazhong,Wang Shejiao,Li Jianzhong,Li Xinjing,Wang Yuman,et al.Geological characteristics,formation mechanism and resource potential of shale gas in China[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2010,37(6):641-653.
[16]张金川,徐波,聂海宽,汪宗余,林拓.中国页岩气资源勘探潜力[J].天然气工业,2008,28(6):136-140.Zhang Jinchuan,Xu Bo,Nie Haikuan,Wang Zongyu,Lin Tuo.Exploration potential of shale gas resources in China[J].Natural Gas Industry,2008,28(6):136-140.
[17]颜丹平,汪新文,刘友元.川鄂湘边区褶皱构造样式及其成因机制分析[J].现代地质,2000,14(1):37-43.Yan Danping,Wang Xinwen,Liu Youyuan.Analysis of fold style and its formation mechanism in the area of boundary among Sichuan,Hubei and Hunan[J].Geoscience,2000,14(1):37-43.
[18]Zhu Y,Liu E,Martinez A,Michael A,Christophere H.Understanding geophysical responses of shale-gas plays[J].Leading Edge,2011,30(3):332-338.
[19]陆基孟.地震勘探原理(下)[M].东营:中国石油大学出版社,2006:55-61.Lu Jimeng.Principle of seismic exploration(Ⅱ)[M].Dongying:China University of Petroleum Press,2006:55-61.
[20]刘振武,撒利明,杨晓,李向阳.页岩气勘探开发对地球物理技术的需求[J].石油地球物理勘探,2011,46(5):810-818.Liu Zhengwu,Sa Liming,Yang Xiao,Li Xiangyang.Needs of geophysical technologies for shale gas exploration[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting,2011,46(5):810-818.
[21]赵殿栋.高精度地震勘探技术发展回顾与展望[J].石油物探,2009,48(5):425-435.Zhao Diandong.Review and prospect on High-precision seismic exploration technique[J].Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum,2009,48(5):425-435.
目录
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