测定钢中杂质含量的标准试验方法

详细信息   

• 标准号：ASTM E45-2011a
• 发布日期：2011
• 英文题名：Standard Test Methods for Determining the Inclusion Content of Steel
• 英文主题词：alumina ; automatic image analysis ; complex inclusions ; fracture test ; globular inclusions ; inclusions ; inclusion rating ; inclusion stringers ; JK inclusion rating ; light microscopy ; macroetch test ; magnetic-particle method ; oxide ; SAM rating ; silicate ; steel ; step-down method ; stringer ; sulfide ; Alumina ; Area fractions ; Ferrous metals/alloys ; Field area ; Fracture testing--metals/alloys ; Geometric analysis ; Gray level intensity ; Image analysis--metals/metallic materials ; Inclusions--metals/alloys ; JK inclusion ratings ; Length of inclusions ; Macroetching ; Macroscopic analysis ; Magnetic particle inspection ; Metallographic analysis/inspection ; Metals and metallic materials--inclusion rating ; Microscopic examination--metals/alloys ; Morphology ; Nonmetallic inclusions ; Oxide inclusions ; Photomicrography ; SAM ; SAM rating ; Slab/slabs ; Specimen preparation (for testing)--metals/alloys ; Steel bars ; Steel billets and blooms ; Step-down method ; Stereological measurement ; Stringer ; Structural metals/alloys ; Sulfide/sulfur environments ; Sulfur--steel ; Surface analysis--metals/alloys ; Visual examination--metals/alloys ; Volume fractions
• 标准状态：现行
• 发布单位：US-ASTM
• 国际标准分类号：77.040.99 (Other methods of testing metals)
• 载体形态：19P.;A4
• 中国标准分类号：H11
• 国别：美国材料与试验协会

文摘

These test methods cover four macroscopic and five microscopic test methods (manual and image analysis) for describing the inclusion content of steel and procedures for expressing test results.

Inclusions are characterized by size, shape, concentration, and distribution rather than chemical composition. Although compositions are not identified, Microscopic methods place inclusions into one of several composition-related categories (sulfides, oxides, and silicatesthe last as a type of oxide). Paragraph 12.2.1 describes a metallographic technique to facilitate inclusion discrimination. Only those inclusions present at the test surface can be detected.

The macroscopic test methods evaluate larger surface areas than microscopic test methods and because examination is visual or at low magnifications, these methods are best suited for detecting larger inclusions. Macroscopic methods are not suitable for detecting inclusions smaller than about 0.40 mm (all>¹/₆₄all> in.) in length and the methods do not discriminate inclusions by type.

The microscopic test methods are employed to characterize inclusions that form as a result of deoxidation or due to limited solubility in solid steel (indigenous inclusions). As stated in 1.1, these microscopic test methods rate inclusion severities and types based on morphological type, that is, by size, shape, concentration, and distribution, but not specifically by composition. These inclusions are characterized by morphological type, that is, by size, shape, concentration, and distribution, but not specifically by composition. The microscopic methods are not intended for assessing the content of exogenous inclusions (those from entrapped slag or refractories). In case of a dispute whether an inclusion is indigenous or exogenous, microanalytical techniques such as energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) may be used to aid in determining the nature of the inclusion. However, experience and knowledge of the casting process and production materials, such as deoxidation, desulfurization, and inclusion shape control additives as well as refractory and furnace liner compositions must be employed with the microanalytical results to determine if an inclusion is indigenous or exogenous

Because the inclusion population within a given lot of steel varies with position, the lot must be statistically sampled in order to assess its inclusion content. The degree of sampling must be adequate for the lot size and its specific characteristics. Materials with very low inclusion contents may be more accurately rated by automatic image analysis, which permits more precise microscopic ratings.

Results of macroscopic and microscopic test methods may be used to qualify material for shipment, but these test methods do not provide guidelines for acceptance or rejection purposes. Qualification criteria for assessing the data developed by these methods can be found in ASTM product standards or may be described by purchaser-producer agreements. By agreements between producer and purchaser, these test methods may be modified to count only certain inclusion types and thicknesses, or only those inclusions above a certain severity level, or both. Also, by agreement, qualitative practices may be used where only the highest severity ratings for each inclusion type and thickness are defined or the number of fields containing these highest severity ratings are tabulated.

These test methods are intended for use on wrought metallic structures. While a minimum level of deformation is not specified, the test methods are not suitable for use on cast structures or on lightly worked structures.

Guidelines are provided to rate inclusions in steels treated with rare earth additions or calcium-bearing compounds. When such steels are evaluated, the test report should describe the nature of the inclusions rated according to each inclusion ca......